psych Test review

What does the place theory of pitch perception suggest?

Different portions of the basilar membrane are sensitive to sounds of different frequencies.

Which of the following statements about rotating shift work is false?

It will probably lead to substance abuse.

Which of the following is an example of wakefulness?

Jemma, competing in a marathon

Which theorist suggested that dreaming may represent a state of protoconsciousness?

John Hobson

Felix is riding his bicycle. His ability to sense how his torso is adjusting to the speed of his cycling and how his legs are pumping up and down is called ________.

Kinesthesia

Which of the following statements about sleep-wake cycles is false?

Melatonin initiates the waking cycle

Two lines appear to be a different length, though in reality they are the same length. This is known as the ________ illusion.

Müller-Lyer

The social cognitive theory of hypnosis suggests that ________.

People in hypnotic states are performing the social role of a hypnotized person

Mohammed is sleeping. His eyelids are quivering because his eyes are darting around. Mohammed is probably experiencing ________ sleep.

REM

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "States of consciousness do not vary over the course of the day."

Remove the phrase "do not"

Which researcher believed that dreams simply reflect life events that are important to the dreamer?

Rosalind Cartwright

Which of these statements about Rosalind Cartwright is false?

She is a Jungian dream analyst.

Which of the following statements about sleep deprivation is false?

Sleep deprivation often results in ADHD.

Victoria has accumulated a large sleep debt. This means that she ________.

Suffers from chronic sleep deprivation

Which of the following exemplifies gustation?

Tasting freshly caught salmon

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "The frequency theory of pitch perception asserts that frequency is coded by the activity level of a sensory neuron."

The word "frequency" should be changed to the word "temporal."

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? The brain's clock mechanism is located in an area of the hypothalamus known as the pineal nucleus.

The word "pineal" should be changed to the word "suprachiasmatic."

Which of the following is not a risk factor for SIDS?

above average birth weight

Kimya stares at a bright light and then looks away. After she looks away, she perceives a spot. What is this spot?

afterimage

What term describes the continuation of a visual sensation after removal of the stimulus?

afterimage

Shyla experiences a long delay between the time that she goes to bed and the time that she actually falls asleep. In addition, she wakes up several times during the night and has difficulty getting back to sleep. To diagnose Shyla with insomnia, it is necessary that she experiences these symptoms________.

at least three nights a week for one month

Regular feelings of hunger are an example of a(n) ________ rhythm.

biological

Inattentional ________ refers to the failure to notice something that is completely visible due to a lack of attention.

blindness

Xi needs to stay awake another hour to study for his English final, so he drinks several cups of cola. When he's done studying, he finds that he can't sleep even though he wants to, he feels agitated, his muscles twitch, his heartbeat is irregular, and he feels nauseated. What is causing Xi to feel this way?

caffeine

The visible spectrum refers to the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that we ________.

can see

Physical dependence on a drug is indicated by the user experiencing ________ as a result of discontinuing use of the drug.

changes in normal bodily function

Bev likes to be up late at night and sleep in; Caleb likes to wake up with the sun and go to bed early. A psychologist would say they have different ________.

chronotypes

The ________ rhythm is the biological rhythm that occurs over approximately 24 hours.

circadian

The sleep cycle is an example of a(n) ________ rhythm.

circadian

Petra walks into a brightly lit Psychology lab to participate in an experiment involving the ability to perceive the colors of the rainbow. Which photoreceptors will be most useful during this experiment?

cones

Ravon was born deaf, so he is diagnosed with ________ deafness.

congenital

Ali is aware of his feelings, emotions, and thoughts. He is also aware of his surroundings, the warmth of the sun, and the sound of nearby traffic. Ali is in a state of ________.

consciousness

Alcohol is considered a ________ because it tends to suppress central nervous system activity.

depressant

When light levels are low, the pupil will become ________, to allow more light to enter the eye.

dilated

________theory suggests that when people are hypnotized they have voluntarily divided their conscious: one half aware of reality and the other half tuned in to the hypnotist.

dissociative

Sleep apnea is defined by ________.

episodes during which a sleeper's breathing stops

Seeing the light from the sun, feeling the warmth of a room, and hearing the voice of a friend are all examples of ________ stimuli.

external

Which of the following would be experienced during a euphoric high?

feelings of intense elation and pleasure

Hertz is a measure of ________.

frequency

Mescaline is considered a ________ drug because it results in profound alterations in sensory and perceptual experiences.

hallucinogenic

________ is another term for the malleus.

hammer

Which of the following exemplifies the sense of audition?

hearing a song on the radio

________-frequency sound waves are perceived as high-pitched sounds, while ________-frequency sound waves are perceived as low-pitched sounds.

high; low

________ amplitudes are associated with ________ sounds.

higher; louder

When Brady is hot he sweats. When Brady is cold, he gets goose bumps on his skin so he will warm up more quickly. This is an example of how the body tries to achieve ________.

homeostasis

What is described by the concept of perception?

how sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced

Katia is experiencing a state of extreme self-focus and attention. Her brother is trying to get her attention, but she ignores him. Her phone is buzzing, but she doesn't notice. This state was induced through ________.

hypnosis

While ________ is generally achieved through the interaction of a therapist and the person being treated, an individual can perform ________ alone.

hypnosis; meditation

What concept is illustrated by the following study? Participants were instructed to focus on either white or black objects, disregarding the other color. When a red cross passed across the screen, about one third of the subjects did not notice it.

inattentional blindness

The sleep debt is the result of ________.

insufficient sleep on a chronic basis

Feeling pain, hunger, thirst, sleepiness, and being aware of our thoughts and emotions are all examples of ________ stimuli.

internal

Mona lives in North Carolina. She takes an overnight flight to California to visit with family for a month; when she arrives she is fatigued, sluggish, and irritable. For the next week or so she has trouble sleeping. Mona is probably suffering from ________.

jet lag

Which of the following describes the difference in stimuli required to detect a difference between the stimuli?

just noticeable

Marlowe wakes up from a dream about his teeth falling out. He looks in a dream dictionary and finds losing teeth is usually dream symbolism for anxiety. Marlowe is focused on the ________ content.

latent

At the point of the optic chiasm, information from the right visual field (which comes from both eyes) is sent to the ________ side of the brain, and information from the left visual field is sent to the ________ side of the brain.

left; right

In a normal-sighted individual, the ________ will focus images perfectly on a small indentation in the back of the eye known as the ________.

lens; fovea

Within the visible spectrum, our experience of red is associated with ________.

longer wavelengths

A theta wave is a type of ________.

low frequency, low amplitude brain wave

Longer wavelengths will have ________ frequencies, and shorter wavelengths will have ________ frequencies.

lower; higher

In a ________ dream, people become aware that they are dreaming and can control the dream's content.

lucid

Nancy is aware that she is dreaming when she has a nightmare, so she concentrates and changes her dream from bad to good. This is a good example of ________ dreaming.

lucid

Isla is describing her dream to a friend. She explains that in her dream she being chased by zombies and she escaped them by hiding in a refrigerator. Her description of her dream is focused on ________ content.

manifest

What hormone does the pineal gland release?

melatonin

Which of the following is an example of a synthetic opioid?

methadone

Derek wants to win the student of the year award so badly that when the name of the award winner is announced, he is convinced that he hears his name. He stands up and begins to leave the aisle when his friend grabs his hand. Someone else won the award. This illustrates how ________can affect perception.

motivation

Cataplexy is a symptom associated with ________.

narcolepsy

Samek was driving to work when he suddenly felt paralyzed and couldn't resist falling asleep. Samek may have ________.

narcolepsy

Tyrahn's rods do not transform light into nerve impulses as easily and efficiently as they should, so he has difficulty seeing in dim light. This is called ________.

night blindness

Morphine is considered a(n) ________ drug because it decreases pain.

opioid

NREM sleep is a period of sleep ________.

outside periods of REM sleep

________ refers to the way that sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced; ________ refers to what happens when sensory information is detected by a sensory receptor.

perception, sensation

What allows Nancy to run without watching her feet and hit a baseball without focusing on the bat?

proprioception

________ involves a virtual reality model of the world.

protoconsciousness

Tariq depends on cigarettes to relieve his stress, though he smokes so infrequently that he experiences no significant, noticeable physical symptoms when he is not smoking. What does this exemplify?

psychological dependence

Uncomfortable sensations in the leg during periods of inactivity are a symptom of ________ leg syndrome.

restless

Wesley is in a movie theater with no windows—the only light is low illumination from the emergency lights on the floor. Which photoreceptors will be most useful to Wesley as he attempts to leave the theater?

rods

Catherine is at a crowded baseball game when she loses track of her son, Nick. Despite the loud cheering and noise of the crowd, she can pinpoint his location when he calls for her because she can distinguish the sound of his voice from the all the other voices. This illustrates ________ theory.

signal detection

Congenital deafness refers to deafness ________.

since birth

Which state is marked by relatively low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness that is distinct from periods of rest while awake?

sleep

Hamid is a 9-1-1 operator. When the blizzard began, he was told he would have to stay and work three extra shifts to cover for coworkers who were not able to drive to work through the storm. After 32 hours of exhausting work, he makes it home and discovers he is unable to fall asleep no matter how hard he tries. Hamid may be experiencing ________.

sleep rebound

Which of the following exemplifies olfaction?

smelling cookies in the oven

Crack is considered more addictive than cocaine because it is ________.

smokable, so it reaches the brain more quickly

Shoresh suggests that Ted cluck like a chicken during the hypnosis not because he is experiencing an altered state of consciousness but because he is playing the role of a hypnotized person. This is a good example of the ________ theory of hypnotism.

social-cognitive

Sleepwalking is also referred to as ________.

somnambulism

Cocaine is considered a ________ drug because it tends to increase overall levels of neural activity.

stimulant

What is amplitude?

the height of a wave

While the American Heart Association (AHA) suggests that meditation might be used in conjunction with more traditional treatments as a way to manage hypertension, ________.

there is not adequate empirical support for its effectiveness

Tayla smokes marijuana. At first, just a few inhalations were enough to cloud her mind. Over time, she needs to smoke more and more to achieve the same affect. This is an example of ________.

tolerance

Your ears receive sound waves and convert this energy into neural messages that travel to your brain and are processed as sounds. This is an example of ________.

transduction

What is a binaural cue?

two-eared cue to localize sound

Honeybees can see light in the ________ range of the electromagnetic spectrum.

ultraviolet

Individuals undergoing hypnosis ________.

usually have clear memories of the hypnotic experience and are in control of their own behaviors

Vinnie is standing on one leg with his arms in the air. The ________ sense helps keep him balanced so he has less chance of falling over.

vestibular

Akeelah extended her arm in front of her and then extended one of her fingers. She focused on that finger. Next, she closed her left eye without moving her head; then she opened her left eye and closed her right eye without moving her head. She noticed that her finger seemed to shift as she alternated between the two eyes because of the slightly different view each eye had of her finger. What is illustrated by this example?

Binocular Disparity

What occurs during stage 1 sleep?

Both our respiration and heartbeat slow down.

Which of the following statements best describes trichromatic theory and opponent-process theory?

Both theories are equally accurate, but they apply to different levels of the nervous system.

Who described the collective unconscious?

Carl Jung

In what stage of sleep do sleep spindles appear?

2

Sariah enters a room with several chirping crickets in it. Upon first entering the room, Sariah can hear the chirping; however, as she begins to talk to her friends, she is no longer aware of the chirping even though it is still there. The fact that Sariah no longer perceives the chirping sound demonstrates sensory ________.

Adaptation