Psych total
functionalism of brain
we should study the functions of diff parts of the brain to understand its elements (unlike structuralism, which just studied structures of diff parts of brain to understand its elements)
what is secularization??
weakening of social and political power of religions
what is gender identity??
what gender you internally express (male, female, neither)
what is gender expression??
what gender you outwardly express
what is a gender script??
what we expect men and women to do/say in interactions (based on their gender) order of *actions* that are appropriate in a familiar situation based on gender (ex. women doing laundry and making dinner)
pluralistic ignorance
when people erroneously infer that they feel differently from their peers, even though they are behaving similarly
what is a dependency ratio??
# of dependent individuals in a pop/working individuals. is measure of dependency in a population (# of children)+(# of retired)/ (# working) **technically does NOT take unemployment rate into account children means less than 14, retired means older than 64
social role
*Expected behavior* patterns associated with particular social positions (such as daughter, worker, student)
what is gender schema theory??
*cognitions* regarding what constitutes male or female identity ex. males shouldn't ask for help
what is psychophysical discrimination testing?
ex. Method of Limits asses perception of stimuli in relation to true physical properties (difference thresholds) experiments
what is exchange-rational choice?
examines society through idea that behavior is guided by the rational calculation of an exchange of rewards and costs
what is sick role??
expectation that you can take a break from working if you are sick but taking too long of a break means you are lazy
church vs sect vs cult
Church = stabilizing, in alignment with government, mainstream religious teaching Sect = splits off from the church to promote a more traditional/orthodox version of the religion Cult = splits off from the church to promote a novel version of the religion. Usually led be charismatic leaders
conflict theory is associated with who??
Karl Marx
What is criterion validity?
How *predictive* is the test? A test has this type of validity if it is useful for predicting performance or behavior in another situation (past, present, or future) ex. If you took the Beck Depressive Inventory, but a psychiatrist says that you do not appear to have symptoms of depression, then the Beck Depressive Inventory does not have Criterion Validity because the test results were not an accurate predictor of future outcomes (a true diagnosis of depression vs. the test being an estimator)
what is the thomas theorem?
If a person perceives something as real, than it is real in consequences the interpretation of a situation causes the action
primary vs secondary vs tertiary kins
Primary kins = next to each other on a pedigree = husband-wife, parent-child, siblings Secondary kins = separated by one kin on a pedigree = your parent's parent (grandparents), your parent's sibling (aunts/uncles) Tertiary kins = separated by two kins on a pedigree = your parent's sibling's children (cousins)
What is the interquartile range?
Q3-Q1 just like the median is the middle number, the interquartile range splits your data up into quarters If your middle number is the median, then quartiles 1 and 3 (Q1 and Q3) are like the median of the data below and above the median
random vs systematic error which is worse?
Random error: because of human error or variability in recording times, each measurement will tend to overestimate or underestimate Systematical error: because of a glitch or problem in measuring, each measurement is overestimated or underestimated for the same amount each time (maybe you're misapplying the scoring formula in whatever practice book you're using) Systematic error is more problematic because random error tends to average out and is therefore less likely to produce inaccurate results
Factors of socioeconomic status
SES attempts to quantify an individual's access to resources, such as material goods, money, power, social networks, healthcare, education, place of residence
content validity?
The degree to which the content of a test is *representative* of the domain it's supposed to cover/test
social comparison theory
The idea that we learn about our own abilities and attitudes by comparing ourselves to other people
adler's theory
Theory that states the personality is driven by striving for superiority. Failure to this causes an inferiority complex Creative Self--the force by which each individual shapes his uniqueness and establishes his personality. Style of Life--the manifestation of the creative self and a person's way of achieving superiority.
what is socioeconomic gradient in health?
Those at the top of the socioeconomic pyramid tend to have better health outcomes overall simply because they have access to better hospitals, better providers, better health options, and end up with better health overall
the different classes in society
Upper class (1%): including celebrities, business executives, heirs, and other extremely wealthy people, typically with an annual salary greater than $500,000 The upper middle class (15%) of people, accounts for highly-educated professionals and managers, typically with an annual salary ranging from the high five figures to well over $100,000 The lower middle class (32%) of people, accounts for semi-professionals and craftsmen with some college education, typically with an annual salary in the mid-five figures The working class, (32%) of people, accounts for clerical and blue-collar workers who often have low job security, little to no college education, and who make between $16,000 and $30,000 annually Finally, the lower class contains approximately (14 to 20%) of people, and includes poorly paid or impoverished people.
what is a social construct??
a concept or practice everyone in a society agrees to treat a certain way regardless of inherent value
histogram
a diagram consisting of rectangles whose area is proportional to the frequency of a variable in this, the x values are usually discrete (ex. the day of the week)
what is fundamentalism??
a reaction to secularization, religion goes back to its roots and is very orthodox/strict
prosocial behavior
a social behavior that benefits other people or society as a whole, such as helping, sharing, donating, co-operating, and volunteering
what is depersonalization
a symptom of serious mental illness in which a person feels like she has stepped outside of herself and is watching herself act, with no sense of control over her behavior repeated instances are suggestive of a dissociative disorder
what is word association testing?
a test in which the tester gives the patient words and the patient responds with the first thing that comes to mind; used by psychoanalysts like Jung to infer subconscious thoughts or personality traits
social action
actions and behaviors that individuals are conscious of and performing because others are around
what is the age stratification theory??
age is a way of regulating behavior in a generation
What are receptor agonists? what are antagonists?
agonists bind to the receptor site and cause a response antagonists bind to the receptor site but do not activate them; they block the site from being occupied by an agonist
structuralism
an early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the elemental structure of the human mind (breaks the brain down into simple components) (these individual parts work together to form whole)
what is continuity theory??
as person ages, wants to maintain same lifestyle so they try to adapt
what is a brute fact??
basic/fundamental facts. not ascribed by us ex. quarks
self-monitoring
being attuned to the way one presents oneself in social situations and adjusting one's performance to create the desired impression
what is social stratification?
certain group given a preference over others the hierarchical organization of individuals in society based on social class, social status, and power
what is conflict theory??
claims society is in a state of perpetual conflict because of competition for limited resources; looks at society as a competition for limited resources assumes that *power* and authority are unequally distributed throughout a society, and groups attempt to maintain their advantages
what is communism?
classless, moneyless community where all property is owned by community
in conflict theory, what is the synthesis??
compromise achieved between thesis and antithesis
what is medicalization??
conditions previously considered to be normal become diagnosable and treatable through medicine. Ex: ADD and more c-sections
consanguineal vs affinal vs fictive
consanguineal (genetically related individuals), affinal (individuals related through marriage) fictive, which describes individuals related through something other than genetics or marriage (adopted) (godparents/religious/friends)
what does iq score of 100 mean?
deviation IQ In this method, an IQ score of 100 means that the test-taker's performance on the test is at the median level of performance. An IQ score of 115 means performance one standard deviation above the median.
what is ecclesia??
dominant religion that includes most members of society
what are churches?
dominant religious bodies in the larger society
what is a cosmopolite??
drawn to city for cultural advantages
what is structural functionalism??
focuses broadly on social structures that shape society as a whole From the structural functionalist perspective, social institutions have manifest functions, which are expected, and latent functions, which are unintended
what is the issue with functionalism??
focuses too much on society as a whole and not the individual
Emilie Durkheim is associated with ___?
functionalism
what are sociological examples of an institution??
government school religion laws business
self-discrepancy theory
holds that we have three selves: 1) actual self: way we see ourselves as we currently are 2) ideal self: person we would like to be 3) ought self: our representation of the way others think we should be the closer these 3 are to one another, the higher our self-esteem or self-worth will be
how can you increase the power of an experiment or study?
increase the alpha level, decrease random error, conduct a one-tailed test, expand the sample size, or increase the effect size
what is family??
kinship of blood, marriage, or adoption
what is social epidemiology??
looks at health disparty through lens of race, gender, income distribution
what is microsociology??
looks at small scale interactions, families and schools
what is functionalism?
looks at society as a whole and sees it as a system interconnected parts that work together in harmony to maintain a state of equilibrium says each aspect of society is *interdependent* and contributes to society's stability/functioning as a whole
what is social constructionism??
macro level people shape their reality through social interactions/agreement. things are real because we make them real interactions of individuals with their society and the world around them gives meaning to otherwise worthless things and creates the reality of the society "We" as as society, assign labels to certain things and associate those things/objects with meanings ex. Money is simply paper (or cotton apparently) but as a society and on a macro level, that paper can be used to trade for goods and services.
what are the 3 components of rational choice theory??
main idea that everything people do is fundamentally rational -a person is acting as if they were weighing costs and benefits of each action. completeness (every action can be ranked), transitvity (A>B>C so A>C but replace > with is preferable to), independence of irrelevant alternatives (choice X would not affect initial ranking)
left skewed distribution aka is mean less or greater than median?
mean < median aka negative skewness the dataset is left skewed, meaning there are more people towards the higher end of the distribution and just a few people with really low values that drag the mean down (ex. in middle ages lots of people died young, so mean is smaller value)
right skewed distribution aka is mean less or greater than median?
mean > median aka positive skewness there are more people towards the lower end of the distribution, and a few outliers on the far-right that drag the mean up relative to the median (ex. x axis is the number of people who took the test, y axis is how well they scored) (so in this right skew,
mode in a normal distribution?
mean median and mode are all in the middle
what is the definition of symbolic interactionism??
micro level takes small scale view of society, society is built of everyday social interactions the view of social behavior that *emphasizes linguistic or gestural communication and its subjective understanding*
modernization vs secularization vs fundamentalism
modernization: adoption of technology by society. Causes secularization secularization: religion loses influence on people fundamentalism: strict literal interpretation of the scriptures. Eg: the world was created in 7 days.
what is rational choice theory??
people make individualistic, rational, and calculated decisions about all things in their lives Since money is of primary importance to most people, individuals are often motivated by money and will calculate the costs and benefits of any action before deciding what to do
identity shift effect
person's state of harmony is disrupted by threat of social rejection, person will often conform to norms of group. but upon doing so, person experiences internal conflict because behavior is outside norm character for person, so the person experiences identity shift to fix internal conflict. adopt standards of group as own
what is capitalism??
private ownership of means of production, free market economy
what is partial report technique?
relates to Sperling's experiments on sensory (iconic) memory; he would flash a grid of numbers at participants and then immediately ask them to recite a particular row or column; it is in contrast with a full report technique, where he would just ask them to report anything they could remember
Beck Depressive Inventory
represents three types of negative thoughts present in depression. These are thoughts about the self, the world, and the future.
what is the life course theory?? what is the life course approach?
says that aging is a biopsychosocial process that starts from birth and ends at death views aging in terms of psychological, biological, and sociocultural factors across a lifetime, *holistic*
what are cults??
short lived radical groups that reject societal norms.
what is the basic deal with feminist theory??
similar to conflict theory, women are oppressed blah blah
what are sects??
smaller, established in protest of the larger church
what is exchange theory??
social application of rational choice theory. states that people do decision making using a cost benefit analysis
what is weak social constructionism??
social constructs dependent on brute facts or institutional facts
what is race??
socially defined category based on physical differences race = your outward appearance. Ethnicity = the culture you identify with.
what is a gender role??
societal norms for the behavior of a gender (behaviors and attitudes that are generally considered acceptable/appropriate or normal based on gender)
what is cultural diffusion?
spreading of culture/belief/social activities from one group to another
what is macrosociology??
study of large populations and institutions. looking for patterns
problem-focused coping vs emotion-focused coping
ways to alleviate stress problem-coping refers to one's ability to *take action and to change a situation* to make it more congruent with one's goals emotion-coping is refers to one's ability *to handle or adjust* to the situation should the circumstances remain inconsistent with one's goals
What is the hypophyseal portal system?
system of blood vessels in the brain that connects the hypothalamus with the anterior pituitary
what is disengagement theory??
talks about how old people deatch from society and become more introspective
what is operational span testing?
testing of the capacity of working memory (Determines your ability to store short-term memory while using working-memory on tasks) Subjects complete math problems and then are given words. After a bunch of math problems and words, they are asked to recall all of the words.
in conflict theory, what is the thesis??
the current generally accepted state. the ""status quo"
construct validity?
the degree to which a test measures *what it claims*, or purports, *to be measuring*
what is biological sex??
the genes you are born with/sex you are born with
hpa axis?
the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal cortex regulates your stress response
in conflict theory, what is the antithesis??
the opposing viewpoint to the thesis. is in conflict with the thesis
ingratiation
the process whereby people flatter, praise, and generally try to make themselves likable to another person, often of higher status aka kissing up
what is strong social constructionism??
the whole of reality is dependent on language and social habits; all knowledge is social constructs, there's no such thing as brute fact
what is hidden curriculum??
things people learn in the world without direct instruction; implicit (vs. formal curriculum, which is explicit) stuff like how to stand in line, wait our turn, treat peers
what is an ethnic village??
think: chinatown
what is urbanization? what is urban renewal?
urbanization: movement of people from rural to urban areas urban renewal: clearing slums in cities and redeveloping it
acrostic device
use the first letter of a word for connecting other words (way of chunking) (The most common and simple form of an acrostic poem is where the first letters of each line spell out the word or phrase)
what is Method of Limits?
used in psychophysical research in order to measure a subject's perception of stimuli by determining at what level a stimulus is perceived by a subject A stimulus is presented and increased or decreased until it is perceivable by the subject
out of fixed ratio, variable ratio, fixed interval, and variable interval, continuous which is *most resistant* to extinction? which is least?
variable ratio!! is most resistant continuous is least resistant
what is game theory view of society?
views social interaction as a game in which there will be winners, losers, and proper ways to "play" in order to achieve "victory."
link system
vivid visual associations to all items on the list
what are social facts??
ways of thinking and acting formed by society that are immutable/timeless ex. the law
