Psychology 1 Final
Which of the following is a perspective of Sigmund Freud on aggression?
He believed that aggression is a natural and instinctive reaction to the frustrations of daily life.
Sheryl is suffering from obsessive-compulsive disorder. Her doctor recommends that she take some drugs. Which of the following drugs is she most likely taking?
an antidepressent
generalized anxiety disorder
an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal
In the context of depression, which of the following statements is an example of an unstable attribution of failure?
"I was too sick to do it."
chronological age
Age as measured in years from date of birth
Superego (Freud)
Represents the conscience, holds rules, values for socially acceptable behavior
People with frequent nightmares are more likely than others to have anxiety, depression, and other psychological problems
True
People with frequent nightmares:
are more likely than others to have anxiety and depression.
situational attribution
attributing behavior to the environment
according to diana baumrind, parents who are rigid in their rules and who demand obedience for the sake of obedience are referred to as ____ parents
authoritarian
______ is best describes as the mental flexibility shown in learning rapidly to solve new kinds of problems
cognitive flexibility
Cognitive psychologists explain the outcome of classical conditioning in terms of the publicly observable conditions of learning
false
Which of the following senses informs one about the position and motion of parts of the body?
kinesthesis
according to lauren (2018) and Layton and Smith (2017) which of the following factors is not a reason as to why prejudiced people select their targets?
lack of familiarity
In psycholinguistic theory, the _______ is a neural "prewiring" that facilitates a child's learning of grammar
language acquisition device
which of the following statements is true of language?
language makes it possible for one person to communicate knowledge to another
From the behaviorist point of view, ______ is a relatively permanent change in behavior that arises from practice or experience
learning
Melzack's view that neurons in the spine can simultaneously transmit only a limited amount of information, so that stimulation of neurons from many regions can limit the perception of pain in one region is called gate theory of pain
True
_____ cannot be experienced through sensory awareness or direct inner awareness
nonconscious processes
The _______, sometimes referred to as the "command post" of hearing, is attached to the basilar membrane
organ of Corti
the height of sexual excitement involving involuntary muscle contractions and release of sexual tensions is termed _____
orgasm
crystallized intelligence
our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age
Gestalt psychologists noted certain consistencies in the way people integrate bits and pieces of sensory stimulation into meaningful wholes, and they attempted to identify the rules that govern these processes known as the laws of _____
perceptual organization
Humanism Theory
a theory that stresses the potential of all humans for good and the belief that all people have the same basic needs, regardless of culture, gender, or background
operant conditioning
a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher
classical conditioning
a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events
independent variable
a variable that stands alone and isn't changed by the other variables you are trying to measure
The _____ of a sound is determined by its frequency
pitch
stimulus motives provide an evolutionary disadvantage
true
telegraphic speech is brief and grammatically incorrect
true
Michaela works as waitress and she knows that the more tables that she waits on the better the likelihood of more tips. This schedule is a__________.
variable-ratio schedule
_____ is the swelling of the genital tissues with blood, causing erection of the penis and swelling of the area surrounding the vaginal opening
vasocongestion
multiple approach-avoidance conflict
A conflict in which one must choose between options that have both many attractive and many negative aspects.
Which of the following scenarios best exemplifies obsessive-compulsive disorder?
A mother is constantly troubled by unwanted thoughts of accidentally hurting her baby.
Acetylcholine
A neurotransmitter that enables learning and memory and also triggers muscle contraction
dissociative identity disorder
A rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. Also called multiple personality disorder.
unconditioned stimulus
A stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response without previous conditioning
systematic desensitization
A type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias.
Tabitha's chronological age (CA) is 10 years. However, according to the results of an intelligence test, she has a mental age (MA) of 9 years. Tabitha's intelligence quotient calculated using Wilhelm Stern's formula is _____.
90
Daniel, a 28-year-old man, spends almost all his time at home. Whenever he does go out, he always ensures that he is never alone. He also finds it difficult to hold a job. In this scenario, Daniel is most likely suffering from _____.
agoraphobia
Jenny was beginning to panic as the store began to become crowed with shoppers. Jenny most likely suffers from ________.
agoraphobia
According to the general adaptation syndrome, the _____ is first triggered by perception of a stressor
alarm reaction
Jamie is writing a psychology test. He is required to calculate the intelligence quotient (IQ) of a child using the child's mental age and chronological age. He calculates the IQ by substituting these values in a formula. In this scenario, Jamie has used a(n) _____ to calculate the child's IQ.
algorithm
During Bobbi's therapy session, she noticed that her therapist was frequently mentioning rewards and consequences. Her therapist most likely practices what type of therapy?
behavior therapy
_____ is best described as the systematic application of the principles of learning to the direct modifications of a client's problem behaviors
behavior therapy
subliminal simulation
below one's absolute threshold for conscious awareness
extrinsic rewards
benefits and/or recognition received from someone else
In _____, psychotherapists attach clients to devices that measure bodily functions such as heart rate. "Bleeps" or other electronic signals are used to indicate (and thereby reinforce) changes ("operants") in a desired direction.
biofeedback training
______ such as pathogens, injuries, age, gender, and a family history of disease may strike us as the most obvious causes of illness
biological factors
The readiness to acquire a certain kind of conditioned response due to the biological makeup of the organism is known as _______
biological prepardness
Dr. Mickie studies the perception of sensory stimuli by utilizing signal-detection theory. This theory involved the interaction of physical, ______ and _____ factors.
biological; social
the _____ of conversion disorders holds that people with conversion disorder are susceptible of being hypnotized
biopsychosocial perspective
A young man is having trouble getting along with his roommate. Sometimes the roommate goes for days without speaking. Other days, the roommate is a nonstop talker, speaks rapidly, and is often abrasive and aggressive. The roommate is showing symptoms of ___________
bipolar disorder
the tendency to avoid helping other people in emergencies when other people are also present and apparently capable of helping is known as the ________
bystander effect
Which of the following statements is true of communication by nonhumans?
capabilities such as fine control of the mouth and larynx are not found in apes
in the context of schizophrenia, people with the condition termed ___ show striking impairment in motor activity
catatonia
in psychoanalysis, what is the name of the term for a client spilling forth their psychic energy that has been repressed by conflicts?
catharsis
What is the name of the technique that first identifies negative thoughts and then determines what actions you will take to counteract them?
cognitive behavioral therapy
_______ suggests that people choose whether or not to imitate aggressive and other forms of conduct they observe, and that people are most likely to imitate behaviors that are consistent with their values
cognitive psychologists
Judy, a 13-year-old girl, is poor at math. Ms. Kobes, Judy's math teacher, shares with Judy a list of math tips and tricks that she can use to become more proficient in the subject. In the context of Vygotsky's sociocultural theory, Ms. Kobes is using _____ to help the child.
cognitive scaffolding
_____ developed the psychodynamic theory called analytical psychology
Carl Jung
Neurotransmitters
Chemicals that transmit information from one neuron to another
Piaget's Cognitive Developmental Theory
Children actively construct knowledge by manipulating and exploring their world. Mental structures adapt to better fit with environment. Development moves through four broad stages.
Electra complex
Conflict during phallic stage in which girls supposedly love their fathers romantically and want to eliminate their mothers as rivals
approach-approach conflict
Conflict that results from having to choose between two attractive alternatives
avoidance-avoidance conflict
Conflict that results from having to choose between two distasteful alternatives
Which of the following is a principle of critical thinking?
Consider alternative interpretations of research evidence
Neoanalysts
Contemporary psychologists who follow theories derived from Freud
Which of the following groups of psychologists is likely to call themselves neoanalysts?
Contemporary psychologists who follow theories derived from Freud
Veronica, a psychology student, is analyzing a person with dissociative identity disorder as part of her thesis. However, she is not allowed to interact with the subject as the individual tends to get very hostile. She is allowed to watch how the individual behaves and goes about his daily activities. Given the situation, which method of research would be most appropriate for Veronica?
Naturalistic observations
Which of the following substances is classified as a barbiturate?
Nembutal
Which of the following statements is true of proactive interference?
New learning interferes with old learning only if the old material shares similarity with the new material
_____ is characterized by a rapid heart rate and feelings of anxiety and helplessness that are caused by a very shocking or painful experience.
Posttraumatic stress disorder
according to the _______, people are generally motivated to hold consistent beliefs and to justify their behavior
cognitive-dissonance theory
In addition to his normal duties, a professor actively participates in the extra-curricular activities of the college where he teaches. According to Suzanne Kobasa, which of the following characteristics of psychological hardiness does the professor exhibit?
commitment
according to Robert Sternberg's triangular model of love, _____ means deciding to enhance and maintain the relationship
commitment
______ is a fear-reduction technique in which pleasant stimuli are associated with fear-evoking stimuli so that the fear-evoking stimuli lose their aversive qualities
counterconditioning
Dana has the ability to easily cope with unexpected and challenging situations. She generates solutions to problems by relating unexpected situations to familiar situations. In this scenario, Dana is exhibiting _____.
creative intelligence
in the context of the theories of intelligence, ______ can solve problems to which there are no pre-existing solutions and no proven formulas
creative people
Consider a child who is burned by touching a hot stove. The sight of the stove may evoke fear, and because hearing the word stove may evoke a mental image of the stove, just hearing the word may evoke fear. The child shows discrimination towards the hot stove.
false
Delta waves are rapid low-amplitude brain waves that have been linked to nightmares
false
Discrimination is the tendency for condition response to be evoked by stimuli that are formulated with stimulus to which the response was conditioned
false
In operant conditioning, voluntary responses cannot be conditioned
false
In the context of hypnosis, a positive response to each suggestion of the hypnotist sets the stage in which the subject is less likely to follow further suggestions
false
in the context of the different behavior-therapy methods, which of the following is true of modeling?
it relies on observational learning
which of the following is true of the immune system?
it remembers how to battle antigens, often for years
which of the following is a shortcoming of Freud's psychoanalytic theory?
its clinical method of gathering evidence is suspect
The electrical potential across the neural membrane when it is not responding to other neurons is called ____
its resting potential
Ophelia is in high school. She enjoys studying and does well in school. Her parents encourage her to think and act independently. Whenever she does well in an exam, she feels a sense of self-satisfaction. In this scenario, Ophelia's achievement motivation stems from a(n) ________.
learning goal
In the context of language development, which of the following statements is true of learning theory?
learning theorists see language as developing according to laws of learning
The ______ adjusts or accommodates to an image by changing its thickness
lens
Alice is standing near a huge twenty-floor building. Her mother points at an identical building that is almost a kilometer away. Although the two buildings are identical, Alice thinks that the other identical building is comparatively smaller than the one she is standing near. This phenomenon is known as _____.
perspective
sociocultural perspective
perspective that focuses on the relationship between social behavior and culture
Freud believed that the Electra complex develops in the _____ of psychosexual development
phallic stage
Aria works at a marketing research firm.Whenever she processes information, she disregards information that does not fit in with her idea so as to eliminate discrepancies. This behavior is consistent with _____.
piaget's cognitive developmental theory
The audience was very impressed by the singers ability to hit the high and low notes. This most closely refers to ______
pitch
Norbert, a musician, wanted to produce his own solo album under a budget of $50,000. However, when he changed the project into a group album with his bandmates, Norbert escalated the budget to $200,000. In this scenario, Norbert is displaying a group effect known as _____.
polarization
Which of Sternberg's types of intelligence could be referred to as "street smarts"?
practical intelligence
retrospective memory
remembering information from the past
__________ is the tendency to block the free expression of the impulses and primitive ideas - a reflection of the defense mechanism of repression
resistance
As Stephen was filling out credit card application, he couldn't remember his previous address even though he had lived there for 10 years period Stephen's memory of his current address was interfering with his memory of his old address, which is an example of _______
retroactive interference
______ is the turning of an infant's head toward a touch
rooting
It was student studies the course material twice a week, the difference between the amount of time originally required to learn information and the amount of time required to relearn the material after certain amount of time has elapsed is known as
saving
Carole walked into a Moroccan restaurant and was surprised that she did not see any utensils (i.e., fork, knife, & spoon). Her surprise stems from the fact that she has never eaten without utensils before. This is an example of a(n) __________.
schema
Tom is a loner who shows little interest in making friends and does not exhibit much emotion. However, he is a star performer at work. His job involves updating a database to reflect the most recent events occurring in the world. He is showing signs of _____.
schizoid personality disorder
according to your text, if you are American you are most likely to stress about ______
the future of the nation
research suggests that people who have reported greater feelings of happiness and well-being are likely to score more highly than other people on scales that measure emotional stability, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and extraversion
true
strong attitudes are more likely to determine behavior than weak attitudes
true
the body's response to different stressors shows certain similarities whether the stressor is a bacterial invasion, perceived danger, or a major life change is known as the general adaptation syndrome (GAS)
true
the branch of the autonomic nervous system that is most active during processes that spend body energy from store reserves, such as in response to a fight-or-flight response, is known a the sympathetic nervous system
true
the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus is the "start-eating" center of the brain; The lateral hypothalamus is the "stop-eating" sensor of the brain
true
when treating depression, a treatment package that included psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy was more effective than psychological treatment alone
true
personal fable
type of thought common to adolescents in which young people believe themselves to be unique and protected from harm
In Pavlov's experiment on classical conditioning, when a dog is presented with meat powder, it salivates in response to doses of meat powder. In this scenario, the meat powder is a(n) _______
unconditioned stimulus
in the context of hunger, if the ______ of a rat is electrically stimulated - that is, "switched on" - the rat stops eating until the current is turned off
ventromedial nucleus
philippe pinel was one of the first to:
view psychological disorders as diseases of the mind and encouraged humane treatment.
According to the American psychological associations handbook of ethics and psychology, psychologist may harm animals in their experiments:
when researchers believe that the benefits of the research justify the harm
_____ is composed of bundles of long, myelinated axons that carry messages to and from the brain.
white matter
a fertilized ovum is referred to as a(n) ______
zygote
selective attention
the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus
Polarization
Division into two opposite positions
propinquity
nearness
Stage 2 of sleep cycle
20 minutes More relaxed than stage 1 Periodic appearance of sleep spindles Sleep talking
according to the world health organization (WHO), the typical body mass index for women is between the ranges of _____
20 to 25
Sarah has been affected by botulism, a rare disease that stems from food poisoning. Doctors say that the hippocampus in the brain has been affected as a result, and this has caused partial paralysis to the left side of her body. Eventually, as the muscles used for breathing stops functioning, Sarah will die of suffocation. Which of the following neurotransmitters is deficient in Sarah's case?
Acetylcholine
Alex volunteers for an experiment being conducted by a group of neurosurgeons. As part of the experiment, he is taken to a dark room and a part of his brain is activated with electricity. For a moment, Alex sees flashes of light even though the room is pretty dark. Which of the following best explains Alex's experience?
Alex's occipital lobe is artificially stimulated
early in the twentieth century, the French public school system was looking for a test that could identify children who were unlikely to benefit from regular classroom instruction. The first version of the test was invented by:
Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon
Terrence is watching television and starts to feel sleepy. He begins to relax and has his eyes closed, but he has not yet gone to sleep. In this state, which of the following is the low-amplitude brain wave that Terrence's brain is likely emitting?
Alpha waves
obsessive-compulsive disorder
An anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsession) and/ or actions (compulsions).
acute stress disorder
An anxiety disorder in which fear and related symptoms are experienced soon after a traumatic event and last less than a month
Which of the following statements is true about changing attitudes through persuasion?
Audiences tend to believe arguments that appear to run counter to the vested interests of the communicator.
________ are addictive depressants used to relieve anxiety or induce sleep
Barbiturates
Alina thinks that she is overweight. She often indulges in binge eating and later forcibly vomits the food. Which eating disorder is Alina most likely suffering from?
Bulimia nervosa
________ generally act by slowing the activity of the central nervous system
Depressant drugs
Cones allow us to see in black and white, while rods provide color vision. Cones are more sensitive to dim light than rods are
False
Which of the following parts of the body is the most sensitive to touch?
Fingertips
phallic stage
Freud's third stage of development, when the penis becomes the focus of concern and pleasure
psychodynamic theory
Freudian theory that unconscious forces determine behavior
Melvin is playing a game of chess. As part of an experiment, Sandy, an intern at a hospital, wants to use a technique to identify which parts of Melvin's brain are active when he is playing chess. Which of the following techniques should Sandy use?
Functional magnetic resonance imaging
________ was originated by Fritz Perls
Gestalt therapy
Which of the following statements is true in the context of the relationship between biological structures, chemistry, and aggression?
In humans, chemistry is involved in aggression, especially in the form of the male sex hormone testosterone.
Which of the components of Robert Sternberg's triangular model of love is characterized by the close acquaintance and familiarity of the partners as they share their innermost feelings with one another?
Intimacy
Which of the following statements is true of biofeedback training (BFT)?
It helps combat stress, tension, and anxiety
Which of the following is true of marijuana?
It increases the awareness of bodily sensations
In the context of behavior therapy methods, which of the following statements is true of flooding?
It involves continuous exposure to fear-invoking stimuli
According to Sternberg's triangular model of love, which of the following statements is true of fatuous love?
It is a shallow relationship such as a whirlwind courtship.
which of the following best describes attitude?
It is an enduring mental representation of a person, place, or thing that typically evokes an emotional response and related behavior.
Which of the following is true of electroconvulsive therapy?
It is now used mainly for people with major depression who do not respond to antidepressants.
Which of the following is true of behaviorism?
It is the school of psychology that focuses on learning observable behavior
As compared to one-to-one therapy, which of the following is an advantage of using group therapy?
It provides more information and life experience for clients to draw on.
signs of stagnation
Lingering procrastination of your goals. Lack of enthusiasm to do anything. retreating into sleep, entertainment, and other mindless activities for comfort. A feeling that you are living under your potential
in the context of factor theories, _____ proposed the concept of primary mental abilities
Louis Thurstone
In the context of ethnicity and psychotherapy, which of the following statements is true?
Many psychological disorders experienced by Native Americans involve the disruption of their traditional culture by European colonization.
Ego Integrity vs. Despair
People in late adulthood either achieve a sense of integrity of the self by accepting the lives they have lived or yield to despair that their lives cannot be relived
Which of the following statements is true of sleep?
People need more sleep when they are under stress
climacteric phase
Phase where women and men are transitioning from reproductive phase to nonreproductive phase of life.
in the context of hunger, which of the following is true of human beings?
Psychological factors play an important role in the human hunger drive
_______ research is best described as research that is undertaken because the researcher is interested in a research topic and not because it provides any immediate solution to a personal or social problems.
Pure
cognitive scaffolding
Refers to temporary support by parent/teacher to child learning to perform a task
_____ is characterized by peculiarities of thought, perception, or behavior, such as excessive fantasy and suspiciousness, feelings of being unreal, or the odd use of words.
Schizotypal personality disorder
Which of the following is an aspect of consciousness that is a key to self-control?
Selective attention
At the start of the exam Bobbi did not notice any distracting sounds. As time passed she became more and more aware of the ticking clock on the wall. What is this an example of?
Sensory adaptation
When we look at a visual stimulus, our impressions of it may seem fluid enough. this is because:
Sensory memory briefly holds perceptions, making them seem connected
General Adaptation Syndrome
Seyle's concept that the body responds to stress with alarm, resistance and exhaustion
electrocnvulsive therapy (ECT)
Shock therapy ex Bob uses this to treat his brain problem
_____ believed that tension motivates us to behave in ways that restore us to a resting state
Sigmund Freud
_______ may accompany narcolepsy and is characterized by the collapse of muscle groups or the entire body
Sleep paralysis
Which of the following is a difference between specific phobias and generalized anxiety disorder?
Specific phobias are triggered by particular objects, while generalized anxiety disorder is free floating.
Sleepwalking typically occurs during:
Stage 4
Which of the following statements is true of the "teacher-learner" shock experiment on obedience conducted by Yale University psychologist Stanley Milgram?
The "teachers" showed several signs of stress like trembling, stuttering, and biting lips when they had to administer shocks to the "learners."
marcy is driving her car team her university in the rain when a person suddenly dashes across the street. Marcy swerves to the curb, barely missing the person. Only after reacting to the event does Marcy realize how frightened she is by this narrow escape. Which theory of emotion does Macy's experience illustrate?
The James-Lange theory of emotion
cognitive level
The degree to which the mind is capable of responding to task demands.
Tommy is a 12-year-old boy who is abnormally small for his age. His growth is extremely slow, and this worries his mother. She decides to take him to a pediatrician. It appears that Tommy has a deficiency of growth hormone. What should the doctor do to help Tommy?
The doctor should prescribe growth hormone to stimulate the pituitary gland
Morrison was in a bike accident and was hospitalized three months ago. His helmet had not been properly fastened and did not protect his head from the force of the fall. Morrison fractured his hip, broke a leg, and severely injured his head. Since the accident, he has failed to respond to any treatment and has been in a coma. What is likely to have led to Morrison's condition?
The fall has injured the reticular formation in his brain
age of instability
The post-high school years are marked by repeated residence changes, as young people either go to college or live with friends or a romantic partner. For most, frequent moves end as families and careers are established in the 30s.
selective exposure
The process by which individuals screen out messages that do not conform to their own biases.
context-dependent memory
The theory that information learned in a particular situation or place is better remembered when in that same situation or place.
Which of the following theories proposed that there are three types of color receptors, but they are not sensitive only to red, green, and blue?
The trichromatic theory
Which of the following statements is true of opiates?
They provide relief from pain
Fred is a regular user of marijuana, and his body is habituated to the drug. Lately, the initial dose of the drug is no longer enough for him, and he needs higher doses of the substance to achieve similar effects. In this scenario, which of the following is Fred displaying?
Tolerance
________ is a simplified form a medication brought to the United States by Maharishi Mahesh Yogi and is used as a method for coping with stress
Transcendental meditation
Which of the following is a difference between traditional psychoanalysis and modern psychodynamic approaches?
Unlike traditional psychodynamic therapists, modern psychodynamic therapists suggest helpful behavior instead of focusing on insight alone.
_____ is the fraction of the intensity by which a source of physical energy must be increased or decreased so that difference in intensity will be perceived
Weber's constant
schema
a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information
Ben was a cocaine addict and began therapy to stop his addiction. However, after a few days without the drug, he had intense urges to use it. He also started sweating excessively and experiencing shakiness due to anxiety. In this scenario, Ben was experiencing _______
a craving
illness anxiety disorder
a disorder in which a person interprets normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease
social phobia
a disorder that involves an irrational fear of being publicly humiliated or embarrassed
depersonalization-derealization disorder
a dissociative disorder marked by the presence of persistent and recurrent episodes of depersonalization, derealization, or both
You have been mowing grass on the hot sun and perspiring heavily, and depletion of liquids from your body has made you very thirsty. This state of arousal is referred to as:
a drive
client-centered therapy
a humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate clients' growth.
Ganzfeld procedure
a method of studying telepathy in which a sender attempts to mentally transmit information to a receiver who is in a sensory-restricted environment in another room
iconic memory
a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second
schizoid personality disorder
a personality disorder characterized by persistent avoidance of social relationships and little expression of emotion
biofeedback training
a physiological and behavioral approach in which an individual receives information regarding particular autonomic functions and is rewarded for influencing those functions in a desired direction
the anchoring and adjustment heuristic is a decision-making heuristic in which:
a presumption or first estimate serves as a cognitive bias
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes
humanist
a psychologist who believes that each person has freedom in directing his or her future and achieving personal growth
clinical psychologist
a psychologist who diagnoses and treats people with emotional disturbances
which of the following is a physical symptom of anxiety disorders?
a racing heart
variable-ratio schedule
a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses
fixed-interval schedule
a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed
Catharsis
a release of emotional tension
catatonia
a state of unresponsiveness to one's outside environment, usually including muscle rigidity, staring, and inability to communicate
conditioned stimulus
a stimulus that elicits a response only after learning has taken place
naturalist intelligence
ability to identify and classify patterns in nature
The weakest level of stimulus that is necessary to produce a sensation is the ______________.
absolute threshold
Sheena's brother was recently killed in a road accident. He was run over by a car driven by a drunk driver. A group of college students who belonged to an organization that protested against driving under the influence of alcohol asked her to sign a petition and donate to the cause. Sheena was glad to help them because she was still grieving her brother's death. This scenario demonstrates how the _____ of Sheena's attitude influenced her behavior.
accessibility
According to the _______, acetylcholine and the pons stimulate responses that lead to dreaming
activation-synthesis model
Lisa is a fabric specialist. Recently, she was invited to an exhibition of Persian silks. Being an expert on fabrics, Lisa continuously moved her hand along the surface of the different pieces of fabric to get an exact feel of it. This continuous feeling provided sensory input from the object and was known as _____
active touching
Michael fails to present his science project on time. He informs his teacher that it was because his younger brother had destroyed it while playing. However, when his friend, James, forgets to get his project, Michael quickly assumes that James was lazy to do his project. In the context of social perception, Michael is demonstrating the__________.
actor-observer effect
according to piaget's theory of cognitive development, decentration in the concrete operational stage refers to children being able to ______
adapt to social and cultural situations
Suzanne Kobasa and her colleagues studied business executives who seemed able to resist illness despite stress. In one phase of the research, executives completed a battery of psychological tests, and the researchers found that the psychologically hardy executives tended to _____
appraise change as an interesting incentive to personal growth
Sam wants to be a clinical psychologist. He has been accepted at two different graduate schools. Both schools are equally prestigious and will provide him with an outstanding education. However, he is finding it difficult to choose between the two. According to Neal E. Miller, this type of conflict is known as a(n):
approach-approach conflict
Many therapists argue that evidence-based practices favor cognitive-behavioral therapies because they:
are more readily standardized in treatment manuals and can be followed more accurately by practitioners in experiments.
accessibility
attitudes that come to mind quickly are accessible attitudes
which of the following statements is true of changing attitudes through persuasion?
audiences believe arguments that appear to agree witht he vested interests of the communicator
Emily is on a diet. For lunch, she has the choice of a salad with fat-free dressing or a fruit plate. However, she does not like either of them. This situation is an example of a(n) ______
avoidance-avoidance conflict
identify a true statement about prelinguistic vocalizations
babbling is prelinguistic
Seconal belongs to the category of depressants known as _____
barbiturates
Patricia, a new elementary school teacher, has discovered that raising her voice does not decrease her students' misbehavior. Instead, it seems to increase misbehavior. Now, she practices a new method of reinforcing good behavior and ignoring bad behavior. In this scenario, Patricia is using a method called _____.
behavior modification
the preoperational stage of piaget's cognitive development theory is characterized by:
children attributing life and consciousness to physical objects
Benjamin entered a pizza-eating contest when he was in college. He finished five large pizzas by himself, but he felt nauseated and threw up a few hours later. For several years, the sight and smell of pizza made him feel sick. In this scenario, Benjamin's aversion toward pizza occurred through ________.
classical conditioning
modern psychodynamic therapies differ from traditional psychoanalysis in that the ___________
client and the therapist usually sit face to face
Jason meets a psychotherapist for the first time. During their session, the therapist tells him that she believes that humans have a natural tendency toward health and growth and that they are free to make choices and control their destinies. She also tells him that therapy is intended to help people get in touch with their genuine feelings. In this case, Jason's therapist is using __________.
client-centered therapy
Ophelia is 51 years old. She has begun to experience hot flashes and finds it difficult to sleep at night. More often than not, she finds herself feeling pessimistic and unmotivated. She also has a certain amount of anxiety.Ophelia is most likely experiencing the _____ of middle adulthood.
climacteric phase
Mary Ann, an 18 year old, has been depressed since she lost her sister in a car accident. She has frequent depressive episodes; These episodes last for days. She often turns hostile. Her family has decided that she needs professional help. The professional who would be most appropriate for Mary Ann is a ______ psychologist.
clinical
on a(n) ________ level, prejudice is linked to expectations that members of the target group will behave poorly, say, in the workplace, or engage in criminal behavior or terrorism
cognitive
Dr. Argot, a psychotherapist, works at a facility that maintains new patients who are suffering from psychological disorders, as outpatients rather than sending them to hospitals. He also attends to patients who have been released from mental hospitals by providing outpatient services. This type of a facility is referred to as a(n):
community mental health center
The colors across from one another on the color wheel are labeled _______
complementary colors
When Greta was five years old, she was pecked by one of the chickens in her grandparents' farm. The next year, Greta's mother took her to see chickens in a petting zoo. There, Greta was scared to go into the enclosure and started crying when she saw several chickens walking around the pen. In this scenario, the chicken is the _____.
conditioned stimulus
__________ is the feeling of being pulled in two or more directions by opposing motives
conflict
After living in France for many years, Laura returned for a visit to the United States. As she walked around the small town she had grown-up in, her mind was flooded with memories of her childhood. The environmental cues that helped trigger Laura's memories illustrate __________.
context-dependent memory
________ is the view that learning occurs when stimuli provide information about the likelihood of the occurrence of other stimuli
contingency theory
Shelly, a three-year-old girl, is told by her mother to wear a woolen sweater when she feels cold. She takes her mother's advice and wears a sweater. She observes that it makes her warm and stops her from shivering due to the cold. She repeats this every time she feels cold and observes that it makes her feel warmer each time. In this scenario, Shelly's behavior is reinforced using _____
continuous reinforcements
in ______, that is limited to present facts and the problem solver narrows his or her thinking to find the best solution
convergent thinking
Kyra, a history major, likes to talk with her grandfather often. She calls him her human dictionary because he knows the meaning of almost every word she asks him about. She is also surprised at how well versed he is in domestic and international current affairs and how easily he can talk about historical events. In this scenario, Kyra's grandfather is best displaying _________.
crystallized intelligence
Vygotsky's theory emphasizes ______
cultural variations
which of the following factors increases the tendency to conform?
decreased social shyness
_____ extend like roots from the cell body to receive incoming messages from thousands of adjoining neurons
dendrites
Irene is a thirty-year-old fashion designer. For the past several months, Irene has been feeling an increased sense of detachment from the world around her. She feels that the world is unreal and says that going through life is like "walking through a dream." While she is aware of what is happening around her, she feels that she is separated from the rest of the world by an invisible barrier. In this scenario, Irene is suffering from _____.
depersonalization-derealization disorder
Steve is suffering from an anxiety disorder. His physician has prescribed Ativan for his anxiety attacks. This drug will _____.
depress the activity of the central nervous system
Steve's physician has prescribed him valium for his anxiety attacks. This drug will _____.
depress the activity of the central nervous system
Alcohol is classified as a(n) _______
depressant
law of proximity
describes how the human eye perceives connections between visual elements
The minimum difference in magnitude of two stimuli required to tell them apart is referred to as _____
difference threshold
sensory adaptation
diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation
Ryan is telling his grandchildren stories about growing up in another country. He describes his school and memories about his childhood friends. In this scenario, Ryan's ability to communicate his experiences about different times and places illustrates the quality of language known as _____.
displacement
______ is the capacity to communicate information about events and objects in another time or place
displacement
Cory was driving when his car met with an accident. His best friend, who was sitting in the car with him, was killed in that accident. However, Cory escaped uninjured. When he woke up the next morning, he could not recall where he was or what had happened the previous night. He is most likely exhibiting:
dissociative amnesia
Harry is least interested in music. He tells his friends that playing a musical instrument is a waste of time. However, on several occasions, Harry's friends have noticed that he plays the guitar like a professional. When his friends question him on such occasions, Harry replies, "I am Joe and playing the guitar is my passion." In this scenario, Harry exhibits:
dissociative identity disorder
in the context of psychoanalysis, Sigmund Freud considered _________ the "royal road" to the unconscious
dreams
activation-synthesis model
dreams are produced when the brain attempts to make sense of random neural activity that occurs during sleep
_______ is the sensory register that briefly holds mental representations of auditory stimuli
echoic memory
according to psychologist erik erikson, late adulthood is the stage of ______
ego integrity versus despair
Using the phrase "Elvis's Guitar Broke Down on Friday" to remember the lines (EGBDF) in a musical treble clef is an example of _____.
elaborative rehearsal
Annabelle is two months pregnant. Based on her ultrasound scan, the doctor tells her that the developing child is a quarter-inch to a half-inch in length, its heart is beating, and its brain and major organ systems are formed. However, she cannot yet detect the developing child's movements. The organism is in the _____ stage of prenatal development.
embryonic
according to jeffrey arnett, which period of the lifespan is characterized as the age of identity exploration?
emerging adulthood
Gabe has great insight into the feelings of other people. He is also good at managing his own moods. He recognizes and understands the causes of his own behavior as well as the behavior of the people around him. In the context of the theories of intelligence, Gabe possesses _____.
emotional intelligence
which of the following is a feature of erikson's intimacy versus isolation stage?
establishment of close relationships
the periodic sexual excitement of many female mammals as governed by levels of sex hormones is known as :
estrus
______ stress is considered healthful
eustress
the ____ is the third stage in a group of bodily changes that occur in the general adaptation syndrome (GAS). in this stage, the muscles become fatigued:
exhaustion stage
Cindy, a 22-month-old, has begun uttering words such as "Want milk" and "Eat cookie." These words are usually brief but grammatically correct. In this scenario, Cindy is _____.
exhibiting telegraphic speech
Psychosocial Development Theory
explains personality development and the acquisition of social skills and social attitudes
The perception of objects or events through means other than the recognized sensory organs is termed _______
extrasensory perception
Eli is a school student. Her teacher's appreciation motivates her to study well. She also aims to impress her teacher and parents by getting into a good university after she graduates from high school. Eli's performance goals seem to be met through __________.
extrinsic rewards
ten year old Asma works hard to get good grades in school and also to avoid the disapproval for parents. And appreciation of her hard work, her parents often gives her toys. In this case, Asma is motivated by:
extrinsic rewards
Karen Horney believed Freud placed too much emphasis on sex; Spoke of psychosocial development, not psychosexual development; Labeled stages of development according to development according to traits, not erogenous zones; and argued that ego identity, Argued that ego identity, not genital sexuality, was key goal of adolescence
false
Men tend to emphasize the following in a romantic partner: consideration, kindness, and thrift.
false
Retinal disparity causes feelings of tensions in the eye muscles and provides a binocular cue for depth
false
Telling your young child on Monday that their good behavior will be rewarded on Saturday is more effective than giving them an immediate reinforcer
false
The behaviorists Watson and Skinner emphasized the notions of personal freedom, choice, and self-direction.
false
Your memory of the alphabet or the multiplication tables is the result of a great deal of repetition that makes associations automatic, a phenomenon that psychologists refer to as retrospective memory.
false
in generalized dissociative amnesia, people forget particular traumatic instances of their lives but not their entire lives
false
in the approach-avoidance conflict, each of two goals is desirable and both are within reach
false
people with delusional disorder hold persistent, delusional beliefs that sound plausible and are never bizarre
false
people with lower self-efficacy expectations have biological as well as psychological reasons for remaining calmer and are less prone to be disturbed by adverse events
false
research reveals that people who say that drinking alcohol, smoking, and drunken driving are serious threats to their health curb these activities
false
the elaboration likelihood model has been three different factors that can change our attitudes
false
the james-lange theory of emotion suggests that events are first preceded by the brain. Body patterns of arousal, action, and our emotional responses are then triggered simultaneously.
false
agoraphobia
fear or avoidance of situations, such as crowds or wide open places, where one has felt loss of control and panic
Max is a waiter at a coffee shop. He gets paid $100 every day at 9 p.m. regardless of the number of customers he serves during the day. In this scenario, Max's payment is based on the ________.
fixed-interval schedule
Gesalt Psychology
focused on perception and how perception influences thinking and problem solving
Sigmund Freud
founder of psychoanalysis
Wilhelm Wundt
founder of structuralism
3 year-old Derris watches the children's television show "Spongebob Squarepants." At first, Derris became really excited whenever he saw Spongebob doll. Now Derris get excited whenever he sees any yellow sponge. Derris is displaying stimulus __________
generalization
Bethany taught her dog to jump every time she raises her right hand. Later, the dog started jumping even if she raised her left hand. In this scenario, the dog's action of jumping as a response to a similar stimulus is due to a tendency called _____.
generalization
Since past eight months, Martina has been finding it hard to relax. She often experiences lightheadedness. She also suffers from frequent episodes of diarrhea. People who know Martina say that she constantly worries about everything. In this scenario, Martina is most likely suffering from _____.
generalized anxiety disorder
according to freud's theory of psychosexual development, which of the following is an oral trait?
gullibility
Stephanie was becoming concerned because her mother was starting to routinely carry on conversations with no one else in the room. Her mother is most likely experiencing __________.
hallucinations
Being left-handed appears to provide a somewhat greater-than-average probability of _____.
having language problems
Mental shortcuts, or rules of thumb, for solving problems is called a(n) _____
heuristic
Joshua, a 10 year old boy, knows that snakes are reptiles, all reptiles are animals, and all animals are living things. In this scenario, Joshua organizes concepts in _____
hierarchies
People with _____ feel an overpowering need to accumulate certain kinds of possessions and have difficulty discarding them.
hoarding disorder
sigmund freud's theory of psychosexual development states that:
human development involves the transfer of libidinal energy from one erogenous zone to another
while on a study tour, Kruti realized how the trip had really helped her gain perspective on her life and why she is working towards earning her degree. what theory best explains this?
humanism
Simon is a psychologist who believes that self-awareness, experience, and choice permit people to invent themselves and their ways of relating to the world as they progress through life. his belief is slightly cognitive but it emphasizes the role of subjective experience based on the information given in this scenario, Simon is a _____
humanist
A(n) _______ is a mental representation of a visual stimulus that is held briefly in sensory memory
icon
the flow of visual information seems smooth and continuous because of ____ memory, which can hold visual stimuli for up to a second
iconic
Groupthink can be averted:
if group leaders encourage members to remain skeptical about options.
For several months, Ayesha has been complaining about chest pain. She visited several doctors and underwent many tests. Though the doctors and the test results confirmed that she has no medical ailment, Ayesha insists that she has a life-threatening heart condition. She constantly monitors her heartbeat and avoids strenuous exercise. In this scenario, Ayesha is suffering from _____.
illness anxiety disorder
___________ is a type of somatic symptom disorder that was earlier called hypochondria
illness anxiety disorder
some animals become attached to the first moving object they encounter. the formation of an attachment in this manner is therefore called _____
imprinting
In an experiment to determine whether marijuana abuse causes aggression, participants are given varying amounts of marijuana and its effects are measured in the case marijuana is a ____variable
independent
identify a criticism about the linguistic-relativity hypothesis
infants display considerable intelligence before they have learned to speak
fear appeal is a type of persuasive communication that _______
influences behavior on the basis of around fear instead of rational analysis of the issues
Crystal has been having difficulty concentrating at work. She thinks it might be due to a lack of sleep and therefore she has been trying to sleep more. Unfortunately, this has created her autonomic activity and muscle tension. In this scenario, Crystal is most likely suffering from __________
insomnia
which of the following is true of the trait theory?
it focuses on describing traits rather than on tracing their origins
which of the following is true about anterograde amnesia?
it is the failure to remember the events that occured after a physical trauma
Which of the following best describes the term heredity?
it refers to the biological transmission of traits that have evolved from generation to generation
Since the 1960's, most people suffering from extreme psychological disorders ___________.
live in the community
dissociative amnesia
loss of memory for personal information, either partial or complete
Sanchez, an 8-year-old boy, suffers from unpredictable panic attacks and constantly talks to a make-believe group of friends. His mother confesses to the family doctor, "I probably drank too much alcohol during pregnancy and caused brain damage." This statement supports the ______ on psychological disorders
medical model
A(n) ________ is an assumed change in the nervous system that reflects the impression made by a stimulus
memory trace
If an image of Abraham Lincoln's face was flashed on a screen, the viewer could hold the visual impression in their sensory register as a(n) _____.
memory trace
explicit memory is:
memory without awareness
Daniel, a six-year-old boy, takes an intelligence test. The results of the test show that he is functioning intellectually like the average eight-year-old. In this scenario, Daniel has a(n) _____ of eight.
mental age
Anna points to an object and tells her 2-year-old what it is. The child then points and repeats the label. According to the social-cognitive perspective, Anna serves as a(n) _____ for her child to acquire language skills.
model
In the terminology of observational learning, a person who engages in a response that is imitated is a ______
model
which of the following is a secondary reinforcer?
money
After returning from work, Greg contemplates whether he should stay at home or exercise at the gym. He wants to stay at home because he likes to relax, but feels guilty about not getting enough exercise. He knows that if he goes to the gym, he will be glad that he is exercising but unhappy because he does not enjoy the activity. According to Neal E. Miller, this is an example of a(n) _____.
multiple approach-avoidance conflict
in the ____, each of several alternative courses of action has pluses and minuses
multiple approach-avoidance conflict
Amit is a scientist at a marine biology research facility. He has made significant contributions to the study of whale vocalization and has helped understand the rules that govern vocalization patterns. In this scenario, Amit is exhibiting _____ intelligence.
naturalist
Susan, an astronomer, studies the nature of stars and has contributed significantly to the understanding of the laws that govern their behavior. In this scenario, Susan is exhibiting _____.
naturalist intelligence
David is always criticized for his poor performance at work. His boss, Tina, gives him bad feedback on a daily basis. Tina notices that David's work continues to be poor despite the bad feedback, and she stops criticizing his work. She observes that his work has improved after she has stopped disapproving of it. This scenario exemplifies the _____ of David's behavior.
negative reinforcement
research on the biology of memory involving the visual cortex of rats reared and stimulating environments and the stimulation of certain synapses in sea snails suggests that:
neural events may be involved in memory
Gender ______ means not behaving in a way that is consistent with the gender-role stereotype associated with one's anatomic sex in a given culture
nonconformity
A mother is playing with her eight-month-old son. She places a toy in front of her son and then takes it away. She notices that her son starts searching for the toy. Which aspect of Piaget's sensorimotor stage of development is depicted in the scenario?
object permanence
Five-month-old Tomas is sitting in his high chair when he grabs his mother's cell phone from the table and begins to suck on it. Tomas's mother takes the cell phone away and hides it behind her back. Tomas grabs another toy and does not search for the cell phone because he has not developed the concept of _____
object permanence
naturalistic observation
observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation
Biofeedback training, behavior modification, and program learning are all applications of _______
operant conditioning
________ is defined as a simple form of learning in which an organism learns to engage in certain behavior because of the effects of that behavior
operant conditioning
self-efficacy expectations
our beliefs that we can bring about desired changes through our own efforts
In language development, over-inclusion of instances in a category is labeled
overregularization
the branch of the autonomic nervous system is most active during processes that spend body energy from stored reserves, such as in a fight or flight reaction to a predator or when you're anxious about a big test, is the ______ nervous system
parasympathetic
cognitive theorists note that:
people represent their worlds mentally.
which of the following statements is true of acute stress disorder?
people with acute stress disorder can go on to experience post-traumatic stress disorder
Susan seems to have no problem remembering previous girlfriend's home address but has a difficult time recalling her new girlfriend's home address. Susan's problem is an example of _______
proactive interference
psychosexual development
process proposed by Freud in which pleasure-seeking urges focus on different erogenous zones of the body as humans move through five stages of life
A reason people tend to have partners from the same background is _________.
propinquity
We tend to live among people who are similar to us in background, and we therefore come into contact with them more often. This reflects__________.
propinquity
________ is the memory to perform an act in the future, as at a certain time or when a certain event occurs
prospective memory
Stella, a kindergarten teacher, is teaching her students about mammals. She uses human beings as an example to explain this concept because human beings match the key features of mammals. In this scenario, human beings serve as a(n) ____
prototype
Brad was surprised to learn that Ameer did not belong to the National Honor Society because he always seemed to hang out with other members of that organization. This is best explained by the principle of the law of__________.
proximity
perl's ideas about conflicting personality elements owe much to ________
psychodynamic theory
During Brian's infancy, his mother suffered from alcoholism and abused drugs. She was never emotionally available to him. As a result, he now has difficulty in his relationships with others and cannot trust people easily. This situation supports the views of the __________.
psychosocial development theory
In the context of the human eye, the size of the _______ is sensitive to an individual's emotions
pupil
On a bright, sunny day, Manny leaves a dimly-lit movie theater and goes out into the street. The _____ in his eyes adjust to the sudden increase in light
pupils
botulism
rare disease that stems from food poisoning
depressant
reducing functional or nervous activity
____ are simple, inborn responses elicited by specific stimuli
reflexes
continous reinforcement
reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs
During puberty, Clara begins to notice that her body is changing with the rounding of her breasts and hips and the appearance of body hair, while Mathew notices a broadening of his shoulders, the appearance of body hair, and a deepening of his voice. These specific signs of puberty are referred to as _____.
secondary sex characteristics
in the case of stimulus motives, organisms _______
seek to increase stimulation
Jonah is reading a book in a crowded bus. Some boys sitting near him are talking and laughing loudly. Jonah focuses on reading his book and ignores the noise around him. This scenario illustrates an aspect of consciousness called __________
selective attention
During the political debate, Jan suddenly realized that the only news shows that she watches are liberal and similar to her own. She cannot recall the last time she watched a conservative talk show. Jan is exhibiting ____________.
selective exposure
Unlike the psychodynamic theory, the humanistic-existential perspective emphasizes _________.
self-awareness
Chris, a high school student, is looking up the profiles of various colleges to make a decision about which one he wants to attend. Being a confident person, he believes that he will do well at a prestigious university. His belief in his success is called _____ by social cognitive theorists.
self-efficacy expectations
_______ are beliefs that we can accomplish certain things
self-efficacy expectations
which of the following is the correct order of piaget's stages of cognitive development?
sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational
bipolar disorder
severe mood swings between major depressive episodes and manic episodes
_______ is best described as the direction of one's romantic interests and erotic attractions - toward members of one's own anatomic sex, the other anatomic sex, or both
sexual orientation
Justin is teaching young children to play soccer. Each time they make a good move, he praises them.. In this scenario, Justin is training the children by _________.
shaping
Marty has worked in the same job at the same company for the same pay for the last 30 years, neglecting his family in the process. He is now middle aged, and he feels unappreciated at his job and distant from his grown children. According to Erikson, Marty is showing _____.
signs of stagnation
When we assume that a person's actions were determined by external factors such as circumstances, social influence, or socialization, we display _____.
situational attribution
Gerald is obese and has a habit of snoring. He usually wakes up suddenly at night gasping for breath. After he takes a few deep breaths, he goes back to sleep. However, his breathing periodically stops several times through the night. In the context of sleep disorders, Gerald is exhibiting symptoms of _____
sleep apnea
Tiffany tends to view the students at her school as being either a member of her "cool, in-group" or a member of one of the various "out-groups," which she ignores and with whom she does not associate. In this scenario, the source of Tiffany's prejudice is _____.
social categorization
Over the last year, Martin has clocked good time during his practice runs for a marathon. On the day of the marathon, the streets were lined with well-wishers encouraging him as he ran by, and his performance at the actual marathon was significantly better than his practice runs. This scenario illustrates _____.
social facilitation
Katie is scared of meeting new people. She eats at her desk at work to avoid interacting with her coworkers and consistently refuses their invitations to go out for parties. Psychologists will most likely diagnose Katie with _____.
social phobia
As a counselor, Alicia was struggling to work with one of her new clients. She could not understand where some of the problems were originating. However, after talking to her client some more, she discovered that her client's parents were both from overseas and that her parents cultural believes often conflicted with traditional American attitudes. This new understanding is best explained by the ________.
sociocultural perspective
__________ are excessive, irrational fears of specific objects or situations, such as spiders, snakes, or heights
specific phobias
Dr. Kendall runs a research sleep lab at her university. As she was reviewing the EEG recording of a sleeping subject in the lab, she notices the presence of theta brain waves and sleep spindles. Dr. Kendall concludes that the subject is in ________
stage 2 sleep
______ is the process by which test scores from various population groups, are obtained and organized so that test results can be compared to those with similar demographic profiles
standardization
Ventromedical nucleus
stop eating center
Showing frames in rapid succession provides the illusion of movement. This illusion of is termed ______
stroboscopic motion
social facilitation
stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others
Visual stimuli can be flashed too briefly, below our absolute threshold for conscious perception, to enable us to process them. This is an example of _______
subliminal stimulation
In the context of altering consciousness through drugs, __________ is a problem characterized by loss of control over consumption, social impairment, risky use, and tolerance and withdrawal symptoms
substance use disorder
according to freud's psychoanalytic theory, the _____ functions according to the moral principle
superego
the _____ is the branch of the autonomic nervous system that is most active during processes that spend body energy from stored reserves
sympathetic nervous system
the _______ activates the adrenal medulla, causing it to release a mixture of adrenaline and noradrenaline during the alarm reaction stage of the general adaption syndrome
sympathetic nervous system
Katherine is terrified of dogs. To help alleviate her fears, her therapist first teaches her how to relax her muscles. Next, the therapist gradually exposes Katherine to different dogs using virtual reality displays while she relaxes to each presentation. Which of the following is the basis for the virtual therapy used by Katherine's therapist?
systematic desensitization
Kimberly is terrified of lightning and thunder. To help ease her fears, her therapist first teaches her how to relax her muscles. The therapist then gradually exposes Kimberly to the sights and sounds of thunderstorms through virtual reality displays while she tries to relax. Kimberly's therapist is using virtual therapy, which is based on the principle of:
systematic desensitization
Naomi is afraid of dogs. While she is feeling relaxed, her therapist shows her a dog from a distance. The therapist gradually brings the dog closer until Naomi's fear is completely extinguished. In this scenario, which of the following techniques is being used to extinguish Naomi's fear of dogs?
systematic desensitization
_______ is a behavioral fear-reduction technique in which a hierarchy of fear-evoking stimuli is presented while the person remains relaxed
systematic desensitization
In the _____ family therapy, interaction is studied and modified to enhance the growth of individual family members and of the family unit as a whole.
systems approach to
recency effect
tendency to remember recent information better than earlier information
which of the following Freudian psychic structures is present in a person at birth?
the Id
creative intelligence
the ability to deal with new and different concepts and to come up with new ways of solving problems
emotional itelligence
the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions
practical intelligence
the ability to use information to get along in life and become successful
Mike, a 24-year-old, has changed majors four times in college and has attended two different colleges. While he was in college, he held seven different part-time jobs and had three serious relationships, none of which lasted for more than eight months. He often feels that things will never work out. According to Jeffrey Arnett, which feature of emerging adulthood is illustrated in this scenario?
the age of instability
social categorization
the assignment of a person one has just met to a category based on characteristics the new person has in common with other people with whom one has had experience in the past
medical model
the concept that diseases, in this case psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and, in most cases, cured, often through treatment in a hospital.
______ is best described as the method used by psychologists to investigate whether observed behavior or a measured trait is related to another variable
the correlational method
stage 4 sleep
the deepest stage of sleep, during which we are least responsive to outside stimulation
cognitive development
the development of thinking, problem solving, and memory
retroactive interference
the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information
proactive interference
the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information
a pregnant woman visits her doctor for a scheduled ultrasound. She hears the strong heartbeat of the developing child, she is also able to see its fingers and toes. she tells the doctor that she frequently feels the baby kick. which stage of prenatal development is depicted in the scenario?
the fetal stage
Two psychology students, Sam and Nilo, conducted an experiment on telepathy. For their experiment, Sam viewed some random photographs in one room, while Nilo, who was in another room with his eyes and ears closed, tried to mentally tune himself to Sam. After the session, Nilo was shown all the photographs and he tried to select the photograph transmitted by Sam. This method is known as _____
the ganzfeld procedure
Victoria Molfese and her colleagues found that _____ was the single most important predictor of scores on intelligence quotient (IQ) tests among children aged three to eight.
the home environment
Concerning dissociative identity disorders, which of the following is inaccurate about their identities?
the identities must not be aware of the others
in the context of stress, which of the following is true of predictability and control?
the illusion of being in control allows people to feel that they are not at the mercy of the fates
in the context of measurement of personality, which of the following statements is true?
the intellectual functioning of an individual cannot be assessed without relating it to other people in the same age group
object permanence
the knowledge that an object exists even when it is not in sight
elaborative rehearsal
the linking of new information to material that is already known
Jeb and his friends often try out the skateboarding stunts that they see on television without ever considering that they could get seriously injured. They have also experimented with alcohol and drugs and do not think they will become addicted as they are special. Which of the following aspects of adolescent egocentrism results in this feeling of invulnerability and risk-taking behavior?
the personal fable
id
the psychic structure, present at birth, that represents physiological drives and is fully unconscious
Sunny was considered a shy person at school. When Sunny met his classmate, Ronny, 10 years after school, Ronny was surprised that Sunny has become outspoken and confident. Ronny almost forgot how shy Sunny used to be at school. In terms of social perception, the change in Ronny's perception is due to _____.
the recency effect
alpha waves
the relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state
actor-observer effect
the tendency to make situational attributions for our own behaviors while making dispositional attributions for the identical behavior of others
linguistic-relativity hypothesis
the theory that thought processes and concepts are controlled by language
cognitive-dissonance theory
the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent
behavior modification
the use of operant conditioning techniques to bring about desired changes in behavior
_______ tells us whether we are falling and provides cues to whether our body is changing speed
the vestibular sense
Psychologist David McClelland helped pioneer the assessment of achievement motivation using a method that involved the use of a psychological test developed by Henry Murray. This psychological test requires individuals to construct a story about the drawings or pictures that are in the test cards shown to them. The psychological test referred to here is the:
thematic apperception test
the james-lange theory of emotion
theory proposing that emotions result from our interpretations of our bodily reactions to stimuli
Gestalt therapy
therapy that aims to integrate different and sometimes opposing aspects of personality into a unified sense of self
behavior therapy
therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors
psychological states such as anxiety and depression can impair the functioning of the immune system
true
which of the following statements is a reasonable criticism of Maslow's theory of the hierarchy of needs?
there's too much individual variation for the hierarchy of motives to apply to everyone
which of the following statements is true of polygraphs, or lie detectors?
they are not 100 % accurate
which of the following statements is true of newborns?
they can follow, or track, a moving light with their eyes within a couple of days after birth
which of the following statements is true of the hearing capability of newborns?
they cannot hear well until they are three months old
Which of the following statements is true of taste aversions?
they may require only one association for conditioning to occur
which of the following is a function of the middle ear?
to funnel sound waves to the eardrum
______ are reasonably stable elements of personality that are inferred from behvaior
traits
Susan has adopted a relaxation method to help reduce her anxiety. She recites the word "Om" several times in a very slow pace. She feels that doing this lowers her heart rate and helps her realize the power of spirituality. In this scenario, Susan is practicing _____
transcendental meditation
All prejudices involve stereotyping but not all stereotypes lead to prejudices.
true
Humans can detect the odor of 1 one-millionth of a milligram of vanilla in a liter of air
true
In N.R.F Maier's experiment, Bismarck, seemed to have had what Gestalt psychologists have termed an Aha! experience, perhaps suddenly perceiving the relationships between the elements of the problem so that the solution occurred by insight
true
People are at the height of their cognitive powers during early adulthood.
true
With well-known information such as our names and occupations, retrieval is effortless and rapid.
true
a man shot the president of the United States in front of millions of television witnesses and was found not guilty by court of law
true
according to the biological views on the origins of psychological disorders, humans are genetically predisposed to fear stimuli that may have posed a threat to their ancestors
true
aversive conditioning is a gradual process in which the clients learn to handle increasingly disturbing stimuli while anxiety to each one is being counter conditioned
true
behavior therapists see the effectiveness of behavior therapy as deriving from specific, learning-based procedures
true
couple therapy and family therapy are conducted only with groups
true
in a research setting when people exhibited pain through facial expressions they rated electric shocks as more painful. this is an example of the facial-feedback hypothesis
true
jenny's behavioral Therapist believes her anxiety is the result of unconscious impulses breaking through to the conscious level. he will use principles of conditioning and observational learning in her treatment
true
long-term potentiation (LTP) can occur via the action of neurotransmitters, such as serotonin and glutamate, at synapses
true
newborn children do not know that it is necessary to eat to survive. they turn their head toward stimuli that prod or stroke the cheek, chin, or corner of the mouth. this is termed rooting
true
people with higher self-efficacy expectations have biological as well as psychological reasons for remaining calmer than people with lower self-efficacy
true
