Psychology 100

The correct order of prenatal development is zygote, embryo, and _____.

fetus

Caffeine and nicotine are both _____ drugs.

psychoactive

Erik Erikson proposed that at each stage of life people face a psychosocial task that needs resolution. The first task that infants wrestle with is _____ versus _____.

trust; mistrust

In one study cited in the textbook, participants counted passes while watching a video of a basketball game. The researchers recorded whether participants noticed a woman walk across the screen with an umbrella. This study was intended MOST specifically to demonstrate:

unintentional blindness

Laura must always have an early morning cup of coffee. She usually has several more cups throughout the day. If she misses her daily cups of coffee, she gets a headache. The fact that Laura experiences headaches when she discontinues the use of caffeine is an example of _____ symptoms.

withdrawal

Gabe goes to bed at his regular time, and as he begins to drift slowly off to sleep, he jumps up suddenly as he feels he is falling down the stairs. This is BEST explained by a _____ sensation.

hypnagogic

Only a small proportion, about _____ percent, of U.S. teens wish they were someone else.

20

The suprachiasmatic nucleus in located in the brain's:

hypothalamus

Harold decided that it was time to invest his money. He was quite excited and told his wife about his new financial venture. She was very supportive. A year later when five of the six companies he invested in went bankrupt, Harold's wife's response was, "There was no way either one of us could have predicted this outcome." She is NOT engaging in:

the hindsight bias

In the past 20 years, about how many presidents of the Association for Psychological Science have been women? 40 percent 75 percent 20 percent 50 percent

50 percent

A good theory:

organizes observation

Dr. Pujols wants to find the most reliable way of assessing whether caffeine consumption improves athletic performance. Which method should she choose? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.

the experiment

Aaron decided to invest his money in several technology start-ups. He was quite excited and told his wife about his new financial venture. She was very supportive. Eighteen months later, all but one of the companies had declared bankruptcy. Aaron's wife was furious and told him that anyone could have seen that these companies were going to fail. This illustrates:

the hindsight bias

At the beginning of the year, experts were asked to predict a variety of world events (for example, the province of Quebec separating from Canada). The experts reported being 80 percent confident in their predictions. What was the actual percentage of correct predictions?

40 percent

Dr. Paivio studies the ways in which the endocrine system and the nervous system are similar. Which of these might he conclude?

Both systems secrete molecules that activate receptors elsewhere.

_____ is a type of descriptive research method. Correlation Experimentation Random sampling Naturalistic observation

Naturalistic observation

Bonnie quits smoking cigarettes during the seventh week of her pregnancy. There is a chance that the chemicals in the cigarettes acted as _____, harming the development of Bonnie's baby during the period of the _____.

Teratogen; embryo

_____ created LSD in 1943.

Albert Hoffmann

Ariel is drinking a can of beer. Barry is smoking a cigarette. Cord is smoking a marijuana cigarette. Who is using a psychoactive drug?

Ariel, Barry, and Cord are all using psychoactive drugs.

Researchers continue to debate the origin of knowledge. Some believe that people are born with certain types of knowledge, while others believe that knowledge is gained through experience. Dr. Lock believes that children learn language through experience. Dr. Lock's view is MOST similar to the ideas of the classical Greek philosopher _____.

Aristotle

Gabe's roommate fell asleep about 25 minutes ago. Now, Gabe needs to awaken his roommate so they both can get to a party on time. His roommate is sleep talking about his girlfriend's cat. When Gabe begins laughing, his roommate wakes up. His roommate was MOST likely in _____ sleep.

NREM 2

_____ psychology examines growth and change in physical, cognitive, and social areas across the life span.

Developmental

In part, the trademark impulsivity of adolescence reflects that brain development proceeds more slowly in the brain's _____ than in its _____.

Frontal lobe; limbic system

biopsychosocial

Ibuprofen

The _____ triggers ovaries and testes to release sex hormones.

Pituitary Gland

If one gently wakes someone who is in _____ sleep, there is about an 80 percent chance the person will report being in the middle of an interesting dream.

REM

In a social psychology experiment, one group of participants is reminded of a social stereotype they are likely to hold; another is not reminded. All participants then interact with a member of the stereotyped group, and the nature of their interactions is recorded. Which statement is true?

The reminded group receives the treatment and is the experimental group.

In 1961, _____ were able to reduce seizure activity in epileptic patients by severing the corpus callosum.

Vogel and Bogen

There have been reports that patients taking a medication to stop smoking have felt better emotionally, especially those patients with anxiety. While there seems to be a correlation between those taking the drug and a decrease in anxiety, the pharmaceutical company cannot make the claim that this drug decreases symptoms of anxiety because there is NOT:

a cause-effect relationship between the drug and anxiety.

Kayla is 13 years old. She is in the middle of puberty. Kayla is in a stage of development called:

adolescence

_____ is the transition period from childhood to adulthood, that is, from puberty to independence.

adolescent

A firefighter wakes in the middle of the night to the sound of an alarm. It is likely that her _____ have released epinephrine and norepinephrine.

adrenal glands

Psychologists considered the study of consciousness important:

at the beginning of the discipline's history, as well as since about 1960.

Timothy has been diagnosed with schizophrenia and has mostly auditory hallucinations. When he is experiencing a hallucination his _____ cortex is active.

auditory

The study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior is called _____.

behavior genetics

Gabriel has decided that he really wants to major in psychology, and he is most interested in the way biological events are related to the reasons people suffer from mental disorders. Gabriel should focus on _____ psychology.

biological

Dr. Gonzales seeks to account for the substance abuse of her therapy clients in terms of their abusive home environments, their limited sense of life purpose, and the altered functioning of their neurotransmitter systems. Dr. Gonzales is MOST clearly using a _____ approach to understanding addictive behaviors.

biopsychosocial

Which of the following refers to an experimental result caused by expectations alone? wording effect placebo effect hindsight bias positive correlation

placebo effect

Max is 17 years old. He has decided to help out at Buddy Ball this summer. He will help disabled children play baseball. Max knows that this will look good on his college applications. Max is probably in the _____ stage of moral development.

conventional

The _____ is a descriptive research method in which one individual or group is studied in depth.

case study

During commencement, a parent sat waiting for her child's name to be called. She failed to realize that the person initially reading off the graduates' names left and that a new person is now reading. This scenario illustrates:

change blindness

Katie prides herself on her ability to spot errors in continuity in movies and television shows. A few minutes ago, she pointed out that a wineglass was nearly empty in one frame, then full in the next. Most people fail to spot these errors in continuity because of:

change blindness

Dr. Franz conducts research on how people encode, process, store, and retrieve information. Dr. Franz favors the _____ perspective in psychology.

cognitive

Dr. Glasson asks questions about how consciousness arises from the material brain. She states that her field is interdisciplinary and is MOST likely to refer to it as:

cognitive neuroscience

The interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with our mental processes is called:

cognitive neuroscience

Dr. Keely works to create social and physical environments that are healthy for all. He is MOST likely a:

community psychologist.

Mr. Brown has gathered evidence that students' self-esteem is negatively correlated with their typical levels of anxiety. Before he uses this evidence to conclude that high self-esteem reduces anxiety, Mr. Brown should be reminded that:

correlation does not prove causation

Dr. Jenkins is a psychologist who places a high value on humility. Which question is she MOST likely to ask herself?

could I be wrong?

With respect to the concept of post-truth, critical thinking and the scientific attitude are BEST seen as _____ post-truth.

counteracting

Psychologists use the scientific attitude of ______________ to examine assumptions, appraise sources, discern hidden biases, evaluate evidence, and assess conclusions. functionalism the scientific method critical thinking skeptical analysis

critical thinking

When Naomi reads a magazine article claiming that orange juice consumption triggers hyperactivity in children, she tries to figure out the author's assumptions and biases so she can evaluate the evidence and assess whether the claim makes sense. Naomi's reaction illustrates:

critical thinking

Dr. Schrody studies states of consciousness that occur spontaneously, such as:

daydreaming

In an industrial research laboratory, Drs. French and Heinz are conducting an experiment on the effects of sugar on consumers' perception of condiment flavor. Participants are randomly assigned to a sugar-sweetened, reduced-sugar, or sugar-free group. Participants then rate condiment flavor on a variety of scales. In this experiment, flavor perception is the _____ variable.

dependent

Dr. Levy's research showed that a dose of 200 mg of experimental Drug R had a minimal effect in reducing the symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). He then revised the study's hypothesis by increasing the dosage to 300 mg. In this context, reduction of GAD symptoms is the:

dependent variable

In an experiment that examines the effect of sleep deprivation on mental alertness, mental alertness is the: control condition. independent variable. dependent variable. experimental condition.

dependent variable

Research results showed that experimental Drug R had a minimal to modest effect in reducing the symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). The researchers decide that their earlier hypothesis, that 200 mg of Drug R will reduce GAD symptoms by 25 percent as evidenced by the Hamilton Anxiety Scale, needs to be revised. They decide to increase the dosage to 300 mg in their next study. The variable that may change in response to this increase is the: control condition. independent variable. experimental method. dependent variable.

dependent variable

Dr. Cole's major research interest is the long-term effects of child-raising practices on the psychological adjustment of offspring. It is MOST likely that Dr. Cole is a _____ psychologist.

developmental

The study of continuity and change over the life span is the subject of the field of _____ psychology.

developmental

An introductory psychology student expresses an interest in growth and change during childhood and adolescence. Which psychology course should the student consider taking next semester?

developmental psychology

Jake regularly takes a pain reliever for his back pain. After a few weeks, he notices that he needs to increase the amount of pain-relieving drug that he takes each day in order to achieve the same level of pain relief. The phenomenon that Jake is experiencing is called:

drug tolerance

During an argument, Trinh tries to rescue the discredited proposition that people only use 10 percent of their brain by suggesting that the belief is intended to mean that people are only aware of a small percentage of their brain's work, and that a lot of processing goes on that one is unaware of. Trinh's argument references the notion of _____ processing.

dual

Compared to a century ago, menarche now occurs _____ in life and adult independence begins _____ in life.

earlier; later

Norma lost her baby during her eighth week of pregnancy. During which stage of prenatal development did she have the miscarriage?

embryo

Raul is 20 years old and still very much dependent on his parents. They are paying for his college tuition as well as his living expenses. He spends his school holidays at home with them. According to some researchers, he is in the phase of life known as _____ adulthood.

emerging

When testing those claiming to be able to see auras around people's heads, magician James Randi issued this challenge: "Then if I were to step behind a wall barely taller than I am, you could determine my location from the aura visible above my head, right?" Randi is using a(n) _____ approach.

empirical

The MOST immediate and direct function of the rooting reflex is the facilitation of:

feeding

Several survivors of a 2018 school shooting in Parkland, Florida, have become nationally recognized advocates for gun control. These students' ability to think abstractly about a complex topic reflects Piaget's _____ stage of cognitive development.

formal operational

Which school of psychology was most clearly concerned with the adaptive value of complex mental processes? psychoanalysis behaviorism structuralism functionalism

functionalism

The _____ cells in the nervous system support, nourish, and protect neurons.

glial

What do developmental psychologists seek to understand?

growth and change across the life span

Dr. Paul studies states of consciousness that are physiologically induced, such as:

hallucinations

In a playoff game between the State City Champions and the Anytown Victors, Sara initially bet against the State City Champions, who eventually won. After the game, she claimed she knew the Champions would be the winners. This is an example of a flaw in thinking called the _____ bias.

hindsight

The I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon, or _____ bias, explains why many people said the CIA and FBI should have foreseen the likelihood of the 9/11 terror attacks.

hindsight

A developmental psychologist is interested in the visual abilities of newborn children. Baby Katherine is participating in a study of newborns' visual abilities. While her mother holds Katherine, a psychologist shows the baby a variety of images. Katherine will look the longest at an image of a:

human face

Dr. Clark's research indicates that teen parents tend to develop healthier relationships with female infants than with male infants. Three subsequent studies by other psychologists fail to confirm her results. After reading those studies, Dr. Clark suspects that her own studies were flawed in some way. Dr. Clark is demonstrating the scientific attitude of:

humility

In psychology class, Alexi claims that women are more empathic than men, but then immediately questions his own conclusion, saying, "Hmm, could I be wrong about that?" He is demonstrating the scientific attitude of _____.

humility

Professor Jamison is a scientist who maintains an awareness of her own vulnerability to error and openness to surprises and new perspectives. She is exemplifying which scientific attitude? curiosity skepticism humility inquisitiveness

humility

The _____ is an important part of the endocrine system but is NOT itself an endocrine gland.

hypothalamus

Studies indicate that anxiety may be caused by chemical imbalances in the brain. A chemist at a pharmaceutical company has an idea for a new medication that she thinks may be useful for treating anxiety. She predicts that people with anxiety disorders who take the medication will experience decreased anxiety within four months. This prediction is a(n) _____.

hypothesis

Theresa works for a large pharmaceutical company that is planning a study of a new drug, and she is in the beginning stages of writing the research protocol. The company predicts that this new drug will lower symptoms of anxiety. This prediction is a(n): hypothesis. theory. method. operational definition.

hypothesis

Karly intently watches the live tennis match and does not realize that a bird has landed on the adjacent empty seat next to her. Her inability to notice the bird can be explained by: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.

inattentional blindness.

Wood and colleagues examined the value of self-affirmation. In a typical study, participants either engaged or did not engage in self-affirmations. Later, their current self-esteem was assessed. Which answer correctly names and identifies the variables in this study?

independent variable—self-affirmations; dependent variable—self-esteem scores

Edward Titchener used the research method known as: basic research. functionalism. applied research. introspection.

introspection

A psychologist asks research participants to report their immediate sensations, images, and feelings as they taste a new soda. This is a research method called:

introspection.

Janice has a job, a cat named Jake, and 33 candles on her birthday cake. She is worried about finding the right man. She frequently spends nights alone and knows she is not getting any younger. According to Erik Erikson, Janice is in the stage of development called intimacy versus _____.

isolation

Matthew tries to finish the day's most important business by 1 in the afternoon. before his brain runs down. His graduate student Meghna claims that her brain comes alive at 10 at night. Matthew may be described as a(n) _____, whereas Meghna is better called a(n) ______.

lark; owl

Hemispheric specialization is known as:

lateralization

A manufacturing company installs bright lights in a plant in which many employees work the 11 P.M. to 7 A.M. shift. The lights simulate morning sun, helping the suprachiasmatic nucleus to reduce the production of the sleep-inducing hormone called:

melatonin

Prior to 1920, the field of psychology was defined as "the science of _____."

mental life

the brain's supply of serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine drops off.

methadone

Professor Kim is studying how the brain is involved in voluntary movements. Professor Kim stimulates the _____ cortex of his participants' brain with mild electrical signals. As a result, the right arm of his participants involuntarily moves.

motor

Professor Kim is studying how the brain is involved in voluntary movements. Professor Kim stimulates the _____ of his participants' brain with mild electrical signals. As a result, the right arm of his participants involuntarily moves.

motor cortex

Luther was born with one kidney. This variation in an inherited trait is MOST likely caused by:

mutation

Which of these is the principle that, among the range of all inherited trait variations, those that lead to increased reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations?

natural selection

A researcher develops a self-report questionnaire assessing "morningness." High scores indicate the tendency toward being a lark, or morning person, whereas low scores indicate the tendency toward being a night owl. Based on the textbook's discussion, the researcher should find a _____ correlation between scores on this measure and scores on a measure of the Big Five trait of openness, and a ______ correlation between scores on this measure and scores on a measure of the Big Five trait of conscientiousness.

negative; positive

While listening to operatic solos, musicians process the lyrics and the tunes in separate brain areas. This MOST clearly illustrates the functioning of different:

neural network

This sleep disorder is characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified.

night terror

Brenda and her brother, Brook, developed from separate fertilized eggs. They are _____ twins. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.

opposite sec fraternal

Jillian is a new mother. The first time she nursed her baby she instantly bonded. This is MOST likely caused by the release of:

oxytocin

Arden's heart rate and respiration are slowing, and her digestion is facilitated. Her _____ nervous system has become active.

parasympathetic

Caffeine increases activity not only in the brain but also in the branch of the nervous system serving the body. This branch is called the _____ nervous system.

peripheral

Faruq believes that choosing to violate government laws is morally justifiable if it is done to protect the lives of innocent people. Lawrence Kohlberg would suggest that this illustrates _____ morality.

postconventional

The problem with common sense is that it is after the fact. In other words, common sense does NOT help us:

predicting the future

Sam, who experiences auditory hallucinations and other symptoms of schizophrenia, has not been taking his medication. Dr. Kohn is evaluating Sam and may admit him to the hospital so that she can restart his medications and monitor his response. Dr. Kohn is MOST likely a(n) _____.

psychiatrist

Chemicals that change perceptions and moods through their actions at the neural synapses are referred to as _____ drugs.

psychoactive

The question of how someone's personality traits can be explained by unfulfilled wishes and childhood traumas would be of MOST interest to a psychologist working from a(n) _____ perspective. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.

psychodynamic

To control for experimenter bias as well as extraneous variables such as severity of condition, attitudes, and age, researchers use _____ in establishing their experimental and control groups.

random assignments

The CEO of a large company decides to survey the workers for their opinions about a new vacation policy. A sample of the population that gives each worker an equal chance of participating in the survey would be a(n):

random sample

Based on memory research, which strategy will be most effective for learning 30 new vocabulary words?

repeating self-testing

Dr. Anderson's line of research is on bilingual children because she grew up in a household learning two different languages and firmly believes in its positive effect. This illustrates that:

research is value laden

Jacob suffered a stroke that affected his _____. Now Jacob cannot make copies of drawings.

right hemisphere

Michael recently suffered a stroke to his _____. Now he has difficulties expressing his emotions.

right hemisphere

Margaret suffered from a stroke over six months ago. She lost the ability to recognize faces and the ability to move her left arm and leg. She went through physical therapy to regain the use of her left arm and leg. While she is now able to walk with the use of a cane and can do many things with her left arm, she still has problems recognizing faces and is often unable to recognize her own children and grandchildren. Her stroke MOST likely impacted which part of her brain?

right temporal lobe

Change blindness, inattentional blindness, and cocktail party effect all illustrate _____ attention.

selective

A scientist who begins by doubting and who analyzes all scientific claims while asking "how does it work?" is exemplifying which scientific attitude? openness skepticism curiosity humility

skepticism

In psychology class, Paul claims that women are more empathic than men. If Anna asks, "How do you know?" she is demonstrating the scientific attitude of _____. If Paul immediately questioned his own statement, he would be demonstrating the scientific attitude of _____.

skepticism; humility

Anthony has signed up for a horticulture class. When he walks into the classroom on the first day he realizes that all the students in the class, including the teacher, are women. He is aware of his:

social identity

Which of the following promotes better retention of material studied than massed practice? massed practice delayed practice spaced practice intermediate practice

spaced practice

Based on the textbook's introductory discussion of adolescence, the teen years are LEAST likely to be described as a period of:

stability

Juan Carlos' son was just arrested for setting the school's outdoor shed on fire. Juan Carlos and his wife admitted to the police that their son has always had an aggressive streak. This example represents the _____ side of the _____ developmental issue.

stability; stability and change

The early school of thought that used introspection to reveal the structure of the human mind was:

structuralism

Titchener is to _____ as James is to functionalism.

structuralism

It is 2:00 A.M. and Michelle is home by herself. Her dog begins to bark loudly and the hair on the back of her dog's neck is standing up. Michelle then hears banging on her front door. Michelle starts to sweat and her heart begins to beat faster and faster. Michelle's _____ nervous system has kicked in.

sympathetic

Drugs that block the reuptake of serotonin will thereby increase the concentration of serotonin molecules in the:

synaptic gap

In a typical experimental session, informed consent:

takes place before the experimental procedure begins.

The auditory cortex is located in the:

temporal lobe

The feelings of euphoria associated with cocaine usage continue until:

the brain's supply of serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine drops off.