Psychology CH. 6
practical intelligence
"street sense"
Law of Effect
Behvaiors that are followed by consequences that are satisfying to the organism are more likely to be repeated and behaviors that are followed by unpleasant consequences are less likely to be repeated.
Neurotransmitter
Communication among neurons is critical for developing new memories
norming
administering a test to a large population so data can be collected to reference the normal scores for a population and its groups
analytical intelligence
aligned with academic problem solving and computation
crystallized intelligence
characterized by acquired intelligence and ability to retrieve it (tests)
range of reaction
each person's response to the environment is uniquely based on his/her genetic make-up
dysgraphia
learning disability that causes extreme difficulty in writing legibly
standard deviation
measure of variability that describes the difference between a set of scores and their mean
standardization
method of testing in which administration, scoring, and interpreting results are consistent
Flynn Effect
observation that each generation has a significantly higher IQ than the previous generation
convergent thinking
providing correct or established answers to problems
intelligence quotient
score on a test designed to measure intelligence
representative sample
subset of the population that accurately represents the general population
fluid intelligence
ability to see complex relationships and solve problems
emotional intelligence
ability to understand emotions and motivations in yourself and others
cultural intelligence
ability with which people can understand and relate to those in another culture
Positive Reinforcement
A desirable stimulus is added to increase a behavior
Unconditioned Response(UCR)
A natural (unlearned) reaction to a given stimulus
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
A stimulus that does not natrually elicit a response
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
A stimulus that elicits a reflexive response in an organism
Conditioned stimulus(CS)
A stimulus that elicits a response after being repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus.
Taste Aversion
A type of conditioning in which an interval of several hours may pass between the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus.
Positive Punishment
Add an undesirable stimulus stimulus to decrease a behavior.
Positive
Adding something
Misinformation effect paradigm
After exposure to incorrect information a person may misremember the original event
Negative Reinforcement
An undesirable stimulus is removed to increase a behavior. (Car beeps telling you to put your seatbelt on)
Punishment
Decreasing behavior
Suggestability
Effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories
Flashbulb memory
Exceptionally clear recollection of an important event
Edward C. Tolman
Experimented with rats and demonstrated that organisms can learn even if they do not receive immediate reinforcement
Persistence
Failure of the memory system that involves the involuntary recall of unwanted memories, particularly unpleasant ones
Construction
Formulation of new memories
John B. Watson
Founder of behaviorism; influenced by Pavlov
Multiple Intelligences Theory
Gardner's theory that each person possesses at least 8 types of intelligences
Engram
Group of neurons that serve as the physical representation of memory (Lashley experiment)
Secondary Reinforcer
Has no inherent value and only has reinforcing qualities when linked with a primary reinforcer.
Bias
How feelings and view of the world distort memory of past events
Prefrontal Cortex
How people process and retain information
Cerebellum
Implicit memories, procedural memories, etc
Reinforcement
Increasing behavior
Retroactive interference
Information learned more recently hinders the recall of older information
Levels of processing
Information that is thought of more deeply becomes more meaningful and thus better committed to memory
Instinct
Innate behaviors that are triggered by a broader range of events such as aging and the change of seasons. They are more complex patterns of behavior, involve movement of the organism as a wholr and involve brain centers. Both instincts and reflexes do not have to be learned.
Hippocampus
Involved in normal recognition, spatial memory; project information to critical regions that give memories meaning and connect them with other connected memories
Learning
Is a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience.
Associative Learning
Occurs when an organism makes connections between stimuli ot events that occur together in the environment.
Habituation
Occurs when we learn not to respond to a stimulus that is presented repeatedly without change
Absentmindedness
Lapses in memory that are caused by breaks in attention or our focus being somewhere else
Latent Learning
Learning that occurs but is not observable in behvaior until there is reason to demonstrate it
Forgetting
Loss of information from long term memory
Amnesia
Loss of long term memory that occurs as the result of disease, physical trauma, or psychological trauma
Anterograde amnesia
Loss of memory for events that occur after the brain trauma
Retrograde amnesia
Loss of memory for events that occured prior to brain trauma
Mnemonic device
Memory aids that help organize information for encoding
Transience
Memory error in which unused memories fade with passage of time
Blocking
Memory error in which you cannot access stored information
Misattribution
Memory error in which you confuse the soutcr of your information
Cognitive Map
Mental picture of the layout
Reflexes
Motor or neural reaction to a specific stimulus in the environment.
Proactive interference
Old information hinders the recall of newly learned information
Equipotentiality hypothesis
One area of the brain involved in memory damage is taken over by another part
Partial Reinforcement
Or intermittent reinforcement, the organism does not get reinforced every time they perform the desired behavior.
Operant Conditioning
Organisms learn to associate events-a behavior and its consequence(reinforcement or punishment)
Chunking
Organizing information into manageable bits or chunks
Higher order conditioning/second order conditioning
Pairing a new neutral stimulus with the conditioned stimulus
Engram
Physical trace of memory
Classical Conditioning
Process by which we learn to associate stimuli and, consequently, to anitcipate events.
Reconstruction
Process of bringing up old memories that might be distorted by new information
Edward Thorndike
Psychologist who proposed the law of effect
False memory syndrome
Recall of false autobiographical memories
Amygdala
Regulates emotions such as fear and agression
Primary Reinforcer
Reinforcers that have innate reinforcing qualities
Spontaneous Recovery
The return of a previously extinguished conditioned response following a rest period.
Memory
The set of processes used to encode, store,and retrieve information over different periods of time
Fixed ratio reinforcement schedule
There are a set number of responses that muct occur before the behavior is rewarded.
Elaborative rehearsal
Thinking about the meaning of the new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory
Negative Punishment
Remove a pleasant stimulus to decrease a behavior.
Shaping
Reward successive approximations of a target behavior.
Pavlov
Russian scientist who performed extensive research on dogs and is best known for his experiments in classical conditioning.
B.F. Skinner
Saw that classical conditioning is limited to existing behaviors that are reflexively elicited, and it doesn't account for new behaviors such as riding a bike.
Operant Conditioning
Second type of associative learning where organisms learn to associate a behavior and its consequence.
Atkinson Shiffrin Model
Sensory input, sensory memory, short term, long term
Equipotentiality hypothesis
Some parts of the brain can take over for damaged parts in forming and storing memoriesp
triarchic theory of intelligence
Stenberg's theory of intelligence; three facets of intelligence: practical, creative, and analytical
Arousal theory
Strong emotions trigger the formation of strong memories and weaker emotional experiences from weaker memories
Arousal theory
Strong emotions trigger the formation of strong memories, weaker etc.
Negative
Taking something away
Memory enhancing strategy
Technique to help make sure information goes from short term memory to long term memory
Conditioned Response (CR)
The behavior caused by the conditioned stimulus.
Extinction
The decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with the conditioned stimulus.
Acquisition
The initial period of learning in classical conditioning
Variable ratio reinforcement schedule
The number of responses needed for a reward varies. (Most powerful partial reinforcement schedule)
Variable interval reinforcement schedule
The organism gets the reinforcement based on varying amounts of time, which are unpredictable.
Stimulus Generalization
When an organism demonstrates the conditioned response to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus; opposite of stimulus discrimination.
Stimulus Discrimination
When an organism learns to respond differently to various stimuli that are similar
Continuous Reinforcement
When an organism receives a reinforcer each time it displays a behavior
Fixed interval reinforcement schedule
When behavior is rewarded after a set amount of time.(the least productive and the easiest to extinguish)
creativity
ability to generate, create, or discover new ideas, solutions, and possibilities
creative intelligence
ability to produce new products, ideas, or inventing a new, novel solution to a problem.
dyslexia
common learning disability in which letters are not processed properly by the brain
divergent thinking
thinking outside the box
