Psychology Ch 8

Physical Development in Adolescence: Adolescence: Developmental period spanning the transition from childhood to adulthood. Begins around ________ years of age and ends at 18 to 21 years of age Characterized by dramatic __________ changes Puberty: Period of rapid skeletal and sexual maturation that occurs mainly in early adolescence

10-12, physical

Biological Theories of Aging: Cellular-clock theory: View that cells can divide a maximum of about ____ times. As we age, our cells become less capable of _______. Free-radical theory: People age because unstable oxygen molecules known as free radicals are produced inside their cells Damage done by free radicals may lead to a range of disorders. Hormonal stress theory: Aging in the body's hormonal system can lower resistance to stress and increase the likelihood of disease

100, dividing, disorders

Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development: Concrete operational stage Lasts from 7 to ___ years of age Involves using _____________ Involves replacing intuitive reasoning Children better able to reason in multiple dimensions

11, operations

Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development: Formal operational stage- Last from 11 to ___ years of age Continues through the adult years. Thinking is more abstract and logical. __________- Involves comparing how things are to how they might be Hypothetical-deductive reasoning Developing hypotheses about ways to solve a problem

15, adult, idealistic

Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development: Sensorimotor stage: Lasts from birth to about __ years of age. Infants construct an understanding of the world by coordinating sensory experience. Development of object permanence Crucial accomplishment of understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot directly be seen, heard, or touched

2

Physical Development in Adulthood: Peak physical development during ___. Physical changes in middle and late adulthood Many physical changes in the 40s or 50s, involve changes in ____________.

20s, appearance

Evaluating and Expanding on Piaget's Theory: Baillargeon's alternative view of object permanence. Documented that infants as young as ___ months of age know that objects continue to exist when hidden. Infants have expectations about objects in the world that seem quite a bit more sophisticated than Piaget imagined

3

gender development: Gender- Refers to the broad set of characteristics of people as males and females. Biology and gender development- Humans normally have __ chromosomes arranged in pairs. 23rd pair may have: Two X-shaped chromosomes, which produces a __________. Both an X-shaped and a Y-shaped chromosome, which produces a male

46, female

Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development: Preoperational stage Lasts from approximately 2 to __ years of age. Beginning of limited __________ thinking. Inability to perform operations, or reversible mental representations Egocentric and intuitive thinking.

7, symbolic

Kubler-Ross's Stages of Dying: Focuses on terminally ill individuals... Denial ________ Bargaining __________ Acceptance

anger, depression

Evaluating and Expanding on Piaget's Theory: Vygotsky's ___________ development in cultural context: Recognized that cognitive development is an interpersonal process that happens in a cultural context Interactions with others provide scaffolding

cognitive

Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development: Kohlberg used moral dilemma tasks to assess people's level of reasoning used to make moral judgments. Note, this doesn't judge their moral behavior. Preconventional level- Based on ____________ of a behavior and on punishments or rewards from external world. Conventional level- Abiding by parental or societal standards. _______________ level- Recognizes alternative moral courses, explores the options, and then develops an increasingly personal moral code

consequences, postconventional

Socioemotional Development: Socioemotional processes Involve changes in an individual's social relationships, _____________ life, and personal qualities

emotional

Prenatal Physical Development: Course of prenatal development... Development from zygote to fetus is divided into three periods. __________ period (weeks 1 & 2) ___________ period (weeks 3 through 8) ____ period (months 2 through 9)

germinal, embryonic, fetal

__________ period begins with conception. after week 1 and many cell divisions, the zygote is made up of 100 to 150 cells. by the end of 2 weeks, the mass of cells has attached to the uterine wall. ___________ period... the rate of the differentiation intensifies, support system for cells develop, and beginnings of organs begin to appear. __________ period... at months 2, fetus is the size of a kidney bean and has already started to move around.

germinal, embryonic, fetal

Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development: Human beings use schemas to make sense of their experience. Schema: Mental concept framework to organize/_____________ information Two processes responsible for how people use schemas. _____________ Occurs when individuals incorporate new information into existing knowledge. ______________ Occurs when individuals adjust their schemas to new information

interpret, assimilation, accommodation

Evaluating and Expanding on Piaget's Theory: Revisionist views of adolescent and adult cognition. Characteristic of adolescent thinking is egocentrism Involves the belief that: Others are as preoccupied with the adolescent as he or she is One is unique One is ____________.

invincible

______ Development- Changes that occur with age in people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding the principles and values that guide them

moral

What is Development?: Pattern of continuity and change in human capabilities; different dimensions of personhood will progress in different ways over the lifespan. Psychologists explore the roles of nature and nurture in human development. ________: A person's biological inheritance, especially from genes. _________: Individual's environmental and social experiences People can develop beyond what our genetic inheritance and our environment give us.

nature, nurture

Aging and the Brain: Adults can grow ___ brain cells throughout life. Evidence is limited to two areas of the brain... Hippocampus and the __________ _____ Brain has remarkable repair capability even in late childhood.

new, olfactory bulb

Death, Dying, and Grieving : Our attitudes toward death and dying are driven by our own ability to look to the future and imagine our own eventual demise. Terror management theory says this awareness creates the potential for ____________ terror Research supports the idea that cultural beliefs act as a ________.

overwhelming, buffer

Domains of Development: ___________ processes: Involve changes in an individual's biological nature. __________ processes: Involve changes in an individual's thought, intelligence, and language. _______________ processes: Involve changes in an individual's relationships with other people, changes in emotions, and changes in personality.

physical, cognitive, socioemotional

Physical Development in Adolescence: Adolescent brain changes: Development of the amygdala- Involves emotion. Development of the ___________ cortex- Concerned with reasoning and ________ making

prefrontal, decision

Bonanno's Theory of Grieving : Tracked individuals who have experienced bereavement, such as the loss of a spouse, over time... Patterns of grief Resilience __________ Chronic dysfunction Delayed grief or trauma

recovery

Physical Development: Newborns come with genetically wired ________. Sucking, swallowing, coughing, blinking, yawning. Motor and perceptual skills depend on each other. Environmental experiences play a role in ______ development. Preferential looking technique helps assess abilities of infants before they can communicate with language. Giving an infant a choice of what object to look at.

reflexes, motor

Exploring Human Development: Different people show different levels of __________.... Person's ability to recover from or ______ to difficult times. Despite encountering adversity, a person shows signs of ____________ functioning.

resilience, adapt, positive

Cognitive Aspects of Gender Development: Gender schema Mental framework for understanding what it means to be male or female in one's culture. Children acquire __________ through learning in the social world.

schemas

Socioemotional Experience and Gender Development: Social experience influences gender development. Gender roles- Involve expectations for how females and males should think, act, and feel Represent beliefs about appropriate behavior for the sexes. Gender similarities hypothesis- Idea that men and women are much more _______ than they are different

similar

Critics of Kohlberg: View does not adequately reflect concern for other people and ______ bonds Justice perspective theory of Kohlberg- Focuses on rights of individual Independent ______decisions Care perspective theory by Gilligan- Views people in terms of connectedness to others Interpersonal communication

social, moral

Physical Development: Brain development is at its most accelerated early in life. Infancy: Branching of dendrites.... Myelination Childhood: Increase in ___________ connections Pruning of unused neural connections Rapid growth in ________ lobe areas.

synaptic, frontal

Socioemotional Development in Infancy: Elements of emotional and social processes that are present very early in life. _____________- Refers to an individual's behavioral style and characteristic ways of responding The easy child generally is in a positive mood The difficult child tends to be ______ and to cry frequently The slow-to-warm-up child has a low activity level. ______________- Close emotional bond between an infant and his or her caregiver

temperament, fussy, attachment

Prenatal Physical Development: THREATS to fetus: 1. ___________ Agent that can penetrate the protections of the mother and cause birth defects. Can include chemical substances, such as nicotine, heroin, ________. Also include certain illnesses: Rubella, sexually transmitted diseases, HIV. 2. Preterm infant - born before full term of pregnancy. Risk for _______________difficulties

teratogen, alcohol, developmental

Cognitive Processes in Adulthood: Thinking more reflectively Becoming more skeptical Being more realistic Recognizing that ___________ is influenced by emotion

thinking

Cognitive Processes in Adulthood : Cognition in middle adulthood. Crystallized intelligence- Individual's accumulated information and ________ skills. Fluid intelligence- Ability to reason abstractly. Cognition in late adulthood- Number of dimensions of intelligence decline in late adulthood Some are maintained or may even increase, such as ___________.

verbal,wisdom