Psychology chapter 1 test questions (mod 1, 2, 3)
Which of the following correlation coefficients expresses the weakest degree of relationship between two variables
-0.12
On a 10-item test, three students in Professor Hsin's advanced chemistry seminar received scores of 2, 5, and 8, respectively. For this distribution of test scores, the standard deviation is equal to the square root of ____.
6
Approximately what percentage of the cases represented by the normal curve fall between - 1 and +1 standard deviations from the mean?
68
Who was the student of William James and the first female president of the American Psychological Association?
Mary Whiton Calkins
Which perspective would help us to understand the impact of strokes and brain diseases on memory?
Neuroscience
In the context of debates over the origins of psychological traits, nature is to nurture as
Plato is to Aristotle
Which of the following is true, according to the text?
Psychological science demonstrates why we cannot rely on intuition and common sense.
Which seventeenth-century philosopher believed that some ideas are innate
René Descartes
Which perspective is most concerned with how individuals interpret their experiences?
cognitive
Three key attitudes of scientific inquiry are
curiosity, skepticism, and humility
In an effort to prevent participants in an experiment from trying to confirm the researchers' predictions, psychologists sometimes
deceive participants about the true purpose of an experiment
In a psychological experiment, the factor that may be influenced by the manipulated experimental treatment is called the _______________ variable.
dependent
The simplified reality of laboratory experiments is most helpful in enabling psychologists to
develop general principles that help explain behavior
Dr. Santaniello conducts research on how children's moral thinking changes as they grow older. It is most likely that Dr. Santaniello is a(n) _________________ psychologist.
developmental
The first major issue that emerges in debates over experimenting on animals centers around the
ethics of placing the well-being of humans above that of animals.
Dr. Lipka focuses on ways to improve employee job satisfaction and productivity. Dr. Lipka is most likely a(n) ________________ psychologist.
industrial-organizational
Social psychology research of Mamie and Kenneth Clark showed that most African American children of the late 1940s chose dolls of white color rather than dark color. The research indicated _________________________.
internalized anti-Black prejudice
On a series of coin tosses, Oleg has correctly predicted heads or tails seven times in a row. In this instance, we can reasonably conclude that Oleg's predictive accuracy
is a random and coincidental occurrence
Formulating testable hypotheses before conducting research is most directly useful for restraining a thinking error
known as hindsight bias
The biggest danger of relying on case-study evidence is that it
may be unrepresentative of what is generally true
When Mr.Adams calculated his students' algebra test scores, he noticed that two students had extremely low scores. Which measure of central tendency is affected most by the scores of these two students?
mean
Which measure of central tendency is used to calculate the average of your school grades?
mean
Ahmed has five sisters who are 3 ,3 ,5 ,9, and 10 years of age. The number "5" represents the ______________ of the sisters' ages.
median
In the 1960s, the cognitive revolution in psychology involved a renewal of interest in the scientific study of
mental processes
Wilhelm Wundt's laboratory work involved experimental studies of
mental processes
Professor Ober carefully observes and records the behaviors of children in their classrooms in order to track the development of their social and intellectual skills. Professor Ober is most clearly engaged in
naturalistic observation
To compare the pace of life in different countries, investigators measured the speed with which postal clerks completed a simple request. Which research method did this illustrate?
naturalistic observation
From the 1920s into the 1960s, American psychologists emphasized the study of
observable behavior
In a written report of their research, psychologists specify exactly how anxiety is assessed, this providing their readers with a(n)
operational definition
Which of the following is most likely to inhibit critical thinking?
overconfidence
Dr. Roberts studies how best to test for individual differences in traits such as anxiety and self-esteem. Which specialty area does her research best represent?
personality psychology
Two historical roots of psychology are the disciplines of
philiosophy and biology
Psychologists study animals because
similar processes often underlie animal and human behavior
Dr.Wilson attributes the delinquent behaviors of many teens to the pressures associated with being members of street gangs. Her account best illustrates a(n) __________________ perspective.
social-cultural
The relief of pain following the taking of an inactive substance that is perceived to have medicinal benefits illustrates
the placebo effect
Ethical principles developed by psychologists urge investigators to
treat information about individual research participants confidentially
The enduring traditions, attitudes, and behaviors shared by a large group of people constitutes their
culture
When you read a bar graph, it is most important for you to
note the range and size of scale values
In a group of five individuals, two reported annual incomes of $10,000 and the other three reported incomes of $14,000, $15,000, and $31,000, respectively. The mode of this group's distribution of annual incomes is
$10,000
Who highlighted the reproductive advantages of environmentally adaptive traits?
Charles Darwin
Which major force in psychology emphasized unconscious thought processes?
Freudian psychology
Who wrote the early textbook "Principles of Psychology"?
William James
Janna has low self-esteem because she is often teased for being overweight. Appreciating the complexity of Janna's difficulties requires
a biopsychosocial approach
The case study is a research method in which
a single individual is studied in great depth
Functionalism was a school of psychology that focused attention on the
adaptive value of conscious thoughts and emotions
By testing their predictions with the observable method of science, psychologists are using
an empirical approach
Ina test of the effects of sleep deprivation on problem-solving skills, research participants are allowed to sleep for either 4 or 8 hours on each of three consecutive nights. This research is an example of
an experiment
A psychologist who studies how worker productivity might be increased by changing office layout is engaged in ____________ research.
applied
Suppose that people who watch a lot of violence on the TV are also particularly likely to behave aggressively. This relationship would NOT necessarily indicate that watching violence influences aggressive behavior because
association does not prove causation
Professor Brody attempts to measure the relative contributions of inborn traits and social influences on sexual preferences and behavior patterns. Her research efforts best illustrate the interests of the ____________________________ perspective .
behavior genetics
Smiling is to feeling as ______________ is to ________________.
behavior; mental process
Akira believes that her son has become a good student because she frequently praises his learning efforts. Her belief best illustrates a __________________ perspective.
behavioral
Which perspective most clearly focuses on how we learn observable responses?
behavioral
If the correlation between the physical weight and reading ability of children its +0.85, this would indicate that
better reading ability is associated with greater physical weight among children
To study the potential effects of social interaction on problem solving, some research participants were instructed to solve problems by working together; other participants were told to solve problems by working alone. Those who worked alone were assigned to the ______________ group.
control
Which of the following is a statistical measure of both the direction and the strength of a relationship between two variables
correlation coefficient
A questioning attitude regarding psychologists' assumptions and hidden values best illustrates
critical thinking
Edward Titchener is to structuralism as William James is to _______________.
functionalism
Mike Crampton's stockbroker has informed him that he has suffered substantial investment losses. When Mike tells his wife, she angrily responds, "I could have told you that your investment plan would fail!" Her comment best illustrates
hindsight bias
Innate ability is to learned skill as _______________ is to ______________.
nature; nurture
If the points on a scatterplot are clustered in a pattern that extends from the upper left to the lower right, this would suggest that the two variables depicted are
negatively correlated
To learn about the TV viewing habits of all the children attending Oakbridge School, Professor DeVries randomly selected an interviewed 50 of the school's students. In this instance, all the children attending the school are considered to be a(n)
population
The explanatory power of a scientific theory is most closely linked to its capacity to generate testable
predictions
The specialist most likely to have a medical degree is an
psychiatrist
Mrs. Alfieri believes that her husband's angry outbursts against her result from his unconscious hatred of his own mother. Mrs. Alfieri is looking at her husband's behavior from a(n) _________________ perspective.
psychodynamic
To assess the impact of test difficulty on persistence of effort, researchers plan to give one group of children relatively easy tests and another group more difficult tests. To reduce the chance that the children in one group are more intelligent than those in the other group the researchers should make use of
random assignment
To assess reactions to a proposed tuition hike at her school, Ariana sent a questionnaire to every fifteenth person in the registrar's alphabetical listing of all currently enrolled students. Ariana is ensuring that her survey results are accurate by using
random sampling
Professor Ambra was skeptical about the accuracy of recently reported research on sleep deprivation. Which process would best enable her to assess the reliability of these findings?
replication
The SQ3R method emphasizes the importance of
retrieving information
To represent the correlation between two variables graphically, researchers often construct a
scatterplot
The early school of psychology that used introspection was known as
structuralism
Both the researchers and the participants in a memory study are ignorant about which participants have actually received a potentially memory-enhancing drug and which have a received a placebo. This investigation involved the use of
the double-blind procedure
Which of the following methods is most helpful for clarifying cause-effect relationships?
the experiment
The distinct feature of the psychodynamic perspective is its emphasis on
unconscious conflicts
People often fail to make accurate generalizations because they are unduly influenced by ___________ cases.
vivid