Psychology chapter 1 test questions (mod 1, 2, 3)

Which of the following correlation coefficients expresses the weakest degree of relationship between two variables

-0.12

On a 10-item test, three students in Professor Hsin's advanced chemistry seminar received scores of 2, 5, and 8, respectively. For this distribution of test scores, the standard deviation is equal to the square root of ____.

6

Approximately what percentage of the cases represented by the normal curve fall between - 1 and +1 standard deviations from the mean?

68

Who was the student of William James and the first female president of the American Psychological Association?

Mary Whiton Calkins

Which perspective would help us to understand the impact of strokes and brain diseases on memory?

Neuroscience

In the context of debates over the origins of psychological traits, nature is to nurture as

Plato is to Aristotle

Which of the following is true, according to the text?

Psychological science demonstrates why we cannot rely on intuition and common sense.

Which seventeenth-century philosopher believed that some ideas are innate

René Descartes

Which perspective is most concerned with how individuals interpret their experiences?

cognitive

Three key attitudes of scientific inquiry are

curiosity, skepticism, and humility

In an effort to prevent participants in an experiment from trying to confirm the researchers' predictions, psychologists sometimes

deceive participants about the true purpose of an experiment

In a psychological experiment, the factor that may be influenced by the manipulated experimental treatment is called the _______________ variable.

dependent

The simplified reality of laboratory experiments is most helpful in enabling psychologists to

develop general principles that help explain behavior

Dr. Santaniello conducts research on how children's moral thinking changes as they grow older. It is most likely that Dr. Santaniello is a(n) _________________ psychologist.

developmental

The first major issue that emerges in debates over experimenting on animals centers around the

ethics of placing the well-being of humans above that of animals.

Dr. Lipka focuses on ways to improve employee job satisfaction and productivity. Dr. Lipka is most likely a(n) ________________ psychologist.

industrial-organizational

Social psychology research of Mamie and Kenneth Clark showed that most African American children of the late 1940s chose dolls of white color rather than dark color. The research indicated _________________________.

internalized anti-Black prejudice

On a series of coin tosses, Oleg has correctly predicted heads or tails seven times in a row. In this instance, we can reasonably conclude that Oleg's predictive accuracy

is a random and coincidental occurrence

Formulating testable hypotheses before conducting research is most directly useful for restraining a thinking error

known as hindsight bias

The biggest danger of relying on case-study evidence is that it

may be unrepresentative of what is generally true

When Mr.Adams calculated his students' algebra test scores, he noticed that two students had extremely low scores. Which measure of central tendency is affected most by the scores of these two students?

mean

Which measure of central tendency is used to calculate the average of your school grades?

mean

Ahmed has five sisters who are 3 ,3 ,5 ,9, and 10 years of age. The number "5" represents the ______________ of the sisters' ages.

median

In the 1960s, the cognitive revolution in psychology involved a renewal of interest in the scientific study of

mental processes

Wilhelm Wundt's laboratory work involved experimental studies of

mental processes

Professor Ober carefully observes and records the behaviors of children in their classrooms in order to track the development of their social and intellectual skills. Professor Ober is most clearly engaged in

naturalistic observation

To compare the pace of life in different countries, investigators measured the speed with which postal clerks completed a simple request. Which research method did this illustrate?

naturalistic observation

From the 1920s into the 1960s, American psychologists emphasized the study of

observable behavior

In a written report of their research, psychologists specify exactly how anxiety is assessed, this providing their readers with a(n)

operational definition

Which of the following is most likely to inhibit critical thinking?

overconfidence

Dr. Roberts studies how best to test for individual differences in traits such as anxiety and self-esteem. Which specialty area does her research best represent?

personality psychology

Two historical roots of psychology are the disciplines of

philiosophy and biology

Psychologists study animals because

similar processes often underlie animal and human behavior

Dr.Wilson attributes the delinquent behaviors of many teens to the pressures associated with being members of street gangs. Her account best illustrates a(n) __________________ perspective.

social-cultural

The relief of pain following the taking of an inactive substance that is perceived to have medicinal benefits illustrates

the placebo effect

Ethical principles developed by psychologists urge investigators to

treat information about individual research participants confidentially

The enduring traditions, attitudes, and behaviors shared by a large group of people constitutes their

culture

When you read a bar graph, it is most important for you to

note the range and size of scale values

In a group of five individuals, two reported annual incomes of $10,000 and the other three reported incomes of $14,000, $15,000, and $31,000, respectively. The mode of this group's distribution of annual incomes is

$10,000

Who highlighted the reproductive advantages of environmentally adaptive traits?

Charles Darwin

Which major force in psychology emphasized unconscious thought processes?

Freudian psychology

Who wrote the early textbook "Principles of Psychology"?

William James

Janna has low self-esteem because she is often teased for being overweight. Appreciating the complexity of Janna's difficulties requires

a biopsychosocial approach

The case study is a research method in which

a single individual is studied in great depth

Functionalism was a school of psychology that focused attention on the

adaptive value of conscious thoughts and emotions

By testing their predictions with the observable method of science, psychologists are using

an empirical approach

Ina test of the effects of sleep deprivation on problem-solving skills, research participants are allowed to sleep for either 4 or 8 hours on each of three consecutive nights. This research is an example of

an experiment

A psychologist who studies how worker productivity might be increased by changing office layout is engaged in ____________ research.

applied

Suppose that people who watch a lot of violence on the TV are also particularly likely to behave aggressively. This relationship would NOT necessarily indicate that watching violence influences aggressive behavior because

association does not prove causation

Professor Brody attempts to measure the relative contributions of inborn traits and social influences on sexual preferences and behavior patterns. Her research efforts best illustrate the interests of the ____________________________ perspective .

behavior genetics

Smiling is to feeling as ______________ is to ________________.

behavior; mental process

Akira believes that her son has become a good student because she frequently praises his learning efforts. Her belief best illustrates a __________________ perspective.

behavioral

Which perspective most clearly focuses on how we learn observable responses?

behavioral

If the correlation between the physical weight and reading ability of children its +0.85, this would indicate that

better reading ability is associated with greater physical weight among children

To study the potential effects of social interaction on problem solving, some research participants were instructed to solve problems by working together; other participants were told to solve problems by working alone. Those who worked alone were assigned to the ______________ group.

control

Which of the following is a statistical measure of both the direction and the strength of a relationship between two variables

correlation coefficient

A questioning attitude regarding psychologists' assumptions and hidden values best illustrates

critical thinking

Edward Titchener is to structuralism as William James is to _______________.

functionalism

Mike Crampton's stockbroker has informed him that he has suffered substantial investment losses. When Mike tells his wife, she angrily responds, "I could have told you that your investment plan would fail!" Her comment best illustrates

hindsight bias

Innate ability is to learned skill as _______________ is to ______________.

nature; nurture

If the points on a scatterplot are clustered in a pattern that extends from the upper left to the lower right, this would suggest that the two variables depicted are

negatively correlated

To learn about the TV viewing habits of all the children attending Oakbridge School, Professor DeVries randomly selected an interviewed 50 of the school's students. In this instance, all the children attending the school are considered to be a(n)

population

The explanatory power of a scientific theory is most closely linked to its capacity to generate testable

predictions

The specialist most likely to have a medical degree is an

psychiatrist

Mrs. Alfieri believes that her husband's angry outbursts against her result from his unconscious hatred of his own mother. Mrs. Alfieri is looking at her husband's behavior from a(n) _________________ perspective.

psychodynamic

To assess the impact of test difficulty on persistence of effort, researchers plan to give one group of children relatively easy tests and another group more difficult tests. To reduce the chance that the children in one group are more intelligent than those in the other group the researchers should make use of

random assignment

To assess reactions to a proposed tuition hike at her school, Ariana sent a questionnaire to every fifteenth person in the registrar's alphabetical listing of all currently enrolled students. Ariana is ensuring that her survey results are accurate by using

random sampling

Professor Ambra was skeptical about the accuracy of recently reported research on sleep deprivation. Which process would best enable her to assess the reliability of these findings?

replication

The SQ3R method emphasizes the importance of

retrieving information

To represent the correlation between two variables graphically, researchers often construct a

scatterplot

The early school of psychology that used introspection was known as

structuralism

Both the researchers and the participants in a memory study are ignorant about which participants have actually received a potentially memory-enhancing drug and which have a received a placebo. This investigation involved the use of

the double-blind procedure

Which of the following methods is most helpful for clarifying cause-effect relationships?

the experiment

The distinct feature of the psychodynamic perspective is its emphasis on

unconscious conflicts

People often fail to make accurate generalizations because they are unduly influenced by ___________ cases.

vivid