Psychology Chapter 2 Test

survey

gathering info by asking people directly

ethics

standards for proper and responsible behavior

false, ethics

Confidentiality and avoiding deception are part of the psychologist's code of (variables).

false, validate

If a researcher's research observations (oppose) his or her original theory, then he or she can conclude that the theory is correct.

true

When conducting a survey, it is important to identify your (target population).

true

Psychologists begin their studies by framing (research questions).

true

Psychologists might spend many years (analyzing) the results of their testing.

true

Questionnaires and (interviews) are two methods researchers use to conduct surveys and gather info.

bias

a predisposition to a certain point of view despite what the facts suggest

replicated

a study must be replicated before the findings can be confirmed

constructs

can be assumed they're present, but can't be seen or measured directly

validation

Researcher and experimentation can lead to the _____ of a psychological theory and to the acceptance of its soundness.

Form research question, form a hypothesis, test your hypothesis, analyzing your results, drawing conclusion, and replicate your experiment to create new questions

Steps of scientific research

false, independent

The factor that researchers manipulate in an experiment is called the (dependent) variable.

true

The people who volunteer to participate in a survey may reflect (volunteer bias).

standard deviation

measure of distance of every score to the mean

correlation

measure of how closely one thing is related to another

lab observation

observed behavior in a lab rather than in the field

negative correlation

one goes up, second goes down

positive correlation

one goes up, second goes up

sample

part of the population

single-blind study

participants don't know if they are experimental or control group

double-blind study

participants nor researchers are unaware of who receives treatment

experimental group

receive the treatment

longitudinal method

researchers select a group of participants and then observe those participants over a period of time, often years or decades

cross-sectional method

researchers select a sample that includes people of different ages

stratified sample

subgroups in the population are represented proportionally in the sample

placebo

substance or treatment that has no effect apart from a person's belief in its effect

true

(Standard deviation) is a measure of the distance of every score in a test to the mean score.

false, stratified sample

A (random sample) of a population always represents the exact proportional makeup of that population.

false, random sample

A (stratified sample) of a population is chosen by chance from the general population.

false, hypothesis

After forming a research question, a psychologist will form a (theory), or educated guess.

true

One way to prevent bias is to conduct a (double-blind) study, in which neither the experimenters nor the participants know who is receiving the treatment.

dependent variable

depends on the independent variable

volunteer bias

different outlook from people who do not volunteer for research studies

control group

doesn't receive treatment

hypothsesis

educated guess

independent variable

factor that researchers manipulate so that they can determine its effect

variables

factors that can vary

naturalistic observation

field study

case study

in-depth investigation of an individual or a small group

random sample

individuals are selected by chance from the target population

target population

whole group you want to study or describe