Psychology Chapter 4
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "States of consciousness do not vary over the course of the day." Remove the phrase "do not." The word "consciousness" should be changed to the word "dependence." The word "day" should be changed to the word "week." The word "vary" should be changed to the word "differ."
Remove the phrase "do not."
Which researcher believed that dreams simply reflect life events that are important to the dreamer? Carl Jung John Hobson Rosalind Cartwright Sigmund Freud
Rosalind Cartwright
Which of these statements about Rosalind Cartwright is false? Her analysis of dreams is not Freudian. Her ideas about dreams are supported empirically. She is a Jungian dream analyst. She is a sleep and dream researcher.
She is a Jungian dream analyst.
What occurs during stage 1 sleep? Both our respiration and heartbeat quicken. Both our respiration and heartbeat slow down. Our respiration quickens while our heartbeat slows down. Our respiration slows down while our heartbeat quickens.
Both our respiration and heartbeat slow down.
What can you do to realign your biological clock with the external world when you work a rotating shift? Expose yourself to bright light while working. Surround yourself with darkness while working. Take a break every hour to exercise for five minutes. Take regular naps throughout the day.
Expose yourself to bright light while working.
Which of the following statements about rotating shift work is FALSE? It can result in sleeping problems. It refers to a work schedule that changes from early to late on a regular basis. It renders the maintenance of a normal circadian cycle difficult. It will probably lead to substance abuse.
It will probably lead to substance abuse.
type of brain wave characteristic during wakefulness, which has a very low amplitude and a frequency of 13-30 Hz
beta wave
internal cycle of biological activity
biological rhythm
Physical dependence on a drug is indicated by the user experiencing ________ as a result of discontinuing use of the drug. a return to normal performance levels changes in normal bodily function psychological distress psychological stress
changes in normal bodily function
The ________ rhythm is the biological rhythm that occurs over approximately 24 hours. circadian homeostatic meta pineal
circadian
biological rhythm that occurs over approximately 24 hours
circadian rhythm
opiate with relatively low potency often prescribed for minor pain
codeine
awareness of internal and external stimuli
consciousness
Melatonin release is stimulated by ________ and inhibited by ________. darkness; light light; darkness pulsing light; steady light twilight; gloom
darkness; light
________theory suggests that when people are hypnotized they have voluntarily divided their conscious: one half aware of reality and the other half tuned in to the hypnotist. cognitive behavioral dissociative Jungian social-cognitive
dissociative
feelings of intense elation and pleasure from drug use
euphoric high
one of a class of drugs that results in profound alterations in sensory and perceptual experiences, often with vivid hallucinations
hallucinogen
When Brady is hot he sweats. When Brady is cold, he gets goose bumps on his skin so he will warm up more quickly. This is an example of how the body tries to achieve ________. circadian rhythms heterostasis homeostasis internal-external stimulus
homeostasis
tendency to maintain a balance, or optimal level, within a biological system
homeostasis
collection of symptoms brought on by travel from one time zone to another that results from the mismatch between our internal circadian cycles and our environment
jet lag
hidden meaning of a dream, per Sigmund Freud's view of the function of dreams
latent content
people become aware that they are dreaming and can control the dream's content
lucid dreaming
storyline of events that occur during a dream, per Sigmund Freud's view of the function of dreams
manifest content
A state of ________, as shown by EEG recordings of new practitioners, is not an altered state of consciousness; however, patterns of brain waves exhibited by expert practitioners may represent a unique state of consciousness. cognizance insomnia meditation narcolepsy
meditation
hormone secreted by the endocrine gland that serves as an important regulator of the sleep-wake cycle
melatonin
Which of the following is an example of a synthetic opioid? coffee methadone methamphetamine nicotine
methadone
sleep disorder in which the sufferer cannot resist falling to sleep at inopportune times
narcolepsy
period of sleep outside periods of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep
non-REM (NREM)
sleep disorder defined by episodes when breathing stops during sleep as a result of blockage of the airway
obstructive sleep apnea
NREM sleep is a period of sleep ________. associated with lucid dreaming outside periods of REM sleep that always occurs immediately after REM sleep that overlaps REM sleep
outside periods of REM sleep
________ is one of a group of sleep disorders in which unwanted, disruptive motor activity and/or experiences during sleep play a role. insomnia NREM phase parasomnia REM phase
parasomnia
changes in normal bodily functions that cause a drug user to experience withdrawal symptoms upon cessation of use
physical dependence
endocrine structure located inside the brain that releases melatonin
pineal gland
emotional, rather than a physical, need for a drug which may be used to relieve psychological distress
psychological dependence
period of sleep characterized by brain waves very similar to those during wakefulness and by darting movements of the eyes under closed eyelids
rapid eye movement (REM) sleep
sleep disorder in which the sufferer has uncomfortable sensations in the legs when trying to fall asleep that are relieved by moving the legs
restless leg syndrome
state marked by relatively low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness that is distinct from periods of rest that occur during wakefulness
sleep
sleep disorder defined by episodes during which breathing stops during sleep
sleep apnea
result of insufficient sleep on a chronic basis
sleep debt
first stage of sleep; transitional phase that occurs between wakefulness and sleep; the period during which a person drifts off to sleep
stage 1 sleep
second stage of sleep; the body goes into deep relaxation; characterized by the appearance of sleep spindles
stage 2 sleep
third stage of sleep; deep sleep characterized by low frequency, high amplitude delta waves
stage 3 sleep
drug that tends to increase overall levels of neural activity; includes caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, and cocaine
stimulant
infant (one year old or younger) with no apparent medical condition suddenly dies during sleep
sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
Victoria has accumulated a large sleep debt. This means that she ________. falls asleep in the middle of the day sleeps more than 12 hours in a 24-hour period suffers from chronic sleep deprivation suffers from insomnia due to large amounts of debt
suffers from chronic sleep deprivation
area of the hypothalamus in which the body's biological clock is located
suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
type of brain wave characteristic of the end of stage 1 NREM sleep, which has a moderately low amplitude and a frequency of 4-7 Hz
theta wave
type of rbrain wave characteristic during the early part of NREM stage 1 sleep, which has fairly low amplitude and a frequency of 8-12 Hz
alpha wave
lack of muscle tone or muscle weakness, and in some cases complete paralysis of the voluntary muscles
cataplexy
type of brain wave characteristic during stage 3 NREM sleep, which has a high amplitude and low frequency of less than 3 Hz
delta wave
drug that tends to suppress central nervous system activity
depressant
study that combines the results of several related studies
meta-analysis
sleep disorder with periods of interrupted breathing due to a disruption in signals sent from the brain that regulate breathing
central sleep apnea
psychotherapy that focuses on cognitive processes and problem behaviors that is sometimes used to treat sleep disorders such as insomnia
cognitive-behavioral therapy
theoretical repository of information shared by all people across cultures, as described by Carl Jung
collective unconscious
Ali is aware of his feelings, emotions, and thoughts. He is also aware of his surroundings, the warmth of the sun, and the sound of nearby traffic. Ali is in a state of ________. conscience consciousness REM sleep unconsciousness
consciousness
device used to treat sleep apnea; includes a mask that fits over the sleeper's nose and mouth, which is connected to a pump that pumps air into the person's airways, forcing them to remain open
continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)
discipline that studies how universal patterns of behavior and cognitive processes have evolved over time as a result of natural selection
evolutionary psychology
consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep for at least three nights a week over a month's time
insomnia
The sleep debt is the result of ________. high levels of sensory awareness, thought, and behavior insufficient sleep on a chronic basis the circadian rhythm travel from one time zone to another
insufficient sleep on a chronic basis
clearing the mind in order to achieve a state of relaxed awareness and focus
meditation
synthetic opioid that is less euphorigenic than heroin and similar drugs; used to manage withdrawal symptoms in opiate users
methadone
uses methadone to treat withdrawal symptoms in opiate users
methadone clinic
type of amphetamine that can be made from pseudoephedrine, an over-the-counter drug; widely manufactured and abused
methamphetamine
sleep disorder in which the sleeper experiences a sense of panic and may scream or attempt to escape from the immediate environment
night terror
one of a category of drugs that has strong analgesic properties; opiates are produced from the resin of the opium poppy; includes heroin, morphine, methadone, and codeine
opiate/opioid
one of a group of sleep disorders characterized by unwanted, disruptive motor activity and/or experiences during sleep
parasomnia
Sleepwalking, night terrors, and restless leg syndrome are all examples of________. lucid dreaming parasomnias protoconsciousness somnambulism
parasomnias
Which state is marked by relatively low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness that is distinct from periods of rest while awake? circadian rhythm consciousness jet lag sleep
sleep
sleep-deprived individuals will experience shorter sleep latencies during subsequent opportunities for sleep
sleep rebound
brain's control of switching between sleep and wakefulness as well as coordinating this cycle with the outside world
sleep regulation
rapid burst of high frequency brain waves during stage 2 sleep that may be important for learning and memory
sleep spindle
(also, somnambulism) sleep disorder in which the sleeper engages in relatively complex behaviors
sleepwalking
Why can amphetamines be used to treat ADHD in children? They decreaseneurotransmitter activity within certain areas of the brain associated with hyperactivity. They decreaseneurotransmitter activity within certain areas of the brain associated with impulse control. They increaseneurotransmitter activity within certain areas of the brain associated with emotions. They increase neurotransmitter activity within certain areas of the brain associated with impulse control.
They increase neurotransmitter activity within certain areas of the brain associated with impulse control.
Sleep apnea is defined by ________. a sense of panic in the sufferer often accompanied by screams and attempts to escape episodes during which a sleeper's breathing stops uncomfortable sensations in the legs during periods of inactivity or when trying to fall asleep unwanted, disruptive motor activity and/or experiences during sleep
episodes during which a sleeper's breathing stops
state of requiring increasing quantities of the drug to gain the desired effect
tolerance
What should be changed to make the following sentence TRUE? The brain's clock mechanism is located in an area of the hypothalamus known as the pineal nucleus. The word "clock" should be changed to the word "chronometer." The word "clock" should be changed to the word "circadian." The word "nucleus" should be changed to the word "gland." The word "pineal" should be changed to the word "suprachiasmatic."
The word "pineal" should be changed to the word "suprachiasmatic."
Which of the following is not a risk factor for SIDS? above average birth weight hyperthermia premature birth smoking in the home
above average birth weight
The ________ wave is characteristic of stage 1 sleep. alpha beta delta kappa
alpha
characterized by high levels of sensory awareness, thought, and behavior
wakefulness
variety of negative symptoms experienced when drug use is discontinued
withdrawal
very high amplitude pattern of brain activity associated with stage 2 sleep that may occur in response to environmental stimuli
K-complex
sleep disorder in which the muscle paralysis associated with the REM sleep phase does not occur; sleepers have high levels of physical activity during REM sleep, especially during disturbing dreams
REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)
work schedule that changes from early to late on a daily or weekly basis
rotating shift work
state of extreme self-focus and attention in which minimal attention is given to external stimuli
hypnosis