Psychology Chapter 4

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "States of consciousness do not vary over the course of the day." Remove the phrase "do not." The word "consciousness" should be changed to the word "dependence." The word "day" should be changed to the word "week." The word "vary" should be changed to the word "differ."

Remove the phrase "do not."

Which researcher believed that dreams simply reflect life events that are important to the dreamer? Carl Jung John Hobson Rosalind Cartwright Sigmund Freud

Rosalind Cartwright

Which of these statements about Rosalind Cartwright is false? Her analysis of dreams is not Freudian. Her ideas about dreams are supported empirically. She is a Jungian dream analyst. She is a sleep and dream researcher.

She is a Jungian dream analyst.

What occurs during stage 1 sleep? Both our respiration and heartbeat quicken. Both our respiration and heartbeat slow down. Our respiration quickens while our heartbeat slows down. Our respiration slows down while our heartbeat quickens.

Both our respiration and heartbeat slow down.

What can you do to realign your biological clock with the external world when you work a rotating shift? Expose yourself to bright light while working. Surround yourself with darkness while working. Take a break every hour to exercise for five minutes. Take regular naps throughout the day.

Expose yourself to bright light while working.

Which of the following statements about rotating shift work is FALSE? It can result in sleeping problems. It refers to a work schedule that changes from early to late on a regular basis. It renders the maintenance of a normal circadian cycle difficult. It will probably lead to substance abuse.

It will probably lead to substance abuse.

type of brain wave characteristic during wakefulness, which has a very low amplitude and a frequency of 13-30 Hz

beta wave

internal cycle of biological activity

biological rhythm

Physical dependence on a drug is indicated by the user experiencing ________ as a result of discontinuing use of the drug. a return to normal performance levels changes in normal bodily function psychological distress psychological stress

changes in normal bodily function

The ________ rhythm is the biological rhythm that occurs over approximately 24 hours. circadian homeostatic meta pineal

circadian

biological rhythm that occurs over approximately 24 hours

circadian rhythm

opiate with relatively low potency often prescribed for minor pain

codeine

awareness of internal and external stimuli

consciousness

Melatonin release is stimulated by ________ and inhibited by ________. darkness; light light; darkness pulsing light; steady light twilight; gloom

darkness; light

________theory suggests that when people are hypnotized they have voluntarily divided their conscious: one half aware of reality and the other half tuned in to the hypnotist. cognitive behavioral dissociative Jungian social-cognitive

dissociative

feelings of intense elation and pleasure from drug use

euphoric high

one of a class of drugs that results in profound alterations in sensory and perceptual experiences, often with vivid hallucinations

hallucinogen

When Brady is hot he sweats. When Brady is cold, he gets goose bumps on his skin so he will warm up more quickly. This is an example of how the body tries to achieve ________. circadian rhythms heterostasis homeostasis internal-external stimulus

homeostasis

tendency to maintain a balance, or optimal level, within a biological system

homeostasis

collection of symptoms brought on by travel from one time zone to another that results from the mismatch between our internal circadian cycles and our environment

jet lag

hidden meaning of a dream, per Sigmund Freud's view of the function of dreams

latent content

people become aware that they are dreaming and can control the dream's content

lucid dreaming

storyline of events that occur during a dream, per Sigmund Freud's view of the function of dreams

manifest content

A state of ________, as shown by EEG recordings of new practitioners, is not an altered state of consciousness; however, patterns of brain waves exhibited by expert practitioners may represent a unique state of consciousness. cognizance insomnia meditation narcolepsy

meditation

hormone secreted by the endocrine gland that serves as an important regulator of the sleep-wake cycle

melatonin

Which of the following is an example of a synthetic opioid? coffee methadone methamphetamine nicotine

methadone

sleep disorder in which the sufferer cannot resist falling to sleep at inopportune times

narcolepsy

period of sleep outside periods of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep

non-REM (NREM)

sleep disorder defined by episodes when breathing stops during sleep as a result of blockage of the airway

obstructive sleep apnea

NREM sleep is a period of sleep ________. associated with lucid dreaming outside periods of REM sleep that always occurs immediately after REM sleep that overlaps REM sleep

outside periods of REM sleep

________ is one of a group of sleep disorders in which unwanted, disruptive motor activity and/or experiences during sleep play a role. insomnia NREM phase parasomnia REM phase

parasomnia

changes in normal bodily functions that cause a drug user to experience withdrawal symptoms upon cessation of use

physical dependence

endocrine structure located inside the brain that releases melatonin

pineal gland

emotional, rather than a physical, need for a drug which may be used to relieve psychological distress

psychological dependence

period of sleep characterized by brain waves very similar to those during wakefulness and by darting movements of the eyes under closed eyelids

rapid eye movement (REM) sleep

sleep disorder in which the sufferer has uncomfortable sensations in the legs when trying to fall asleep that are relieved by moving the legs

restless leg syndrome

state marked by relatively low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness that is distinct from periods of rest that occur during wakefulness

sleep

sleep disorder defined by episodes during which breathing stops during sleep

sleep apnea

result of insufficient sleep on a chronic basis

sleep debt

first stage of sleep; transitional phase that occurs between wakefulness and sleep; the period during which a person drifts off to sleep

stage 1 sleep

second stage of sleep; the body goes into deep relaxation; characterized by the appearance of sleep spindles

stage 2 sleep

third stage of sleep; deep sleep characterized by low frequency, high amplitude delta waves

stage 3 sleep

drug that tends to increase overall levels of neural activity; includes caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, and cocaine

stimulant

infant (one year old or younger) with no apparent medical condition suddenly dies during sleep

sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

Victoria has accumulated a large sleep debt. This means that she ________. falls asleep in the middle of the day sleeps more than 12 hours in a 24-hour period suffers from chronic sleep deprivation suffers from insomnia due to large amounts of debt

suffers from chronic sleep deprivation

area of the hypothalamus in which the body's biological clock is located

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

type of brain wave characteristic of the end of stage 1 NREM sleep, which has a moderately low amplitude and a frequency of 4-7 Hz

theta wave

type of rbrain wave characteristic during the early part of NREM stage 1 sleep, which has fairly low amplitude and a frequency of 8-12 Hz

alpha wave

lack of muscle tone or muscle weakness, and in some cases complete paralysis of the voluntary muscles

cataplexy

type of brain wave characteristic during stage 3 NREM sleep, which has a high amplitude and low frequency of less than 3 Hz

delta wave

drug that tends to suppress central nervous system activity

depressant

study that combines the results of several related studies

meta-analysis

sleep disorder with periods of interrupted breathing due to a disruption in signals sent from the brain that regulate breathing

central sleep apnea

psychotherapy that focuses on cognitive processes and problem behaviors that is sometimes used to treat sleep disorders such as insomnia

cognitive-behavioral therapy

theoretical repository of information shared by all people across cultures, as described by Carl Jung

collective unconscious

Ali is aware of his feelings, emotions, and thoughts. He is also aware of his surroundings, the warmth of the sun, and the sound of nearby traffic. Ali is in a state of ________. conscience consciousness REM sleep unconsciousness

consciousness

device used to treat sleep apnea; includes a mask that fits over the sleeper's nose and mouth, which is connected to a pump that pumps air into the person's airways, forcing them to remain open

continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)

discipline that studies how universal patterns of behavior and cognitive processes have evolved over time as a result of natural selection

evolutionary psychology

consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep for at least three nights a week over a month's time

insomnia

The sleep debt is the result of ________. high levels of sensory awareness, thought, and behavior insufficient sleep on a chronic basis the circadian rhythm travel from one time zone to another

insufficient sleep on a chronic basis

clearing the mind in order to achieve a state of relaxed awareness and focus

meditation

synthetic opioid that is less euphorigenic than heroin and similar drugs; used to manage withdrawal symptoms in opiate users

methadone

uses methadone to treat withdrawal symptoms in opiate users

methadone clinic

type of amphetamine that can be made from pseudoephedrine, an over-the-counter drug; widely manufactured and abused

methamphetamine

sleep disorder in which the sleeper experiences a sense of panic and may scream or attempt to escape from the immediate environment

night terror

one of a category of drugs that has strong analgesic properties; opiates are produced from the resin of the opium poppy; includes heroin, morphine, methadone, and codeine

opiate/opioid

one of a group of sleep disorders characterized by unwanted, disruptive motor activity and/or experiences during sleep

parasomnia

Sleepwalking, night terrors, and restless leg syndrome are all examples of________. lucid dreaming parasomnias protoconsciousness somnambulism

parasomnias

Which state is marked by relatively low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness that is distinct from periods of rest while awake? circadian rhythm consciousness jet lag sleep

sleep

sleep-deprived individuals will experience shorter sleep latencies during subsequent opportunities for sleep

sleep rebound

brain's control of switching between sleep and wakefulness as well as coordinating this cycle with the outside world

sleep regulation

rapid burst of high frequency brain waves during stage 2 sleep that may be important for learning and memory

sleep spindle

(also, somnambulism) sleep disorder in which the sleeper engages in relatively complex behaviors

sleepwalking

Why can amphetamines be used to treat ADHD in children? They decreaseneurotransmitter activity within certain areas of the brain associated with hyperactivity. They decreaseneurotransmitter activity within certain areas of the brain associated with impulse control. They increaseneurotransmitter activity within certain areas of the brain associated with emotions. They increase neurotransmitter activity within certain areas of the brain associated with impulse control.

They increase neurotransmitter activity within certain areas of the brain associated with impulse control.

Sleep apnea is defined by ________. a sense of panic in the sufferer often accompanied by screams and attempts to escape episodes during which a sleeper's breathing stops uncomfortable sensations in the legs during periods of inactivity or when trying to fall asleep unwanted, disruptive motor activity and/or experiences during sleep

episodes during which a sleeper's breathing stops

state of requiring increasing quantities of the drug to gain the desired effect

tolerance

What should be changed to make the following sentence TRUE? The brain's clock mechanism is located in an area of the hypothalamus known as the pineal nucleus. The word "clock" should be changed to the word "chronometer." The word "clock" should be changed to the word "circadian." The word "nucleus" should be changed to the word "gland." The word "pineal" should be changed to the word "suprachiasmatic."

The word "pineal" should be changed to the word "suprachiasmatic."

Which of the following is not a risk factor for SIDS? above average birth weight hyperthermia premature birth smoking in the home

above average birth weight

The ________ wave is characteristic of stage 1 sleep. alpha beta delta kappa

alpha

characterized by high levels of sensory awareness, thought, and behavior

wakefulness

variety of negative symptoms experienced when drug use is discontinued

withdrawal

very high amplitude pattern of brain activity associated with stage 2 sleep that may occur in response to environmental stimuli

K-complex

sleep disorder in which the muscle paralysis associated with the REM sleep phase does not occur; sleepers have high levels of physical activity during REM sleep, especially during disturbing dreams

REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)

work schedule that changes from early to late on a daily or weekly basis

rotating shift work

state of extreme self-focus and attention in which minimal attention is given to external stimuli

hypnosis