Psychology Chapter 7

Drawing process

- Scribbles. At first, children's gestures rather than the resulting scribbles contain the intended representation - First representational forms. Around age 3, children's scribbles start to become pictures - More realistic drawings. Five- and 6-year-olds create more complex drawings

elaborative style

-follows child's lead -asks varied questions -adds information -volunteers own recollections

The left cerebral hemisphere is especially active between ______ years and then levels off

3 and 6

· Pragmatics:

Practical, social side of language, concerned with how to engage in effective and appropriate communication

Piaget argued that preschoolers' egocentric bias prevents them from ______, or reflecting on and revising their faulty reasoning in response to their physical and social worlds.

accommodating

Interactive reading

adults discuss storybook content with preschoolers, promotes many aspects of language and literacy development

Dual representation

viewing a symbolic object as both an object in its own right and a symbol

Project head start

A government-funded program that is designed to provide children from low-income families the opportunity to acquire the skills and experiences important for school success.

· Fast-mapping:

Ability to connect new words with their underlying concepts after only a brief encounter

Growth hormone

Affects development of almost all body tissues - Without medical intervention, children who lack GH reach an average mature height of only 4 to 4½ feet

Cerebellum

Balance and coordination - Fibers linking the cerebellum to the cerebral cortex grow and myelinate from birth through the preschool years, contributing to dramatic gains in motor coordination

Preoperational stage

Children undergo increase in representational, or symbolic activity, but not yet logical (2-7)

Emergent literacy

Children's active efforts to construct literacy knowledge through informal experiences

· Corpus callosum:

Connects two hemispheres of cerebral cortex. Supports coordination of movements and aspects of thinking

episodic memory

Everyday experiences

Scripts

General descriptions of what occurs and when it occurs in a particular situation, used to organize and interpret routine experiences

Reticular formation

Maintains alertness and consciousness (Brain stem) - Neurons send out fibers to other brain regions. Many to the prefrontal cortex, contributing to improvements in controlled attention

Sociodramatic play

Make-believe with others is under way by the end of the second year and increases rapid during early childhood

Hierarchical classification

Organization of objects into classes and subclasses on the basis of similarities and differences

Amygdala

Processing novelty and emotional information (Inner-brain) o Sensitive to facial emotional expressions, especially fear

Thyroid-stimulating hormone

Prompts the thyroid gland to release thyroxine (necessary for brain development and for growth hormone to have full impact on body size)

Dominant cerebral hemisphere

Responsible for skilled motor action and other abilities o Right handed-left hemisphere is dominant § 90% o Left handed- motor and language are shared between hemispheres § 10%

______ increases risk of injury

Temperament

· Metacognition

Thinking about thought; a theory of mind, or coherent set of ideas about mental activities

mutual exclusivity bias

assumption that words refer to entirely separate categories

· In the prefrontal cortex, the number of synapses is nearly ______ the adult value.

double

As children's bodies become more streamlined and less top-heavy, their center of gravity shifts....

downward, toward the trunk

Preschoolers continue to integrate previously acquired skills into more complex.....

dynamic systems

Children treat the initial and final states of the water as unrelated events, ignoring the _______ between them

dynamic transformation (pouring of water)

Expansions

elaborating on children's speech, increasing its complexity

Centration

focusing attention on one characteristic to the exclusion of all others

· Semantic memory

general knowledge

Shape bias

helps preschoolers master additional names of objects, and vocabulary accelerates

The memory changes of the first two years are largely _____, taking place without conscious awareness. This enables researchers to focus on _____, or conscious, memory, which undergoes the greatest change throughout development.

implicit, explicit

· The prefrontal-cortical areas are devoted to executive function:

inhibition, working memory, flexibility of thinking, and planning

egocentric speech

language that fails to consider the viewpoint of the listener

Children understand that make believe play is...

make believe

Hippocampus

memory o undergoes rapid synapse formation and myelination in the second half of the first year when recall memory and independent movement emerge o Over the preschool and elementary school years, the hippocampus and surrounding areas of the cerebral cortex establishes connections with one another and with the prefrontal cortex

· Which of the following statements about childhood injuries is true?

o Boys are nearly twice as likely as girls to be injured, and their injuries are more severe.

· After a recent trip to the beach, 3-year-old Jelani's father says, "What was the first thing we saw at the beach? How did the sand feel? What kind of seashells did we find? What sound did the seagulls make?" Jelani's father is using a(n) ________ style to elicit her memory of the event

o Elaborative

Changes in symbolic mastery

o Play detaches from the real-life conditions associated with it. In early pretending, toddlers use only realistic objects—a toy telephone to talk into or a cup to drink from o Play becomes less self-centered. At first, make-believe is directed toward the self o Play includes more complex combinations of schemes

· In granting social experience a fundamental role in cognitive development, Vygotsky's theory underscores the power of ________

o Teaching

· Six-year-old Kyja draws a picture of her mom. Her drawing will most likely be ________

o a conventional human figure, with the head and body differentiated

· Infants born with inadequate thyroxine must receive it at once, or they will ________

o be intellectually disabled

· In cultures that place little emphasis on schooling and literacy, ________

o children are expected to acquire new skills through observation and participation in community activities

· Exposing young children to ________ helps them appreciate dual representation

o drawings and maps

· In which situation will 4-year-old Pietro most likely engage in private speech?

o during a challenging task

· One way that adults can promote preschoolers' language development is to ________

o give helpful, explicit feedback when children use words incorrectly or communicate unclearly

· Most developmental impairments and deaths due to diarrhea can be prevented with ________

o oral rehydration therapy (ORT)

· Anton wants to encourage his daughter's emergent literacy and foster her later achievement in reading and spelling. He should engage in activities with her that promote _______

o phonological awareness

· To promote mathematical reasoning in preschool children, adults should _______

o provide many occasions for counting, comparing quantities, and talking about number concepts

· X-rays of epiphyses enable doctors to estimate children's ________, which is helpful information in diagnosing growth disorders

o skeletal age

· Ordinality:

order relationships between quantities o For example, that 3 is more than 2, and 2 is more than 1

repetitive style

provide little information and keep repeating the same questions, regardless of the child's interest

· Recasts:

restructuring inaccurate speech into correct form

Most left-handers are....

slightly advantaged in speed and flexibility of thinking and more likely than their right-handed agemates to develop outstanding verbal and mathematical talents

Private speech

speech by children that is spoken and directed to themselves

Child-centered programs

teachers provide activities from which children select, and much learning takes place through play

Academic programs

teachers structure children's learning, teaching letters, numbers, colors, shapes, and other academic skills through formal lessons, often using repetition and drill

Scaffolding

temporary support that is tailored to a learner's needs and abilities and aimed at helping the learner master the next task in a given learning process

Phonological awareness

the ability to reflect on and manipulate the sound structure of spoken language. A strong predictor of emergent literacy knowledge and later reading and spelling achievement

Irreversibility

the inability to envision reversing an action

· Cardinality

the last number in a counting sequence indicates the quantity of items in a set. Increases the efficiency of children's counting.

false belief

the understanding that someone else may believe something that a child knows to be untrue

oral rehydration therapy (ORT)

treatment for infant diarrhea that involves drinking a solution of salt and glucose mixed with clean water