Psychology - Chapter 9 - Intelligence
Cretinism
Stunted growth and intellectual disability caused by an insufficient supply of thyroid hormone.
Eugenics
Selective breeding for desirable characteristics
experiential intelligence
Specialized knowledge and skills acquired through learning and experience
reaction time
the amount of time that a person must look at a stimulus to make a correct judgement about it
Deviation IQ
An IQ obtained statistically from a person's relative standing in his or her age group-that is, how far above or below average the person's score is relative to other scores.
reflective intelligence
An ability to become aware of one's own thinking habits
metacognitive skills
An ability to manage one's own thinking and problem-solving efforts.
artificial intelligence
An artificial system (often a computer program) that is capable of humanlike problem solving or intelligent responding.
Norm
An average score for a designated group of people.
Intelligence
An overall capacity to think rationally, act purposefully, and adapt to one's surroundings. Some theorists propose that the core of intelligence is a small set of general mental abilities (called the g-factor). Others question the idea of the g-factor itself, proposing instead that there are different "intelligences". See g-factor Intelligence has traditionally been considered a cognitive, not emotional, capacity.
Psychometric test
Any measurement of a person's mental functions- there will always be two questions that you should ask about the test; "Is it reliable?" and "Is it valid?" Psychologists use a variety of aptitude tests to select people for employment and to advise people about choosing careers.
multiple intelligences
Howard Gardner's theory that there are several specialized types of intellectual ability
9-1: How is human intelligence defined and measured?
Intelligence cannot be observed directly.
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale Test Fourth Edition
To measure intelligence in adults. The most widely used scale for IQ. Yield a single overall intelligence score but they also have separate scores for performance (nonverbal) intelligence and verbal intelligence
9-2: Testing Intelligence - The Bell Curve
page 292
Fluid Reasoning
page 292
Knowledge
page 292
Quantitative Reasoning
page 292
Visual-Spatial Processing
page 292
Working Memory
page 292
Test standardization
Establishing standards for administering a test and interpreting scores.
Early childhood education program
A program that provides stimulating intellectual experiences, typically for disadvantaged preschoolers.
culture-fair tests
A test (such as an intelligence test) designed to minimize the importance of skills and knowledge that may be more common in some cultures than in others.
Objective Testing
A test that gives the same score when different people correct it.
general intelligence tests
A test that measures a wide variety of mental abilities.
Multiple aptitude test
A test that measures two or more aptitudes. measure two or more types of ability. These tend to be more like intelligence tests. The well-known SAT Reasoning Test (SAT), which measures aptitudes for language, math, and reasoning, is a multiple aptitude test.
Special aptitude test
A test to predict a person's likelihood of succeeding in a particular area of work or skill. Aptitude tests measure a narrower range of abilities than do intelligence tests.
Normal Curve
A bell-shaped curve characterized by a large number of scores in a middle area, tapering to very few extremely high and low scores
Hydrocephaly
A buildup of cerebrospinal fluid within brain cavities
Aptitude
A capacity for learning certain abilities. Persons with mechanical, artistic, or musical aptitudes are likely to do well in careers involving mechanics, art, or music respectively.
Twin study
A comparison of the characteristics of twins who were raised together or separated at birth; used to identify the relative impact of heredity and environment.
Microcephaly
A disorder in which the head and brain are abnormally small. Zika mosquito is one of the causes
g-factor pg 290
A general ability factor proposed to underline intelligence; the core of general intellectual ability that involves reasoning, problems-solving ability, knowledge, and memory. Some theorists propose that the core of intelligence is a small set of general mental abilities.
Phenylketonuria(PKU)
A genetic disease that allows phenylpyruvic acid to accumulate in the body
Down syndrome
A genetic disorder caused by the presence of an extra chromosome; results in intellectual disability.
Fragile X Syndrome
A genetic form of intellectual disability caused by a defect in the X chromosome.
operational definition page 290
Many psychologists simply accept an operational definition of intelligence by spelling out the procedures they use to measure it A test that measures memory, reasoning, and verbal fluency offers a very different definition of intelligence than one that measures strength of grip, shoe size, hunting skills, or the person's best Candy Crush mobile game score
Familial intellectual disability
Mild intellectual disability associated with homes that are intellectually, nutritionally, and emotionally impoverished.
Standford-Binet Factors
The Stanford-Binet measures five factors of cognitive ability: Fluid Reasoning, Knowledge, Quantitative Reasoning, Visual-Spatial Processing, and Working Memory
Validity
The ability of a test to measure what it purports to measure.
Reliability
The ability of a test to yield the same score, or nearly the same score, each time it is given to the same person.
Fluid intelligence
The ability to solve novel problems involving perceptual speed or rapid insight
Crystallized intelligence
The ability to solve problems using already acquired knowledge
Neural intelligence
The innate speed and efficiency of a person's brain and nervous system
Giftedness
The possession of either a high IQ or special talents or aptitudes
Savant syndrome
The possession of exceptional mental ability in one or more narrow areas, such as mental arithmetic, calendar calculation, art, or music, by a person of limited general intelligence.
Intellectual disability (intellectual development disorder)
The presence of a development disability, a formal IQ score below 70, and a significant impairment of adaptive behavior
speed of processing
The speed with which a person can mentally process information
