Psychology Exam 2 Chapter 4-6 Study Guide Set

Dasha developed an intense fear of flying ten years ago when she was in a plane crash. Now she can fly again without fear which indicates that her conditioned fear response has undergone____________.

Extinction

Telling your young child on Monday that their good behavior will be rewarded on Saturday is more effective than giving them an immediate reinforcer.

FALSE

Media violence and aggressive video games decrease viewers' level of emotional arousal.

False

Recall is the easiest type of memory task, making multiple-choice tests easier than fill-in-the-blank.

False

The human ability to store information is limited.

False

When you store information by mentally repeating it, this memory process is called elaborative rehearsal.

False

Women seem less affected by alcohol than men because they have more of an enzyme called aldehyde dehydrogenase, which metabolizes alcohol in the stomach.

False

Women who smoke show increased bone density.

False

Stephanos smokes heavily and has a nicotine use disorder. Due to excessive cigarette smoking, he has developed lung cancer. In this scenario, which of the following chemical compounds is likely to have caused lung cancer?

Hydrocarbons

Which type of amnesia involves the inability to recall events that occur prior to the age of three or so?

Infantile amnesia

In the context of behavior therapy methods, which of the following statements is true of flooding?

It involves continuous exposure to fear-evoking stimuli.

Which of the following statements is true of shaping?

It reinforces progressive steps toward the behavioral goal.

Which of the following is a secondary reinforcer?

Money

Cancer, heart disease, and lung and respiratory diseases are all side effects of which drug?

Nicotine

Which term refers to the acquisition of knowledge and skills by watching others rather than by means of direct experience?

Observational learning

Which of the following statements is true of hypnosis?

People who are easily hypnotized are said to have hypnotic suggestibility.

Which of the following statements about punishment is TRUE?

Punishment is not another term for negative reinforcement.

Which of the following statements is true in the context of classical conditioning?

Reflexes can be learned by association.

What are defined as stimuli that increase the frequency of behavior?

Reinforcers

Marisol was attempting to teach her boyfriend manners. In the beginning, she would compliment him if he was near her car door. After a period of time, she would only praise him if he would wait patiently outside of her door. Eventually, she would only pay him compliments if he opened her door. In this scenario, what is Marisol reinforcing?

Successive approximations of the goal

Alex was trying to work on an assignment that was due the next day. However, they were constantly thinking about a recent argument with a friend. They consciously pushed these thoughts away and tried to focus on the assignment. In this scenario, what was Alex using to eject the disturbing thoughts?

Suppression

According to Freud, we are motivated to forget painful memories and unacceptable ideas because they produce anxiety, guilt, and shame.

True

According to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), the hydrocarbons, or tars, in cigarette and cigar smoke lead to lung cancer.

True

B.F. Skinner was known for training animals in operant conditioning.

True

Behavioral psychologists believe learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior that arises from practice or experience.

True

Episodic memory is also referred to as autobiographical memory because they are memories of the things that happen to us or take place in our presence.

True

In Pavlov's famous experiment, the dog salivated in response to the tone because the tone became mentally connected with the meat powder. The meat powder is the unconditioned stimulus (UCS).

True

In observational learning, a person who engages in a response that is imitated is a model.

True

Memory may be defined as the processes by which information is encoded, stored, and retrieved.

True

People with frequent nightmares are more likely than others to have anxiety, depression, and other psychological problems.

True

Physicians frequently prescribe stimulants in an effort to help hyperactive children control their behavior.

True

Prolonged exposure to secondhand smoke during childhood is a risk factor for cancer of the throat.

True

Short-term memory and working memory mean the same thing.

True

Sleep terrors, bedwetting, and sleepwalking are all deep sleep disorders that occur during deep (stage 3 or 4) sleep.

True

You had not heard the song that you and your previous boyfriend used to listen to in years. Upon hearing it again, you were surprised by all of the mixed emotions that you were experiencing. This is an example of spontaneous recovery.

True

Which of the following can teachers learn to use to reinforce children when they are behaving appropriately and, when possible, to extinguish misbehavior by ignoring it?

behavior modification

When you are taking a test, you are awake and alert. This means that your brain is currently generating _____.

beta wave

After a single presentation, Lalitha can recall her friend's long-distance telephone number and five-digit extension even though the sequence contains 15 digits. One reason for her ease of recall is that she split the digits into smaller groups of three each. This process is called ________.

chunking

Marley had a fear of dogs. To extinguish this fear, their mother baked them their favorite cake and gradually brought a dog closer to them while they ate the cake. In this scenario, what did Marley's mother use to cure their fear?

counterconditioning

Maxim and Rose, who have been married for 13 years, are discussing the events that led to their very first date. Rose distinctly remembers giving Maxim her telephone number at a party, but Maxim is certain that he got her number from her best friend, Freya. Maxim and Rose remember the event differently due to having differing ______________

episodic memories

Mindfulness meditation (MM) provides clients with techniques they can use to

focus on the present

Knowing how to play a piano without much conscious effort illustrates ________.

implicit memory

In the context of memory and forgetting, the view that one may forget stored material because other learning overlaps with it is known as __________.

interference theory

Which of the following typically occurs during rapid eye movement sleep?

nightmares

Walda's father is a gardener. She has been watching her father work for many years. She now has her own garden. Though she has never been taught the art of gardening, she is very good at it. In this scenario, Walda acquired gardening skills by the process of ________.

observational learning

When a person remembers they need to perform an act in the future, as at a certain time or when a certain event occurs, this is known as _______________.

prospective memory

If a student studies the course material twice a week, the difference between the amount of time originally required to learn the information and the amount of time required to re-learn the material after a certain amount of time has elapsed is known as __________.

saving

Junko is preparing for an English test, and her brother is playing music loudly in the next room. She focuses on reading her English textbooks and ignores the music. In this scenario, Junko is using _____.

selective attention

Operant conditioning is essentially learning __________.

the consequences that follow a behavior

In 2017, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine stated that the use of marijuana aided in

treating stress.