PSYCHOLOGY FINAL 4+

1) Research suggests that stress-producing events are A) less likely to affect residents of rural areas or non-industrialized countries. B) more likely to affect people living in urban areas and developed countries. C) universal. D) Both B and C are correct.

C) universal.

What percentage of men and women report some sort of sexual dysfunction? A) 10-20 percent B) 90-100 percent C) 30-40 percent D) 20-30 percent

C. 30-40 percent

168) Smoking increases the risk of all of the following disorders EXCEPT A) coronary heart disease. B) cancer. C) multiple sclerosis. D) stroke.

C) multiple sclerosis

198) Dr. Jones is treating Danielle's illness by giving her a diluted dose of an illness-producing substance. What is Dr. Jones is using? A) Alternative medicine B) Acupressure C) Complementary medicine D) Homeopathic medicine

D) Homeopathic medicine

If our behaviors and physiological reactions can give rise to our changes in emotion, holding a pan with our teeth would most likely make us feel

Happier

The primary purpose of the DSM-IV-TR is to ________.

Help psychological professionals diagnose psychological disorders

DSM Criticisms

High level of comorbidity, medicalizes normality, reliance on categorical model of psychopathology, vulnerable to political and social influences

Which of the statements is true about homosexuality?

Homosexual people can be good parents

a. problem-focused coping

Working a second job to pay off your credit card bills is an example of __________. Select one: a. problem-focused coping b. emotion-focused coping c. distraction d. reappraisal

As discussed in lecture, the startle reflex is humans can be measured by

d. muscle potential in the vicinity of the eye.

A student who has missed many Psy 1001 lectures says "I'm sure there won't be any questions on the test taken from the lectures anyway." According to Freud, this is an example of which defense mechanism?

d. rationalization

Mark believed that all red go-carts were fast until he drove a very slow one at the fair after which he no longer viewed all red go-carts as fast. Marks' revised view about red go-carts illustrates?

Accommodation

c. frequency and strength

According to Albert Ellis, our vulnerability to psychological disturbance is a product of the __________ of our irrational beliefs. Select one: a. purpose and meaning b. length and strength c. frequency and strength d. frequency and weakness

Roger's Self actualization

unconditional positive regard is an attitude of acceptance of others despite their feelings -- he proposed this as the core motive in personality

Projection

unconscious attribution of our negative qualities to others

Dismantling

no single component was essential -- led to response prevention -- very effective for phobias, OCD, and PTSD

Our unconscious spillover of emotions into nonverbal behavior is called ________.

nonverbal leakage

Types of gestures and movements that can display our emotions are called

nonverbal leakage

flight-or-flight response

physical and psychological reaction that mobilizes people and animals to either defend themselves (actively attack the threat or cope in the immediate situation) or escape (flee) a threatening situation

fight-or-flight response

physical and psychological reaction that mobilizes people and animals to either defend themselves (fight) or escape (flee) a threatening situation

According to Maslow, ________ are the most fundamental and must get satisfied first. physiological needs safety needs esteem needs belonging needs

physiological needs

Which of these is the correct sequence of Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs from the lowest to the highest?

physiological, safety, belonging, esteem, self-actualization

People sometimes bite their fingernails when they are anxious. This is one example of ________.

manipulator

hardiness

set of attitudes marked by a sense of control over events, commitment to life and work, and courage and motiation to confront stressful events

Sulivan's influence on interpersonal therapy

short term treatment (12-16) sessions) originally developed for depression - also effective at treatment of substance abuse and eating disorders

Need for achievement is also referred to as __________. Select one: a. Ach b. NFA c. nAch d. neech

nAch

prevalence

(epidemiology) the ratio (for a given time period) of the number of occurrences of a disease or event to the number of units at risk in the population

12. A baby's language that consists of repetition of consonant-vowel combinations is called ______. a. cooing b. holophrasing c. telegraphic speech d. babbling

12. d. babbling

120. A state of tension that occurs when a person's attitudes do not match the person's actions is called __________. a. cognitive dissonance b. the validity effect c. the fundamental attribution error d. routinization

120. a. cognitive dissonance

Jose's medically ideal weight is 250 pounds. He would be considered to be obese when and if he weighed __________ pounds. Select one: a. 275 b. 300 c. 320 d. 330

300

People typically experience declines in vision, hearing, and smell at about age

60-69.

72. People living under stressful conditions tend to get sick more often than they would otherwise. How do researchers in psychoneuroimmunology explain this phenomenon? a. The stress response reduces immune system functioning, thus making us more vulnerable to diseases. b. The stress response in the long run leads to a lowering of the heart rate, which makes the heart inefficient. c. The stress response makes muscles stronger, which places a greater burden on the heart and respiratory systems. d. The body tends to adapt to the constant call for the stress response and, thus, future responses are not as strong as before.

72. a. The stress response reduces immune system functioning, thus making us more vulnerable to diseases.

74. Stress has been shown to put people at a higher risk for________. a. unplanned pregnancy b. heart attack and stroke c. promotions at work d. schizophrenia

74. b. heart attack and stroke

79. Some psychologists believe that an organism's behavior is motivated by the need to achieve a state of balance in which the body functions effectively—a state called ______. a. unbalance b. acquiescence c. propinquity d. homeostasis

79. d. homeostasis

b. major life events

David Holmes and colleagues developed the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) to measure change due to _________. Select one: a. natural disasters b. major life events c. social difficulties d. negative life events

___Receive information and ___transmit information within a neuron

Dendrites; axons

b

Dr. Brown has been invited to speak at a prestigious psychological conference on the topic of autism. He will talk on the current scientific knowledge regarding this disorder. What is a key point you would expect him to make based on the authors' discussion of the disorder in the chapter? A) The apparent surge in diagnoses of autism is linked to important changes in diagnostic practices. B) There is an autism epidemic, and psychologists have no real insights into the dramatic increase. C) The dramatic increase in diagnoses of autism is directly related to the mumps, measles, and rubella vaccine. D) The dramatic increase in autism diagnoses is a result of overdiagnosis rather than a real increase and epidemic.

b. Homeopathic medicine

Dr. Jones is treating Danielle's illness by giving her a diluted dose of an illness-producing substance. What is Dr. Jones is using? Select one: a. Acupressure b. Homeopathic medicine c. Alternative medicine d. Complementary medicine

Which of the following theories states that emotion are from our interpretations of our podily reactions to stimuli?

James-Lange theory of emotions

Howard Gardner and Robert Sternberg agree to be interviewed together on the topic of intelligence. At the end of the interview, what do you conclude is their major point of agreement?

A) Standardized tests do not assess the many facets of intelligence.

152) Optimism is linked with A) enhanced immune functioning. B) higher mortality rate. C) Both of the above. D) None of the above.

A) enhanced immune functioning.

183) Approximately half of the differences in people's tendency to become overweight are accounted for by A) genetics. B) people's eating habits. C) lack of exercise. D) medications.

A) genetics.

Jeremy is 17 years old. According to Erikson, his chief task will be acquiring a sense of ________.

A) identity

94) The purpose of the ________ is to protect the body against the invasion of bacteria, viruses, or other illness-producing organisms. A) immune system B) phagocytes C) antigens D) lymphocytes

A) immune system

The ability to understand the world, think rationally or logically, and use resources effectively when faced with challenges or problems is the psychologist's working definition of ________.

A) intelligence

62) During the resistance stage of the general adaptation syndrome, people will exhibit A) moderate, sustained levels of arousal. B) high levels of arousal. C) low levels of arousal. D) rapidly fluctuating levels of arousal.

A) moderate, sustained levels of arousal.

Language is based on universal sound units called ________.

A) phonemes

88) Research on both Parkinson's disease and depression has indicated that _____________ can actually alleviate some physical symptoms and enhance the effects of available treatments. A) placebo effects B) stress-reduction techniques C) virtual exposure therapy D) activation of "fight or flight" neurons

A) placebo effects

79) Ali, a war veteran, has had nightmares, flashbacks, and anxiety attacks for the past three years. Ali is most likely suffering from A) posttraumatic stress disorder. B) acute stress disorder. C) eustress disorder. D) counterstress disorder.

A) posttraumatic stress disorder.

11) Mary just received a traffic ticket but decided it is not worth being upset about. Mary just made a A) primary appraisal. B) secondary appraisal. C) stress-related decision. D) hassle-related decision

A) primary appraisal.

Troy finds it very hard to lose weight, but he readily gains weight. No matter how hard he exercises, he keeps putting on pounds. He thinks that he has a genetic predisposition to weight gain, most likely making him insensitive to the hunger suppressing effects of

Leptin

What do we call the hypothesis that language influences what we think?

A) the linguistic relativity hypothesis

_________ is the term used to describe the physical, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral responses to events that are threatening or challenging. A) Stress B) Distress C) Burnout D) Dysphoria

A. Stress

Behavioral medicine and health psychology both emphasize Select one: a. treating illness. b. diagnosing and treating illness. c. diagnosing illness. Incorrect d. the prevention of illness.

A:

Disclosing painful feelings is known as______ A. Liberation B. Debriefing C. Catharsis D. Releasing

A: C. Catharsis

__________ is the search for the sacred, which may or may not extend to belief in God. Select one: a. Atheism b. Optimism c. Humanism d. Spirituality Correct

A: Sprituality

Who is NOT showing signs of hardiness? Select one: a. Amber, who can't sleep because she has to give a speech tomorrow in class Correct b. Butch, who is looking forward to starting his new job c. Cecil, who can't wait to present his new idea to the board tomorrow d. Bryan, who is excited about his blind date tomorrow night

A: a. Amber, who can't sleep because she has to give a speech tomorrow in class Correct

In comparison to nonreligious people, religious individuals have Select one: a. lower mortality rates and lower blood pressure. Correct b. higher mortality rates and higher blood pressure. c. higher mortality rates and lower blood pressure. d. lower mortality rates and higher blood pressure.

A: a. lower mortality rates and lower blood pressure.

Night terrors usually occur during Select one: a. REM sleep. b. sleep stages 3 and 4. Correct c. sleep stages 2 and 3. d. sleep stages 1 and 2.

A: b. sleep stages 3 and 4

Crystal is trying to study for her biology final tomorrow. She is exhausted but knows that she has to pass that test. What drug is she likely to turn to? Select one: a. Quaalude b. LSD c. Amphetamines Correct d. Cocaine

A: c. Amphetamines

c. have lower mortality rates than do those who do not have religious beliefs

According to studies, people who describe themselves as religious are more likely to ________. Select one: a. live a shorter life than are those who do not have religious beliefs b. lack a social support system c. have lower mortality rates than do those who do not have religious beliefs d. feel alone with their struggles

b. biopsychosocial

According to the ________ perspective, medical conditions (i.e., AIDS) depend on the interaction of genes, lifestyle, immunity, social support, and self-perceptions. Select one: a. psychophysiological b. biopsychosocial c. psychoneuroimmunology d. psychological

d. cried when he saw a white rabbit.

After using the techniques of classical conditioning to train sweet amiable Little Albert to be fearful of his pet white rat, J. B. Watson demonstrated the phenomenon of stimulus generalization when Little Albert_____. Select one: a. cried when he saw his pet white rat. b. did not cry when he saw men with brown or black beards. c. no longer cried when he saw his pet white rat. d. cried when he saw a white rabbit.

...

After using the techniques of classical conditioning to train sweet amiable Little Albert to be fearful of his pet white rat, J. B. Watson demonstrated the phenomenon of stimulus generalization when Little Albert_____. Select one: a. cried when he saw his pet white rat. b. did not cry when he saw men with brown or black beards. c. no longer cried when he saw his pet white rat. d. cried when he saw a white rabbit. Correct

John and Allison have been married for 10 years. Which of the following is the best description of how the two would likely describe their honeymoon

Allison would remember more details, but john would remember more themes

Situational

An outcome that turns out to be very different from what was expected -- we underestimate this

John has made a career of stealing older people's retirement money by taking advantage of their trust and selling them phony retirement investments. John explains that he has done nothing wrong. He says, "If these people were not so greedy, they would not be so eager to invest in my phony schemes." In his mind, his victims got exactly what they deserved. John's behavior and attitude are typical of someone with ________ personality disorder.

Antisocial

a

Any pattern of behavior that causes people significant distress, is uncommon in society, and/or harms their ability to function in daily life, may indicate the presence of _____. A) a mental disorder B) humors C) stress syndrome D) adaptive behavior

Your best friend has been considering therapy. He is interested in learning to deal with the unconscious conflicts and emotions that he believes are affecting his behavior. Which of the following therapists would be most likely to help your friend accomplish this?

April, a psychoanalyst

The neo-Freudian, Carl Jung, suggested the existence of a collective unconscious that contains images shared by all people, called _____.

Archetypes

After a stressful day of working in a busy emergency room, Pedro decides to go home, lie on the couch, and listen to calming music. Pedro's decision is BEST explained by the _____ theory of motivation.

Arousal

a. amygdala

As described in lectures on emotion, the primary motive system of defensiveness is associated with the __________________ in the brain. Select one: a. amygdala b. somatosensory cortex c. nucleus accumbens d. pre-frontal cortex

b. The finding that babies of eight months or less can discriminate among all speech sounds in all languages.

As discussed in lectures, "Universal Adaptability" refers to what ? Select one: a. The behavior of people who score high on a measure of Openness to Experience b. The finding that babies of eight months or less can discriminate among all speech sounds in all languages. c. The cognitive schema mastered by the end of Piaget's Concrete Operations stage. d. The discovery that infants of reactive mothers who are cross-fostered with calm mothers develop into healthy children.

...

As shown in a video during lecture, younger children think that a quantity of water in a tall, narrow beaker is greater than the quantity of liquid in the wide, flat beaker because they concentrate on a single dimension of the situation (the height of the container.) Older children understand that the quantity of liquid remains the same despite changes in appearance. This demonstration is the classic test of : Select one: a. egocentrism b. object permanence c. assimilation d. conservation Correct

b. aversion therapies

As these therapies may involve unpleasant techniques, the decision to implement _________________ should be made only after carefully weighing the costs and benefits relative to alternative approaches. Select one: a. token therapies b. aversion therapies c. assertion therapies d. modeling therapies

...

As these therapies may involve unpleasant techniques, the decision to implement____should be made only after carefully weighing the costs and benefits relative to alternative approaches. Select one: a. Token therapies b. Aversion therapies Correct c. Assertion therapies d. Modeling therapies

The strange situation procedure, in which researchers unobtrusively watch an infant in the presence or absence of several combination of child caretaker and stranger is used to study___.

Attachment

An 8-year-old child who scored like an average 10-year-old on an intelligence test would have a mental age of ________ and an IQ of ________.

B) 10; 125

176) As of 2004, statistics collected in Canada indicate that ______ percent of people are considered obese according to the body mass index. A) 14 B) 23 C) 32 D) 47

B) 23

173) _____________ is associated with increases in cancer, liver problems, pregnancy complications, brain shrinkage, and other neurological problems. A) Smoking B) Binge drinking C) Overeating D) Marijuana use

B) Binge drinking

159) ________ is also known as "recycling mental garbage." A) Pessimism B) Rumination C) Cynicism D) Self-doubt

B) Rumination

167) Which of the following unhealthy habits is most closely related to suffering from clinical depression? A) Overeating B) Smoking C) Excessive drinking D) Illegal drug use

B) Smoking

99) Antibodies are to _______________ as antigens are to ______________. A) phagocytes; neutraphil B) T cells; lymphocytes C) microphages; K cells D) B cells; pathogens

B) T cells; lymphocytes

Sally is enrolled in a high school geometry course, which she describes as "drawing figures and figuring drawings." In a typical class, students draw geometric figures and use a formula to calculate an aspect of the figure such as its area. Each time Sally uses a formula she is making use of what psychologists call ________.

B) algorithms

According to Robert Sternberg, ________ refers to the ability to break problems down into component parts, or analysis, for problem solving. This is the type of intelligence that is measured by intelligence tests and academic achievement tests.

B) analytical intelligence

Leticia has just learned that she is terminally ill. She is now always irritable, often throws things on the floor, and yells at members of her family and the nurses who care for her. According to Elisabeth Kübler-Ross, Leticia is most likely in the ________ stage of dying.

B) anger

117) Alicia has difficulties breathing because her bronchial tubes are inflamed and have become obstructed with mucus. At times, her chest tightens and she wheezes. This medical condition is known as A) bronchitis. B) asthma. C) ulcers. D) pneumonia.

B) asthma.

135) Research suggests that catharsis (or "letting it all out") is ___________ for relief of short-term stress and ___________ for reduction of long-term stress. A) beneficial; beneficial B) beneficial; detrimental C) detrimental; beneficial D) detrimental; detrimental

B) beneficial; detrimental

196) Bob is going to the doctor for treatment of a painful back condition. The doctor regularly manipulates Bob's spine as part of the treatment. Bob's doctor is practicing A) alternative medicine. B) chiropractic manipulations. C) homeopathy. D) conventional medicine.

B) chiropractic manipulations.

3) The tendency to overestimate people's fragility and underestimate their resilience is known as A) primary appraisal. B) clinician's illusion. C) general adaptation syndrome. D) universality.

B) clinician's illusion.

118) Physical responses to stress or emotional responses such as ________, ________, and ________ can trigger an asthma attack. A) laughter; smiling; hugging B) crying; laughter; coughing C) coughing; choking; squirming D) smiling; squirming; giggling

B) crying; laughter; coughing

Poor nutrition and medical care, poor living conditions (older, cheaper buildings often have lead paint on the walls), and a lack of intellectual support are thought to lead to ________.

B) familial retardation

59) Selye's description of how people react to stressors is the A) physiological arousal theory. B) general adaptation syndrome. C) fight-or-flight response. D) conflict resolution system.

B) general adaptation syndrome

51) Burning your toast, having trouble opening an e-mail attachment, breaking a glass, and running late for an appointment are all examples of A) downturns. B) hassles. C) uplifts. D) distress.

B) hassles.

Jeremy is 17 years old. According to Erikson, his chief task will be acquiring a sense of ________.

B) identity

151) Adena looks on the bright side of life. When a situation is not going well, she is able to bring to light something positive. This is known as A) rumination. B) optimism. C) pessimism. D) self-enhancement.

B) optimism

122) Social support encompasses the social relations with A) the larger community. B) people, groups, and the larger community. C) people and groups. D) individual people.

B) people, groups, and the larger community.

The period of five to ten years during which a woman's reproductive system begins to decline is called ________.

B) perimenopause

52) Researchers have found an association between daily hassles and A) cancer and heart disease. B) poor general health. C) hypertension and obesity. D) heart disease and schizophrenia.

B) poor general health.

170) Seth loves to eat at McDonald's. Whenever he eats there, he always super-sizes his meals. This is an example of A) balanced meal. B) portion distortion. C) portion control. D) unit bias.

B) portion distortion.

The system of cells, organs, and chemicals of the body that responds to attacks from diseases and injuries is called the ________. A) endocrine system B) immune system C) respiratory system D) sympathetic nervous system

B. Immune system

Helen's ear infection became so severe that it also affected her vestibular sense organs. This means that Helen most likely

Began having dizzy spells

Adler's inferiority complex

Best known of Adler's concepts. In compensating for these feelings, some people act selfishly in self-defeating ways. Others turn to compensation of positive accomplishment. The productive way to compensate for this is to work to make the world a better place.

Which of the following statements about bilingual individuals is FALSE?

Bilinguals have slightly slower cognitive development in childhood than monolinguals

c. chiropractic manipulations.

Bob is going to the doctor for treatment of a painful back condition. The doctor regularly manipulates Bob's spine as part of the treatment. Bob's doctor is practicing Select one: a. alternative medicine. b. homeopathy. c. chiropractic manipulations. d. conventional medicine.

146) Membership in a religious organization and regular attendance at religious functions A) promote one's cognitive abilities. B) are a psychological defence mechanism. C) can be a vital part of a person's social support system. D) will definitely extend one's life expectancy.

C) can be a vital part of a person's social support system.

Jean Piaget is noted for his theory of ________.

C) cognitive development

32) Edgar is learning deep-breathing techniques to reduce anxiety about having been robbed at knifepoint. This is an example of A) reappraisal. B) problem-focused coping. C) emotion-focused coping. D) avoidance.

C) emotion-focused coping.

33) The coping method that involves changing the way you feel or emotionally react to a stressor is known as A) a defence mechanism. B) self-focused coping. C) emotion-focused coping. D) problem-focused coping.

C) emotion-focused coping.

A male has a thin, frail-looking area on his X chromosome of the 23rd pair. As children, people with this syndrome are typically mildly developmentally delayed but shift to severe or profound developmental delay as adults. This is known as ________.

C) fragile X syndrome

142) Tad seems to thrive when faced with difficult challenges and usually feels in control of his life. He would probably be labelled a ________ personality. A) Type D B) Type B C) hardy D) stressed

C) hardy

Jenny has an intense interest in food but eats sparingly and with disgust. She has an intense fear of becoming obese, and even though she looks emaciated, she still claims she "feels fat" and refuses to eat enough to maintain even a minimal normal body weight for her frame. She is most likely suffering from __________. A) leptin reduction B) hormone under secretion C) anorexia nervosa D) bulimia

C. Anorexia nerviosa

Matthew compares his performance at work with that of a co-worker who is less competent than himself. When he engages in this behavior, he feels better and experiences a boost to his self-esteem. Matthew is using______ to maintain an optimistic outlook. A) alternative thinking B) relaxation C) downward social comparison D) scapegoating

C. Downward social comparison

_________ is the optimal amount of stress that people need to promote health and well-being. A) Distress B) Catastrophic stress C) Eustress D) Acute stress

C. Eustress

The frequent finding that asthmatics often experience shortness of breath concurrently with tremendous anxiety is an example of how emotions and physiological symptoms often occur simultaneously. As such, it supports which of the following theories of emotion?

Cannon-Bard theory

One criticism of the DSM noted by your author is that it adheres to a _____ model, which means that a person is seen as either having a mental disorder, or not having a mental disorder. There is little or no allowance for "degrees" of a disorder.

Categorical

Jim and Bob both have negative attitudes toward review sessions. Jim's instructor explains that review sessions can help to focus study efforts. Jim thinks carefully about this explanation and then changes his attitude using the ______ route to attitude change. Bob's instructor also tells him that review sessions are useful. Bob doesn't think much about the explanation, but he is impressed by his instructor's confidence and thinks that she is very intelligent so he changes his attitude using the ______ route to attitude change.

Central;peripheral

Which of the following is an explanation for the clinician's illusion?

Clinicians tend to see only those who react emotionally to stress, so they overestimate people's fragility and underestimate their resilience.

Bot is a new robot that has been programmed to follow Sam. Bot "knows" who Sam is because he has been programmed to follow Sam's red shirt. However, every time Sam walks in a shadow cast by the building, Bot can't find him. Bot lacks _______ constancy.

Color

"Hamburger" is an example of a(n) ____, while your knowledge about how you obtain one is an example of a(n) ____.

Concept; Schema

Eugene, 77 years old, is retired now, but he has worked on daily crossword puzzles since he was a teenager. He no longer finishes the puzzles as quickly as he used to, but can complete more difficult puzzles. Eugene's puzzle performance reflects the fact that his _____ intelligence has remained relatively intact.

Crystallized

Which area of psychology would have the most interest in how shared values, traditions, and beliefs shape an individual's behavior?

Cultural psychology

96) Foreign invaders to the body are also called A) lymphocytes. B) pathogens. C) phagocytes. D) antigens.

D) antigens.

18) Jaime applied to several graduate schools but was not accepted at any of them. He says that he is actually relieved—he really didn't want to graduate school anyway. Jaime appears to be engaging in __________ coping. A) stress-centred B) rationally focused C) problem-focused D) emotion-focused

D) emotion-focused

19) A coping strategy that is generally ineffective in dealing with stress is called __________ coping. A) stress-centred B) rationally focused C) problem-focused D) emotion-focused

D) emotion-focused

21) Jessica begins to pray daily following the loss of her close friend, Tom, and praying helps her feel better. Praying is an example of ________ coping. A) stress-centred B) rationally focused C) problem-focused D) emotion-focused

D) emotion-focused

What problem-solving strategies don't guarantee solutions but make efficient use of time?

D) heuristics

58) Selye's general adaptation syndrome describes A) how we modify our situation to reduce stress. B) the social and cultural factors affecting stress. C) the types of situations we find most stressful. D) how people react when exposed to stressors.

D) how people react when exposed to stressors.

In a heuristic called ________, a person determines the difference between the current situation and the goal and then tries to reduce that difference by various methods.

D) means-end analysis

The divergent thinking technique of starting with a central idea and drawing a "map" with lines from the center to other related ideas and then forming a mental image of the concepts and their connections is known as ________.

D) mind or subject mapping

Fraternal twins are ________ similar genetically than are other brothers and sisters.

D) no more ?

Which of the following is one of the animals that has been taught to use language with some success?

D) none of these

The Yerkes-Dodson Law says ________.

D) performance is affected by levels of physical arousal

161) Haviere's girlfriend broke up with him earlier in the year, and he continues to focus on how sad he is, analyzes what he could have said or done differently, and thinks of ways he could win her back. Based on this information, what maladaptive method of coping is Haviere engaging in? A) self-enhancement B) pessimism C) belief perseverance D) rumination

D) rumination

7) Many psychologists and self-help books inform us that in order to cope with trauma or stressful events, we need to seek psychological assistance, despite alternate research that suggests that most individuals are surprisingly resilient. This discrepancy in beliefs about coping with trauma is referred to as ________________. A) the diathesis-stress model. B) the coping-appraisal hypothesis. C) emotion-focused coping. D) the clinician's illusion.

D) the clinician's illusion.

163) Behavioural medicine and health psychology both emphasize A) diagnosing illness. B) diagnosing and treating illness. C) treating illness. D) the prevention of illness.

D) the prevention of illness.

A psychological test that measures what we intend it to measure is said to be ________.

D) valid

Javier was born 3 days ago. His parents have noticed that he has several reflexes which the doctors have been testing. Which of the following is not a reflex exhibited by healthy newborns?

D) walking reflex

All of the following are sources of stress EXCEPT______. A) pressure B) uncontrollability C) frustration D) aggression

D. Aggression

Sasha is experiencing stress in her workplace that is causing her to feel dissatisfied and pessimistic. As a result, she has a desire to quit her job. Sasha is experiencing________. A) poverty-related stress B) road rage C) eustress D) burnout

D. Burnout

The Type A behavior pattern is a significant predictor of ________. A) mental illness B) cancer C) respiratory illnesses D) coronary heart disease

D. Coronary heart disease

Which type A personality characteristic is the key trait that is linked to heart disease? A) compulsiveness B) competitiveness C) chronic irritability D) hostility

D. Hostility

Which of the following methods of acculturation will most likely result in the highest degree of acculturative stress? A) completely adopting the values and customs of the new culture B) developing a new set of values that is a compromise between the old and the new cultures C) living a life that does not depend on adopting any set of values and customs D) rejecting the majority culture's ways and maintaining one's original cultural identity

D. Rejecting the majority culture's ways and maintaining one's original cultural identity

Which of the following is NOT one of the methods that people should use to keep a positive outlook? A) alternative thinking B) relaxation C) downward social comparison D) scapegoating

D. Scapegoating

...

Damage to Wernicke's area is likely to affect which of the following? Select one: a. ability to comprehend speech Correct b. ability to produce speech c. ability to read d. ability to identify where objects are

Which statement about emotions would have most likely been made by William James? Select one: a. When something happens, your body reacts, then you experience an emotion. b. If someone points a gun at you, you will experience fear and then you will run. c. All emotions arise from the same set of bodily functions. d. It is only after you experience joy that your heart will begin to race.

When something happens, your body reacts, then you experience an emotion.

When a psychologist is discussing heuristics, he or she is referring to

Mental decision-making strategies

Which problem-solving hurdle is defined as becoming entrenched in a particular problem-solving strategy that inhibits generation of an alternate approach?

Mental sets

The more frequently that Edward sees Sally on campus, the more positive his attitudes become towards her. The fact that Edward's attitudes are becoming more positive with every encounter can be attributed to the

Mere-exposure effect

c. a flashbulb memory

Miles has very vivid memories of a car accident he witnessed five years ago. When he closes his eyes and thinks about the accident, he feels as if he can recall every detail of it, right down to the brand name printed on the tires of one of the cars. This type of memory is called ____________. Select one: a. sensory memory b. procedural memory c. a flashbulb memory d. a memory illusion

Which of the following represents cross-cultural differences in attachment study research?

More infants from Japan fall into the insecure-anxious category as compared to U.S. infants

The smallest units of speech that are meaningful are referred to as?

Morphemes

Diseases such a multiple sclerosis usually involve a deterioration of what part of a neuron?

Myelin sheath

In males, having older brothers increases the odds of homosexuality by _____ percent for each older brother.

NOT 15

Which is NOT true about the DARE program? Select one: a. It is popular in schools. Incorrect b. It relies on catastrophic events for prevention. c. It produces long-lasting effects. d. It teaches the negatives effects of using drugs.

NOT A

Which of the following factors influence an individual's ability to effectively deal with stress? Select one: a. Hardiness, optimism, and spirituality b. Hardiness, commitment, and avoidance d. Rumination, avoidance, and obsession

NOT A:

Some evidence exists suggesting that rewards may __________ intrinsic motivation.

NOT Bolster NOT not affect

Many people believe that having a good crying episode is an effective way to vent negative emotions, such as anger or sadness, and that such spells are healthy. What does the research of Rottenberg, Bylsma, and Vingerhoets (2008) say about this belief?

NOT It found mixed results, with a few of the participants reporting crying to be very unpleasant, but most reporting it to be a relaxing event. NOT The research found that crying actually led to anger in more than 80 percent of those who were polled.

The tendency for our moods to adapt to external circumstances is known as ________.

NOT affective adaptation

The fact that we always expect rewards for performing a task for which we've received a reward in the past can best be explained by ________.

NOT positive motivation

___Are the cells in the nervous system that communicate with each other

Neurons

c. hallucinations

Nick is admitted to a mental institution because he hears voices talking to him that no one else can hear, and he sees demons attacking him, though no one else could see anything near him. Nick's symptoms are known as ______. Select one: a. delusions b. obsessions c. hallucinations d. compulsions

d. there was an underlying general factor of intelligence (g)

Observing that intelligence test items with very different content all correlated, Spearman hypothesized that _____________. Select one: a. intelligence could be divided into fluid and crystallized intelligence b. intelligence tests did not measure intelligence at all c. intelligence tests were only good for measuring specific abilities d. there was an underlying general factor of intelligence (g)

...

One symptom of bipolar disorder is __________________. Select one: a. disorganized speech. b. pressure of speech, a flight of ideas Correct c. delusions d. hallucinations

During a narcoleptic attack, the victim immediately falls into ______.

REM sleep

Social Loafing

Refers to people's tendency to slack off in groups

When a dog sits on the command her owner gives her a treat. This increases the likelihood that the dog will sit on command the next time she is asked, and is an example of what?

Reinforcment

A scale that gives you the same reading over and over has high ____

Reliability

Gordon is concerned that his parenting will lead his son and two daughters to feel that they are only loved and accepted when they do things that he approves of and values. This is most similar to

Rogers's notion of conditions of worth.

Researchers have found that despite the number of color names in a language, the basic abilities to perceive color are unchanged. This finding would be troublesome for the theory of ________.

Sapir and Whorf

Physical arousal has to be interpreted cognitively before it is experienced as a specific emotion, according to __________. Select one: a. Plutchik b. the James-Lange theory c. the Cannon-Bard theory d. Schachter and Singer

Schachter and Singer

Categories that organize relations among actions, objects and ideas are known as?

Schemas

_______ Involves the detection of energy by sense organs whereas ____ involves interpretation sensory inputs

Sensation; Perception

. ___ Is a specialized cell responsible for converting external stimuli into neutral activity for a specific sensory system

Sense receptor

According to Piaget, children in the ___stage lack object permanence

Sensorimotor

____________ is a value that establishes a range of body fat and muscle mass we tend to maintain.

Set-point

Stages of Psychosexual Development

Sexuality begins in infancy

Meredith and Derek both work as surgeons at a hospital in Seattle, Washington. What idea suggests that they may find themselves attracted to one another?

Similarity

What is the term for the people and groups that can provide emotional comfort and personal and financial resources during times of need?

Social support

...

Some characteristics of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome are Select one: a. premature birth, hyperactivity, memory impairment b. small head, malformed face, heart defects, irritability, hyperactivity Correct c. a lack of social skills, excessive self-stimulation, delayed language development d. low birthweight, mental retardation, lack of motor coordination

Frank received a series of shots growing up and began to grow anxious whenever he pulled up to the doctor's office. After a series of regular checkups, the anxiety eventually went away. However, yesterday as he pulled in to the doctor's office, that same anxious feeling returned. What may have occurred?

Spontaneous recovery

Jimmy used to be the most aggressive boy in school, and was always in trouble for hurting other students. Ever since he started taking art classes, he seems to have calmed down, although his paintings and drawings often depict violence. According to Freud, Jimmy is most likely employing a defense mechanism known as

Sublimation

c. grossly disorganized behavior

Symptoms of a major depressive episode include all the following EXCEPT _______________. Select one: a. Insomnia b. Lack of energy c. grossly disorganized behavior d. Inability to concentrate, make decisions

Angela is a pianist who reports that she hears musical tones as colors. This is one example of?

Synesthesia

b. coronary heart disease

The Type A behavior pattern is a significant predictor of ________. Select one: a. mental illness b. coronary heart disease c. cancer d. respiratory illnesses

b

The _____ is the most extensively researched of all structured personality tests. A) TAT B) MMPI C) Rorschach D) NEO

...

The ________ is sometimes called the emergency center of the body. Select one: a. pineal gland b. pituitary gland c. thyroid gland d. adrenal gland Correct

c. low-ball

The ________ technique involves having someone agree to a request and then revealing that there are additional hidden obligations. Select one: a. foot-in-the-door b. door-in-the-face c. low-ball d. bait-and-switch

a. the skin.

The body's first shield from foreign invaders is Select one: a. the skin. b. antigens. c. pathogens. d. white blood cells.

...

The body's first shield from foreign invaders is Select one: a. the skin. Correct b. antigens. c. pathogens. d. white blood cells.

b

The book suggests that criminal profiling can fall victim to A) social durability bias. B) the P.T. Barnum effect. C) confirmation bias. D) projective hypotheses.

Coronary Heart Disease

The complete or partial blockage of the arteries that provide oxygen to the heart -- top causes of death and disability in the US

The tendency to look for supportive evidence rather than actively seeking out contradictory evidence is known as

The confirmation bias

d

The diathesis-stress model suggests that schizophrenia develops from A) genetic influences entirely. B) environmental influences entirely. C) exposure to stress. D) a combination of a genetic predisposition to schizophrenia and exposure to significant stressors in their life.

What personality structure(s) is/are tasked with the responsibility of keeping the id's impulsive and destructive actions in check?

The ego and the superego

d. attachment

The emotional bond that a newborn baby shares with his or her caregiver(s) is called ________. Select one: a. maternal love b. paternality c. affective link d. attachment

According to the two-factor theory of emotion?

The emotional experience depends on autonomic arousal and the cognitive interpretation of that arousal

d. obedience

The example of the actions of Lieutenant William Calley at My Lai in the Vietnam War was used by the textbook to demonstrate the dangers of which social psychological concept? Select one: a. persuasion b. conformity c. compliance d. obedience

b. Trichromatic theory

The fact that humans have three cone receptors, specialized for red, green and blue spectrum light waves, is consistent with which theory of color vision? Select one: a. Opponent process theory b. Trichromatic theory c. Gestalt psychology d. Bottom-up processing

c. behavioral medicine.

The field of psychology that integrates the behavioral sciences with the practice and science of medicine is known as ________. It is also called health psychology. Select one: a. behavioral integration. b. psychology integration. c. behavioral medicine. d. psychology medicine.

...

The form of memory that sustains sensations long enough for identification is known as __________________ memory. Select one: a. semantic b. working c. sensory Correct d. short-term

a. operant conditioning principles

The idea of rewarding people with stars or stickers that can be later used for a tangible reward is based on _______________________. Select one: a. operant conditioning principles b. classical conditioning principles c. avoidant conditioning principles d. indifferent conditioning principles

b. the legal system.

The idea that a person may be determined to be sane or insane is an issue that is most relevant to Select one: a. all mental health professionals. b. the legal system. c. medicine and psychiatry. d. psychiatrists, psychologists, and trial judges.

d. absolute threshold.

The lowest level of a stimulus needed for the nervous system to detect it half the time is called Select one: a. sense receptor. b. just noticeable difference. c. sensory adaptation. d. absolute threshold.

...

The name for the electrical current that passes along the axon and produces the release of neurotransmitters is Select one: a. nerve impulse Correct b. resting potential c. excitation d. the reflex

b

The neo-Freudian, Carl Jung, suggested the existence of a collective unconscious that contains images shared by all people, called _____. A) schemas B) archetypes C) prototypes D) instincts

d. immune system

The purpose of the ________ is to protect the body against the invasion of bacteria, viruses, fungi, or other illness-producing organisms. Select one: a. antigens b. lymphocytes c. phagocytes d. immune system

Many people believe that having a good crying episode is an effective way to vent negative emotions, such as anger or sadness, and that such spells are healthy. What does the research of Rottenberg, Bylsma, and Vingerhoets (2008) say about this belief?

The research found that crying tends to increase distress and arousal in most people.

c. Corpus callosum

The split brain effect is demonstrated in patients who have undergone surgery on their ______________. Select one: a. Broca's area b. Wernicke's area c. Corpus callosum d. Cerebellum

In order to explore the idea that babies can distinguish themselves from others, researchers allowed infants to watch a live-action video of part of their own bodies side-by-side with the same body part in another infant. They found that babies preferred to watch the other infant's body instead of their own. Which body part did the babies watch in this research?

Their legs

What did Charles Darwin believe about the origin of emotions? Select one: a. They are learned through experience. b. They do not merit scientific consideration. c. They are a product of evolution. d. They are remnants of our earliest ancestors and, thus, have little relevance today.

They are a product of evolution.

...

To determine whether or not a child has reached the stage of formal operations, a psychologist might test whether the child can Select one: a. understand that objects maintain certain properties despite changes in their shape. b. speak in complete sentences. c. understand that an object continues to exist even when it is out of sight. d. answer hypothetical and abstract questions. Correct

What is the purpose of an institutional review board?

To help protect the rights and dignity of the research participants

Which of the following represents a shared environmental influence?

Todd and Vie both receive 5 dollars for each "A" they earn on their report cards.

True or false? High IQ does not guarantee that one does not hold strange believes

True

Social Influences on Conformity

Unanimity increased conformity; lower conformity is only one other person differed from the majority; size of majority up to five or six people makes a difference

Sasha is expected to cut the lawn weekly. Her parents only give her money once in a while after she cuts the lawn. Shash is being conditioned using a ___ schedule of reinforcement.

Variable ratio

The term "fight-or-flight response" was dubbed by American psychologist ________.

Walter Cannon

Effective Therapists

Warm and direct, establish a positive working relationship, tend not to contradict clients, select important topics to focus on in session, match treatments to needs of clients

...

What category of psychological disorders is characterized by inflexible and maladaptive behavior patterns? Select one: a. Personality disorders Correct b. Anxiety disorders c. Dissociative disorders d. Schizophrenia

...

What did Harlow's research demonstrate about infants' attachments to their mothers?
 Select one: a. They are based on food supply. b. They rarely occur naturally. c. They are based on comfort and touch. Correct d. They are genetically programmed.

...

What is the moral or take-home message of Solomon Asch's series of experiments in which participants were asked to judge the lengths of lines? People will go to great lengths Select one: a. to please others on whom they depend. b. to fit in with others. Correct c. to assert their independence. d. to convince others of their points of view.

...

When researchers are interested in studying the relationship between variables that cannot be manipulated they are likely to use which of the following methods? Select one: a. naturalistic observation b. correlational methods Correct c. experimental methods d. case studies

Hassles are minor annoyances or nuisances that tax one's ability to cope

...

118. What process describes the use of social influence to cause other people to change their attitudes and behavior? a. enticement b. persuasion c. conversion d. affectance

118. b. persuasion

We are predisposed to form intimate interpersonal networks that are only so large

150 people or so

Group Therapies

3-20 people

40. The need for _____________ involves a strong desire to succeed in attaining goals. a. achievement b. power c. motivation d. emotion

40. a. achievement

44. Things that attract or lure people to action are ______________. a. instincts b. incentives c. stimuli d. bait

44. b. incentives

_____Describes a hypothetical account of how and why a phenomenon occurs

A hypothesis

The system of rules for combining words and phrases to make meaningful sentences is called ________.

B) perimenopause

c. prosocial behavior.

Behavior that is intended to help others is often referred to as Select one: a. bystander behavior. b. compliant behavior. c. prosocial behavior. d. obedient behavior.

For the past few months, Val has felt completely hopeless and unmotivated. She does not eat much and feels worthless. Then, suddenly she felt extremely optimistic and became full of energy. Val is most likely experiencing _____ disorder.

Bipolar

Which psychological disorder has the strongest evidence for a genetic link?

Bipolar disorder

A ball of identical cells that haven't yet begun to take on a specific function during early pregnancy is called a (n)?

Blastocyst

Which of these is an element of the formal definition of mental retardation?

C) IQ below 70

Which of the following tests would be bested suited to an 8-year-old child?

C) WISC-III

Which of the following groups of children is most likely to have the most similar IQ scores?

C) identical twins reared together

The rhythm and emphasis on each word is called ________.

C) intonation

Each of the following is true of people with anorexia nervosa EXCEPT _________. A) they have a distorted view of their own body B) they may have had a troubled childhood and adolescence C) they have an intense interest in food but eat with disgust D) they are usually "out of control"

D. They are usually "out of control"

The practice of behaviors and lifestyle choices that promote both physical and mental health is called________. A) meditation B) health C) religious beliefs D) wellness

D. Wellness

Seira is very pleasant and likes to keep the peace. She finds it difficult to express emotions and internalizes her anger. She has few friends and spends a lot of time alone. According to research, Seira ________. A) is at high risk for coronary heart disease B) is a Type B personality C) is a hardy personality D) is a Type C personality

D. is a Type C personality

Ezekiel asks, "Mom, may I eat a hot fudge sundae with extra whipped cream?" When his mother replies "No", Ezekiel then asks if he may eat one cookie. Ezekiel is using the _____ strategy for gaining compliance.

Door-in-the-face

Stimulus Hunger

Drive for stimulation--can be done by figeting, fantasizing, listening to music socializing, to doing wheelies on motorcycles

...

Drugs that decrease the effect of neurotransmitters in the synapse by blocking the receptors in the post-synaptic cell are called: Select one: a. agonists. b. antagonists. Correct c. excitatory. d. reuptake blockers.

According to Gardner, there are ___ types of intelligence.

Eight

Which of the following emotions would be most difficult to read from facial expression alone?

Envy

Remembering that your father used to read the cat in the hat to you every night best illustrates which type of memory?

Episodic

Contingencies

Events with uncertain outcomes that may represent potential liabilities.

The term learning refers to a change in human behavior as a result of?

Experience

Acupuncture has been promoted as a way of restoring health, and the method behind this procedure is to release blockages of a "life force" or energy called qi. A problem with this theory, however, is that it is not possible to disprove that qi exists or that releasing it can improve health. This problem demonstrates which of the following concepts from this chapter?

Falsifiability

A major difference between the humanists and both the behaviorists and psychodynamic theorists is that the humanists focus on

Free will

As you walk into your dorm room, you notice that your roommate is crying. Why is it difficult to know if she is happy or sad?

Her physiological reactions are likely to be similar.

Anna Nicole weighed about 125 pounds most of her adult life. However, it seemed like whenever Anna Nicole gained weight it was easy to lose and get back to 125. But when she wanted to go below 125 it took forever, and even the slightest deviation from her diet got her back to 125. What explanation would you give Anna Nicole?

Her weight, 125, is her set point. Leave it alone.

d. both acquisition and extinction

In classical conditioning, which of the following involves learning? Select one: a. acquisition, but not extinction b. extinction, but not acquisition c. neither acquisition nor extinction d. both acquisition and extinction

According to the authors, much of the common sensual knowledge from poplar psychology sources

Is consistent with the results of psychological research

A key point of agreement between contemporary psychologists and the ideas of Sigmund Freud is that adult personality

Is relatively stable across time

Seeing a snake, running away from it, and then becoming frightened is the sequence of events postulated by the ________ theory.

James-Lange

...

Jose suffers from bipolar disorder. His psychiatrist may prescribe: Select one: a. Prozac b. Thorazine c. Ritalin d. Lithium Correct

For whom are you more likely to vote?

Laura, who says she can restore the health care system

In general, which of the following is the least related with happiness?

Money

The belief that your current mood will last longer than it actually does is known as

NOT affective forecasting

Which of the following is a suggested treatment for insomnia? Select one: a. Try to sleep only when tired. b. Use an alarm clock to wake up in the morning. Incorrect c. Remain in bed until you are able to fall asleep no matter how long it takes. d. Consume caffeine if planning to stay up late.

NOT b. alarm clock or c stay in bed A:

Corticosteroids are stress hormones that Select one: a. interfere with the body's ability to function during stressful events. b. calm the body when facing a stressful situation. Incorrect c. activate the body and prepare it to respond to stressful circumstances. d. stimulate nervous breakdowns.

NOT b. calm the body when facing a stressful situation.

Linda's 3-month-old infant keeps saying "ga-ga" and "doh-doh." Should she be worried?

No; this behavior is called babbling and it is normal for infants

Types of gestures and movements that can display our emotions are called

Nonverbal leakage

Johnny just passed a note to Kelsey in math class. The note says that his friend Jake has a crush on her. What idea suggests that Kelsey will now find Jake more attractive?

Reciprocity

Which level of Abraham Maslow's hierarchy is epitomized by the U.S. Army's previous slogan "Be all that you can be"?

Self-actualization

What is not an example of a motor milestone?

Talking

Nonshared environmental factors

Those environmental factors that are not experienced by all relevant members of a household.

The process of converting an external energy or substance into neutral activity is called?

Transduction

Which of the following is an example of imprinting?

Young geese demonstrate an attachment to a round ball.

You are standing on the street and a person asks you for directions. Then they ask you to walk them part of the way. The next thing you know you have walked them all the way to their destination. This is an example of which persuasion technique?

a. Foot in the door technique

Which of the following statements about intelligence and the brain is true?

a. Human brain size correlates between 0.3 and 0.4 with intelligence.

As described in lecture (and seen in discussion sections), an IAPS picture of a couple kissing passionately would likely be rated as:

a. high on the arousal dimension, high on the pleasure (valence) dimension.

A social psychologist might use the old saying, "I wept because I had no shoes until I met a man who had no feet" to illustrate _______________.

a. social comparison theory

The Big Five personality traits are identified across data sets, and across race and ethnicities, the old and young, and men and women. This indicates that

a. the Big Five model is basic to our understanding of personality

Observing that intelligence test items with very different content all correlated, Spearman hypothesized that _____________.

a. there was an underlying general factor of intelligence (g)

Safa participated in a REP study where U of M researchers wanted to replicate Cahill and McGaugh study discussed in lecture (that looked at the effect of emotion on memory.) She was given beta blocker after viewing emotional scenes. It is most likely that the effect of the beta blocker:

a. would block emotional memory

Manipulations that decrease glucose levels cause __________; ones that increase glucose levels cause __________.

an increase in hunger; a decrease in hunger

Graphology

analysis of handwriting is another projective test -- no scientific support

Sarah has developed a sucking scheme as a way of understanding objects around her. Sarah's behavior of sucking on a harmonica to make music is an example of

assimilation.

Symbolic meaning

assumption that all actions are meaningful

The buildup of plaque that restricts the flow of blood through large arteries is called

atherosclerosis

Ultimate attribution error

attributing negative behavior of some group entirely to their disposition

Alarm reaction

autonomic nervous system is activated; stress hormones are released; physical symptoms of anxiety appear -- HPA axis and fight or flight response

According to research on attractiveness, which of the following images is likely to be rated as most attractive:

b. A face produced by averaging 32 individual faces together.

Which of the following is NOT one of the main attachment styles?

b. Depressed

Among the primary functions of attachment is "proximity." To what does this term refer?

b. The child does not wander away from his attachment figure.

At a crowded park, Kayla sees an old man clutching his heart and stumbling. If Kayla assumes that someone else will help the old man, she is experiencing the phenomenon known as

b. diffusion of responsibility

After studying in the U.S. for three years, Angel can still vividly remember every single details of the farewell party that her friends and classmates gave the day before she left. It was a very emotional event for her. Her vivid and detailed memory of this farewell party may be due to ___________.

b. flashbulb memory.

In terms of measurement, a valid test ________________?

b. measures what it is supposed to measure.

a. Rogers's

________ nondirective, person-centered therapy centers on the patient's goals and ways of solving problems. Select one: a. Rogers's b. Freud's c. Perls's d. Ellis's

Although their intent was noble, there was a major problem with the asylums that existed to help the mentally ill in the 15th century. What was that problem?

the use of barbaric treatments that were little better than those of the demonic era

biopsychosocial perspective

the view that an illness or medical condition is the product of the interplay of biological, psychological, and social factors

Piaget's theory applies to such topics as

creating lesson plans for first grade students.

A concern with personal goals and increased individual self-esteem is most characteristic of those from ________ cultures.

individualistic

According to the work of Hatfield and Rapson (1996), the two major kinds of love that people experience are called

passionate and companionate love

Meditation

practices that train attention and awareness

What general category of drug is used in the controlling of pain? Select one: a. Depressants and sedative-hypnotics b. Psychedelics c. Stimulants d. Opiate narcotics Correct

A:d. Opiate narcotics

A newspaper reporter looks for interesting stories related to weight, weight control, and obesity. In recent years, which of these titles might have been used for a story? Select one: a. "Leptin: A Hormone Regulating Body Fat" b. "Stomach Size: An Overlooked Factor in Hunger" c. "When It Comes to Weight, Focus on the Right Hemisphere" d. "Obesity: Not Really a Problem Anymore"

"Leptin: A Hormone Regulating Body Fat"

An early view of intelligence proposed by Sir Francis Galton suggests that intelligence is?

A byproduct of sensory capacity

Psychoanalytic Theory

Developed by Sigmund Freud -- Rests on three primary assumptions: Psychic determinism, Symbolic meaning, unconscious motivation

In which of the following situations is the person more likely to be helped?

...

Lifetime prevalence rates are 5% in males and 10 % in females

...

________ refers to the tendency to underestimate the impact of situational influences on others' behavior.

c. fundamental attribution error

The Actor-Observer bias predicts that when Lou does well on his Psy 1001 Final he will_______________________.

c. give himself credit for being so smart.

Cognitive-Behavioral Therapies

chp. 16 - slide 35

Shared environmental

common experiences that work to make them similar. live in same home

As discussed in lectures and discussion sections, models of intelligence that include "g" are based on the observation that:

d. scores on various tests of mental ability tend to correlate positively

coronary heart disease (CHD)

damage to the heart from the complete or partial blockage of the arteries that provide oxygen to the heart

Biologically Based Therapies

not effective -- shark cartilage, calcium, vitamin C -- not regulated by the FDA

a. A behavior or thought that is used to reduce the distress caused by obsessions.

A compulsion is: Select one: a. A behavior or thought that is used to reduce the distress caused by obsessions. b. A persistent thought, idea, or impulse that is unwanted or inappropriate. c. What leads to obsessions. d. Something everyone engages in

...

A light that we perceive as red, one that we perceive as green, and one that we perceive as blue differ in ____________. Select one: a. amplitude b. complexity c. wavelength Correct d. purity

Culture of honor

A social norm that condones and even encourages responding to insults with aggression.

The trial-and-error method of solving problems is also known as ________.

A) the mechanical solution

According to Maslow, the motive of self-actualization makes one want ________.

A) to convince others of one's true worth

180) As a result of crash dieting, Julie will lose 10 kilograms in two weeks. But, unfortunately, as soon as she goes off the diet, she gains 10 to 12 kilograms. Julie is experiencing the ________ effect. A) yo-yo B) disequilibrium C) equilibrium D) butterfly

A) yo-yo

The term hassles refers to__________. A) minor annoyances of everyday life B) personal limitations that make it impossible for someone to pursue a desired goal C) minor health problems that cause a person to miss at least one day of work D) the necessity to interact with persons we dislike in order to obtain our goals

A. Minor annoyances of everyday life

The sensitivity of our sensory abilities and systems is demonstrated in our ___ thresholds.

Absolute

Which of the following best illustrates the two-factory theory of emotions?

After several fast dances, Mario decides his date looks really good tonight.

Gestalt Therapy

Aims to integrate differing and sometimes opposing aspects of clients' personalities into a unified sense of self -- utilizes empty-chair-technique

Biopsychosocial

An integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis

Charlotte is preparing dinner for her family. She just finished running nearly 10 miles and plans on another run after dinner. As she dishes out meatloaf and potatoes to her mother, father, and brother, she reserves a small bowl of broccoli for herself. What eating disorder is Charlotte at risk for?

Anorexia nervosa

Operant procedures

Applied behavior analysis procedures to treat autistic children -- Token economies: reward client for desirable behaviors with tokens to exchange for items -- mixed support for the use of Aversion therapies (alcohol)

Evolutionary psychology

Applies Darwin's theory of natural selection

The yerkes-dodson law describes an inverted U-shaped relationship between___ and ___.

Arousal; performance

Being a single mom, Lisa has to work two part-time jobs to pay the rent and buy the diapers. According to the research on happiness, which of the following ideas could most likely benefit her?

As long as she believes in the future, she will be happy

98) Which of the following is NOT one of the safeguards utilized by our body to protect us from getting sick? A) Phagocytes B) Antigens C) Lymphocytes D) Antibodies

B) Antigens

A baby's language that consists of repetition of consonant-vowel combinations is called ________.

B) babbling

105) According to the ________ perspective, medical conditions (e.g., AIDS) depend on the interaction of genes, lifestyle, immunity, social support, and self-perceptions. A) psychophysiological B) biopsychosocial C) psychological D) psychoneuroimmunology

B) biopsychosocial

What are mental categories representing activities, objects, qualities, or situations that share some common characteristics?

B) concepts

In problem solving, the term rule of thumb refers to ________.

B) heuristics

For the past six months, Dahlia's job has been extremely stressful, but she doesn't feel that she can quit because she needs the money for tuition. Dahlia has been having chronic headaches and is behind in all of her classes. According to Hans Selye, Dahlia is in the ______ stage of the general adaptation syndrome. A) alarm B) exhaustion C) resistance D) collapse

B. Exhaustion

If Drew is practicing a relaxation technique called receptive meditation, he is most likely_______. A) focusing on the sound of his breathing B) trying to expand consciousness outward C) sleeping D) using biofeedback equipment

B. Trying to expand consciousness outward

b

Believing that other people, or the government, is out to get you is one way in which sufferers of schizophrenia experience their A) compulsions. B) delusions. C) hallucinations. D) obsessions.

Tracy is a first-semester college student away from home for the first time, at a school where she has no friends. She is worried that no one will like her. According to Maslow's hierarchy, Tracy appears to be primarily concerned for her _____ needs.

Belongingness and love

In ___ processing, we construct a whole stimulus from its parts

Bottom-up

Which of the following is NOT one of Myers's suggestions for becoming happier?

C) Do not sleep more than 5 hours a night.

113) Levon has a Type B personality. Which of the following is most likely? A) Levon is determined to achieve. B) Levon is competitive. C) Levon is slow to anger. D) Levon gets easily upset.

C) Levon is slow to anger.

Which of the following shows a focus on the lowest of Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

C) Mark works hard as an attorney only so that he can attract more clients, more money, and be secure in the knowledge that his family can survive.

109) John is the type of person who wants everything done perfectly the first time. When playing a game, he feels like he must win. He is easily provoked to anger, but he is also readily ambitious. Based on these traits, John must be a A) Type B personality. B) Type D personality. C) Type A personality. D) Type T personality.

C) Type A personality.

22) An emotion-focused coping strategy is one that A) almost completely eliminates the source of the stress. B) doesn't alter emotion but changes the stressor. C) alters feelings but does not change the source of stress. D) identifies and then modifies the source of the stress.

C) alters feelings but does not change the source of stress.

According to Erikson, an emotional and psychological closeness that is based on the ability to trust, share, and care, while still maintaining one's sense of self, is called ________.

C) attachment

164) Biofeedback is the feedback by a device that gives output of A) level of relaxation. B) stress or illness. C) biological function. D) none of the above.

C) biological function.

143) Which of the following are the three terms used to describe the way in which hardy people differ from many other Type A people and others who suffer more ill effects due to stress? A) compassion, challenge, commitment B) competitiveness, control, compassion C) commitment, control, challenge D) commitment, control, competitiveness

C) commitment, control, challenge

114) The Type A behaviour pattern is a significant predictor of A) cancer. B) respiratory illnesses. C) coronary heart disease. D) mental illness.

C) coronary heart disease.

70) According to Selye, some people may develop illnesses such as high blood pressure or a weakened immune system during the ______ stage of the general adaptation syndrome. A) collapse B) alarm C) exhaustion D) resistance

C) exhaustion

71) For the past six months, Dahlia's job has been extremely stressful, but she doesn't feel that she can quit because she needs the money for tuition. Dahlia has been having chronic headaches and is behind in all of her classes. According to Hans Selye, Dahlia is in the ______ stage of the general adaptation syndrome. A) collapse B) alarm C) exhaustion D) resistance

C) exhaustion

Which of the following is NOT one of the three areas of intelligence described by Sternberg?

C) exponential

Most standardized tests of intelligence have a distribution of scores that ________.

C) follows the normal curve

Aaron is a middle-aged physician. He gives back to the community by acting as a mentor to teenagers interested in entering the medical profession. Erikson would say that Aaron is experiencing ________.

C) generativity

149) A set of attitudes marked by a sense of control over events, commitment to life and work, and motivation and courage to confront stressful events is known as A) self-enhancement. B) proactive integration. C) hardiness. D) rumination.

C) hardiness.

Which of the following is NOT evidence of puberty in boys?

C) higher pitch of the voice

The twenties is a time of ________.

C) peak physical health

What two categories of subtests make up the Wechsler intelligence tests?

C) performance and verbal

26) A coping strategy that involves a set of specific steps for identifying the stressor, choosing a method of stress reduction, implementing the method and evaluating its success is a(n) __________ strategy. A) stress-centred B) rationally focused C) problem-focused D) emotion-focused

C) problem-focused

29) Sheila believes that her own abilities rather than luck account for her successes and failures. When confronted with a stressful situation she is most likely to use a(n) ________ coping strategy. A) passive B) defensive C) problem-focused D) emotion-focused

C) problem-focused

160) Cassie spends all of her time thinking about the things she has done wrong. She replays negative events over and over in her mind. As a result, Cassie is suffering from depression. This is caused by the process known as A) pessimism. B) confusion. C) rumination. D) remembering.

C) rumination.

9) Events that cause a stress reaction are referred to as A) distressors. B) eustressors. C) stressors. D) hassles.

C) stressors.

95) The body's first shield from foreign invaders is A) antigens. B) white blood cells. C) the skin. D) pathogens.

C) the skin

64) During the alarm stage of the general adaptation syndrome, A) the central and somatic systems are activated. B) synaptic activity and the somatic nervous system activate to send messages from the CNS to muscles. C) the sympathetic nervous system is activated and adrenal glands release hormones. D) neurotransmitter levels and the central nervous system are activated.

C) the sympathetic nervous system is activated and adrenal glands release hormones.

Megan just turned 32. She is keenly aware of biological changes that occur as she gets older. What's more, she measures the sensitivity of her senses and other physical characteristics by using sophisticated testing equipment. In which of the following areas is she likely to find some decline?

C) vision and hearing

Which of the following are considered emotional, as opposed to mental, symptoms of stress? A) eating too much, smoking or drinking more than usual, hitting people, or throwing things B) sleeping irregularity, frequent colds, nausea C) depression, fear, anger D) difficulty making decisions, loss of sense of humor, difficulty concentrating on tasks

C. Depression, fear, anger

The most extreme form of escape or withdrawal from frustration is ________. A) divorce B) leaving the country C) suicide D) anhedonia

C. Suicide

The type A behavior patten is a significant predictor of

Coronary heart disease

Color blindness results from?

Defective cones

The strategy of anticipating failure and then compensating for this expectation by mentally overpreparing for negative outcomes is known as ________.

Defensive pessimism

Neo-Freudians

Differ from Freud's theories in two key ways: less emphasis on sexuality, more on social drives -- more optimistic about personal growth

Rohit has been diagnosed as schizophrenic. He has strange facial grimaces and incoherent speech, and he experiences jumbled and unrelated delusions and hallucinations. Rohit would most likely be categorized as a _____ schizophrenic.

Disorganized

Iram made a New Year's resolution to promote wellness in his life. Which of the following are ways in which he can begin to incorporate wellness into his life?

Exercise regularly

The case of Phineaus Gage indicated the significance of this lobe in personality, decision-making and planning

Frontal lobe

Jung's archetypes

Humans experience the unconscious through symbols encountered in all aspects of life

According to family, twin, and adoption studies, a person is at greatest risk for developing schizophrenia if he or she has a(n) ________.

Identical twin diagnosed with the disorder

a. trying to train his attention and awareness.

If Drew is practicing a relaxation technique called meditation, he is most likely_______. Select one: a. trying to train his attention and awareness. b. using biofeedback equipment c. focusing on the sound of his breathing d. sleeping

b. both a primary and a secondary appraisal

Imagine that you have just flunked a class. You evaluate this situation and decide that flunking a class is stressful and important enough to be upset about. Next you decide to repeat the class in summer school. You have made __________. Select one: a. a primary appraisal only b. both a primary and a secondary appraisal c. a stress-related decision d. a hassle-related decision

A zookeeper finds that a flock of geese follows her wherever she moves because she is the first object they saw after hatching. What is this situation an example of?

Imprinting

b. object permanence

In class we saw a video of Renée Baillargeon's research. She found that evidence that babies can remember a block that is out of their sight much earlier than Piaget theorized. Her research looks at the question of _______________. Select one: a. egocentrism b. object permanence c. centration d. reversibility

Which attachment style does most U.S. infant possess?

Insecure avoidant

Which of the following statements might someone with a biological perspective make about schizophrenia?

It is caused by genetics, chemical influences, and brain structural defects

...

Jacob is a very skilled basketball player. When his girlfriend and her friends stopped by his house during a basketball game with his friends, Jacob's performance ________ due to what Zajonc calls ____________. Select one: a. improved; social facilitation. Correct b. improved; attribution c. got worse; prosocial interference d. got worse; social awareness

Which theory of emotion proposes that stimuli cause physiological changes in our bodies and emotions result from those physiological changes? Select one: a. Cannon-Bard b. James-Lange c. Schachter-Singer d. cognitive appraisal

James-Lange

Which of the following theories states that emotions are from our interpretations of our bodily reactions to stimuli?

James-Lange theory of emotion

...

Janelle is a 23-year old woman who is living happily in the United States. She has a relative who recently developed the symptoms of schizophrenia. Janelle has the highest chance of developing the illness if that relative is Select one: a. Jameson, her 23-year old fraternal twin b. Jamie, her 52-year old biological mother c. Janette, her 23-year old identical twin Correct d. Jerivicious, her 75-year old grandmother

The term attachment was first investigated by psychiatrist ________.

John Bowlby

b. Resistance

Kenisha has been in therapy with Dr. Williams for 3 months when she suddenly starts skipping appointments. Even when in session, she tends to stare blankly at the therapist. This is best explained by: Select one: a. Free association b. Resistance c. Transference d. Working through

Change blindness is due to?

Limits of attention

According to __ language defines our thinking.

Linguistic determinism

Differences in Conformity

Low self-esteem makes one more likely to conform; Asian cultures more likely to conform; no sex differences

Is Psychotherapy Effective?

Meta-analysis showed that it does work chp. 16 - slides 44+

Post traumatic stress disorder

More than four weeks duration of repeatedly reliving/remembrance of life-threatening event

The basic meaningful units of any language are called ________.

Morphemes

As you walk into your dorm room, you notice that your roommate is crying. Why is it difficult to know if she is happy or sad?

NOT Her nonverbal cues are likely to be similar.

According to drive reduction theory, who is likely to be the most motivated?

NOT Tony, who wants to kiss the girl

Professor Wilheim is trying to get his students to broaden their perspective. What might you suggest he do?

NOT discuss multicultural ideas

Which of the following is NOT a need that we strive to fulfill?

Need for respect

b. social anxiety disorder

People who have ______ are afraid of being evaluated in some negative way by others, so they tend to avoid situations that can be embarrassing. Select one: a. agoraphobia b. social anxiety disorder c. a specific phobia d. an interactive phobia

a. Asians; Americans

People with low self-esteem are prone to conformity; however, research finds that ________ are also more likely to conform than ________. Select one: a. Asians; Americans b. Asians; African Americans c. Americans; Asians d. African Americans; Asians

Personality Assessment

Plagues by number of dubious methods: Phrenology (head shape), Physiognomy (facial characteristics), Sheldon's body types --- All lacked reliability and validity

___ Is generating a cognitive strategy to accomplish a goal.

Problem solving

Which of the following will DECREASE the likelihood of behavior reoccurring?

Punishment

Mrs. Woodham wants her students to embrace the book The Giving Tree by Shel Silverstein. She believes the message is a powerful one. What might you encourage her to do?

Read the book to the class herself

Which of the following would not be useful to help promote a healthy lifestyle?

Reduce unnecessary exercise

d. contentment

Research indicates that, across cultures, people usually identify six basic emotions when looking at facial cues in photographs. Which of the following is NOT one of those six emotions? Select one: a. fear b. anger c. happiness d. contentment

A high school student's organized a set of expectations about how teachers are supposed to act is an example of a?

Schema

Which of the following cannot be used to detect lies?

Shift eyes

____Psychology is refereed to as the study of how people influence others' behaviors

Social

An ineffective therapy may appear to be effective because of _____.

Spontaneous remission

Stress

Tension, discomfort, or physical symptoms that arise when a stressor strains out ability to cope effectively

c. 150.

The approximate number of people that each of us knows reasonably well is Select one: a. 50. b. 100. c. 150. d. 200.

A recognition memory task is often easier than a recall memory task because?

We seem to prefer multiple choice memory assessments to those involving self generated recall

d. cognitive dissonance.

When we experience an unpleasant state of tension between two or more conflicting thoughts, we are experiencing Select one: a. implicit egotism. b. maladaptive gullibility. c. self-monitoring. d. cognitive dissonance.

a. the limbic system

Which of the following is a group of several brain structures located under the cortex and involved in emotion, memory, and motivation? Select one: a. the limbic system b. the cerebellum c. the cerebral cortex d. the neocortex

d

Which of the following professionals is trained as a medical doctor and may be found working in either private practice or in a hospital setting? A) Clinical psychologist B) Clinical social worker C) Mental health counselor D) Psychiatrist

a. Self-perception

______ theory proposes that we acquire our attitudes by observing our behaviors. Select one: a. Self-perception b. Cognitive dissonance c. Impression management d. Implicit egotism

Which of the following researchers work was the most influential in shaping our understanding of conformity?

a. Solomon Asch

As discussed in lecture, rewarding stimuli cause the release of which neurotransmitter?

a. dopamine

As described in lecture, the appetitive motive system in the brain is activated by IAPS pictures that are:

a. high on the arousal dimension, high on the pleasure (valence) dimension.

Peak Experiences

according to Maslow, times in a person's life during which self-actualization is temporarily achieved

Lexical approach

approach proposing that the most crucial features of personality are embedded in our language

Which areas of the brain are most associated with general intelligence?

b. The prefrontal cortex.

When an individual's attitudes do not match up with his/her behaviors, ________ is likely to occur.

b. cognitive dissonance

Overall, personality assessment can be useful, but only if using valid, reliable instruments

...

94. Which aspect of culture tends to decrease rates of conformity? a. sex-role stereotypes b. low socioeconomic status c. high level of individualism d. high levels of societal dependence

94. c. high level of individualism

After being passed up for a promotion and then getting into a heated argument with his son, a man disappears. He shows up two weeks later in another town with no memory of who he is or how he got there. He appears to be suffering from _____.

A dissociative disorder

195) ________ is the ancient Chinese practice of inserting thin needles into more than 2000 points in the body to alter energy forces. A) Acupuncture B) Homeopathic medicine C) Acupressure D) Chiropractic manipulation

A) Acupuncture

What is the correct sequence of stages in the general adaptation syndrome? A) alarm, resistance, exhaustion B) exhaustion, resistance, alarm C) resistance, alarm, exhaustion D) alarm, exhaustion, resistance

A. Alarm, resistance, exhaustion

The Type C behavior pattern is a significant predictor of ______. A) cancer B) mental illness C) coronary heart disease D) respiratory illnesses

A. Cancer

Which of the following are considered mental symptoms of stress? A) difficulty making decisions, loss of sense of humor, difficulty concentrating B) depression, fear, irritability C) sleeping irregularity, frequent colds, anger D) chest pains, nausea, memory loss

A. Difficulty making decisions, loss of sense of humor, difficulty concentrating

Language experiments with Kanzi the chimp showed that____

Animals can recognize some words and follow some instructions

The ___ heuristic involves estimating the likelihood of an occurrence based on the ease with witch it comes to our minds

Availability

_____ is the mental shortcut we use to judge the likelihood of an event and the ease with which it comes to mind.

Availability heuristic

153) Self-enhancement is related to effectively dealing with stressful situations by being A) neutral. B) self-centred. C) focused on others. D) ineffective.

B) self-centred.

An important danger of heuristics and cognitive bases is that they lead us to

Believe in observations about our world that are not true

Which of the following statements is illustrative of the post hoc fallacy?

Believing that because most professional athletes lift weights, weightlifting produces professional athletes

69) In which stage of the general adaptation syndrome has the body reached the limits of its ability to adapt to stress, which may result in the development of stress-related diseases? A) Collapse B) Alarm C) Exhaustion D) Resistance

C) Exhaustion

Which statement about motivation is TRUE?

C) Motivation energizes and directs behavior.

Parrots seem to talk. They utter words that sound like human language. Thus, can this behavior be thought to be speech? Which statement about parrots is supported by the research?

C) Parrots have the language abilities of a 3-year-old child.

Which developmental psychologist theorized that concepts preceded and aided the development of language?

C) Piaget

56) Which psychologist(s) is(are) credited with proposing the general adaptation syndrome? A) Lazarus B) Holmes and Rahe C) Selye D) Berkowitz

C) Selye

17) Working a second job to pay off credit cards is an example of A) reappraisal. B) distraction. C) problem-focused coping. D) emotion-focused coping.

C) problem-focused coping.

Each of the following is a symptom of anorexia nervosa EXCEPT ________.

C) recurrent episodes of binge eating followed by purging of the foods just eaten

When a child is learning how to speak, ____

Comprehension precedes production

Mentally changing some aspect of the past by imagining what might have been is known as____.

Counter factional thinking

Baby Marianne enjoys her little toy rattle. Assuming the sound of the rattle is reinforcement, a baby's response of shaking the rattle is reinforced according to a ___ schedule

Fixed ratio

Pleasure principle

Freud's theory regarding the id's desire to maximize pleasure and minimize pain in order to achieve immediate gratification.

Just-world hypothesis

Implies that we have a need to see the world as fair, even if it is not; results in blaming the victim

Exhaustion

In prolonged stressors, out resistance can break down -- can cause phsyical or psych damage

Sternberg developed a theory of hate consisting of which three elements?

Negation of intimacy, passion, commitment

In the English word "philosophy", the "ph" represents one ___.

Phoneme

...

Research in the area of individual differences is typically based on Select one: a. naturalistic observation b. experimental methods c. correlational methods Correct d. case studies

Menarche refers to?

Start of menstruation

The processing of sensory information that occurs below the level of conscious awareness is called

Subliminal perception

The harder you try suppressing an unwanted thought

The more you will actually think about that thought

When Sam went looking for a new car, he met a beautiful saleswoman who described the beauty of the car and its flashiness, and how good Sam would look driving it. She did not mention the poor gas mileage, the exorbitant price, and poor road performance. Sam made a snap decision to buy the car from the persuasive saleswoman. Sam was using which alternative pathway in making a decision?

The peripheral route

Functionalism was interested in _____, while structuralism was interested in ___.

The purpose of mental processes; the basic elements of the mind

b. Walter Cannon

The term fight-or-flight response was first described by American psychologist, __________. Select one: a. William James b. Walter Cannon c. Francis Sumner d. Mary Carver

b. transduction

The term used for the process by which physical energy is converted to a nerve impulse in a sensory organ is _________________. Select one: a. perception b. transduction c. feature detection d. fixation

Bystander Nonintervenion

When people see someone in need but fail to help them -- Kitty Genovese's murder

Taijin Kyofushu

a fear of offending others by saying something offensive or body odor

"Look, Mom, she is not really happy; you can see it in her eyes!" cries Amelia's little sister. What might this sharp little 4-year-old have spotted? A forced smile A masked reaction A Duchenne smile A Pan Am smile

a pan am smile

Jung's collective unconscious

a powerful system that is shared among all humans and considered to be a residue of the experiences of our early ancestors. Includes images of that are a record of common experiences, such as having a mother & father.

Involuntary commitment

a procedure for protecting us from certain people with mental disorders and protecting them from themselves

Hardiness

a set of attitudes in which one: views change as a challenge rather than a threat; is committed to one's life and work; believes one can control events -- related to low-levels of anxiety proneness

All of the following conclusions were reached based on the Milgram study EXCEPT

a. Americans were more likely to obey the experimenter's commands than non-Americans.

At the end of lecture one day, you are completely confused by what your professor has been trying to teach you. When the professor asks whether anyone has questions about the material, you notice that no one else raises their hands. You assume everyone else has understood the lecture perfectly, and you dont want to appear dumb by asking some simple questions. But, when talking to your friends after class, you realize that they had been just as confused. This situation is likely the result of

a. pluralistic ignorance

You get on an elevator. Everyone is facing to the right. You turn and also face to the right. This is an example of

conformity

The ___________ operates on the pleasure principle, whereas the ___________ operates on the reality principle.

d. id...ego

Mental illness during the Middle Ages

demonic model

Psychotherapy

designed to help resolve emotional, behavioral, and interpersonal problems -- over 500 brands of psychotherapy -- 20% of Americans have received psychotherapy at some point in their lives -- more females than males, caucasians more than minority groups

The MMPI and MMPI-2 are personality tests that are designed to

detect symptoms of mental disorders.

The ________ theory of aging suggests that unstable oxygen molecules cause damage to the structure of cells, increasing with age.

free radical theory

Bipolar disorder

heavily genetically influenced

Health psychology

integrates behavioral sciences with the practice of medicine

Atitude

only correlate with actual unless: they are highly accessible; person is a low self-monitorer

immune system

our body's defense system against invading bacteria, viruses, and other potentially illness-producing organisms and substances

secondary appraisal

perceptions regarding our ability to cope with an event that follow primary appraisal

Catastrophic thinking

predicting terrible events despite low probability

Darci wants to go to medical school. She has a 4.0 in her undergraduate coursework, but she is stressed with having to take the MCAT. To reduce this stress, she is taking steps to minimize this stress by signing up for MCAT prep classes. Darci is engaging in

proactive coping.

Cults

promote groupthink in four major ways: have a persuasive leader who fosters loyalty; disconnect members from the outside world; discourage questioning of assumptions; gradually indoctrinate members

Four behaviors to promote health

quitting smoking, curbing drinking, achieving a healthy weight, exercising

tend and befriend

reaction that mobilizes people to nurture (tend) or seek social support (befriend) under stress

tend and befriend

reaction that mobilizes people to nurture (tend) or seek social support (befriend) under stress; common pattern of reacting to stress among women

Among the major principles guiding attraction and relationship formation, ________ plays a more important role when a relationship moves to deeper levels.

reciprocity

Complementary medicine

refers to products and practices that are used together with conventional medicine -- not safe or effecive

A person in the _________________ stage of the general adaptation syndrome has adapted to the presence of a stressor and is beginning to find ways to cope with it.

resistance

During the __________ phase of the sexual response cycle, people tend to experience relaxation and a sense of well-being.

resolution

According to Abraham Maslow, developing one's potential to its fullest extent results in?

self-actualization

Which of the following is the correct order of stages in Piaget's theory of cognitive development?

sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

Erogenous zone

sexually arousing zone of the body

general adaptation syndrome (GAS)

stress-response patter propose by Hans Selye that consists of three stages: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion

The system of rules that governs how we combine words to form grammatical sentences is called

syntax

Reciprocal determinism

the interacting influences between personality and environmental factors

Primary drives are ________.

unlearned

Alternative medicine

used in place of conventional medicine

Many projective assessment tools are often lacking in

validity.

Resistance

you adapt and find ays to cope with the stressor

Japanese and Chinese are more prone to seeing others' behavior as a combination of both dispositional and situational influences

...

Problem-focused vs. emotion-focused coping

...

The Strange Situation test, developed by Ainsworth, measures ___________.

a. attachment

proactive coping

anticiation of problems and stressful situations that promotes effective coping

As described in lecture, research by Dr Simpson and colleagues found that adults with an anxious attachment style

c. were more likely to use dysfunctional conflict resolution tactics when trying to solve a major relationship problem.

Comparative Psychology

challenges Roger's claim that our nature is entirely positive

The tendency to overestimate people's fragility and underestimate their resilience is known as

clinician's illusion.

Jane and Joe have been dating for three months. Jane likes to be around Joe but couldn't feel any overwhelming emotions. This is one example of ________ love

companionate

Don tells Ray he wants to get a new sports car. Ray immediately understands why, because he is familiar with the common characteristics of sports cars and knows what makes them different from family cars. Ray is using mental categories called

concepts

Festinger and Carlsmith's "Measures of Performance" study

conducted the classic experiment about cognitive dissonance in the 1950's. Asked participants to perform a boring task and then tell the people beind them that the task was fun, some of the people in the first group were paid $1 and others were paid $20 to lie the people who were paid $1 have significantly more positve attitudes.

Research suggests that cults promote groupthink in the following ways EXCEPT

connecting group members to the outside world

Mass hysteria

contagious outbreak of irrational behavior that spreads -- UFA outbreaks

Generalized Anxiety disorder

continual feelings of worry, anxiety, physical tension, and irritability about many areas -- about 3% of the population develop it after major stressor or life change -- more prevalent in females and caucasians

According to Maslow, the motive of self-actualization makes one want to _____________

convince others of one's true worth.

According to Maslow, a self-actualized person is someone who is

creative and self-confident.

All of the following conclusions were reached based on the Milgram study EXCEPT

d. Americans were more likely to obey the experimenter's commands than non-Americans.

The theory stating that behaviors are motivated by an organism's attempts to reduce tension from conditions such as hunger or thirst and return the body to a state of balance is called ________ theory.

drive-reduction

Chlorpromazine (Thorazine)

drug developed in the 1950s -- moderately decreased symptoms of schizophrenia -- policy of deinstitutionalization was enacted

Annalisa just broke up with her boyfriend of over a year. She is positive that she will be miserable forever. What bias has Annalisa fallen victim to?

durability bias

Jigsaw classrooms

educational approach designed to minimize prejudice by requiring all children to make independent contributions to a shared project -- Robber Cave's study

Attributions

entail assigning causes to behavior -- internal vs. external influence

Somatic symptom disorder

entails anxieties about physical symptoms that interfere with daily living

Sue is participating in a study where she is hooked up to an EEG system so researchers can observe her brain waves as she sleeps. The researchers notice that after a few hours of sleep, Sue's brain waves start decreasing in amplitude and increasing in frequency. Based on this the researchers believe that she is most likely

entering REM sleep

Adaptive conservatism

evolutionary principle that creates a predisposition toward distrusting anything or anyone unfamiliar or different

Stress as a transaction approach

examines how people interpret and cope with stressful events

The phase in which people experience sexual pleasure and notice physiological changes associated with it is called the

excitement phase

When people are absolutely certain that they can spot a liar, the research shows that their confidence is not related to their accuracy. Which principle of critical thinking should this remind you of?

extraordinary claims

Which of the following emotions has been shown in research to have considerable cross-culture agreement?

fear

Behavior therapists

focus on specific problem behaviors and the variables that maintain them

Central route

focuses on the informational content of the message

Ruminating

focusing on negatives and endlessly analyzing what caused problems

Aerobic Exercise

has many benefits: lowers blood pressure and risk for CHD; improves lung function; relieves the symptoms of arthritis; decreases diabetes risk; cuts the risk of breast and colon cancer -- not safe or effective

peptic ulcer

inflamed area in the stomach lining that can cause pain, nausea, and loss of appetite; stress can play a role; mainly causes by an unusual bacterium that thrives in stomach acid called Helicobacter pylori

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

involves brief electrical pulses to the brain to produce a seizure -- used to treat severe cases -- 6-10 treatments given three times a week -- problems: 50% relapse in 6 months; short-term confusion and clouded memory

alarm reaction

involves excitation of the autonomic nervous system, the discharge of the stress hormone adrenaline, and physical symptoms of anxiety; anxiety is within a region of the midbrain (dubbed the emotional brain) that consists of the amygdala (where vital emotional memories are stored), hypothalamus, and hippopcampus

Smoking

leading cause of preventable death in US -- 24% of men and 18% of women smoke -- 1 in 4 smokers dies from smoking-related disease -- only 5% that tried to quit succeed -- 25-35% succeed when using methods developed by health psychologists

Explanations for anxiety disorders

learning models focus on acquiring fears via classical conditioning, then maintaining them through operant conditioning

Researchers studying infant stress levels using the "Strange Situation" method have found that

most infants are upset with the mom when she departs but are happy when she returns.

Denial

motivated forgetting of distressing experiences

The process by which activities are started, directed, and continued so that physical or psychological needs or wants are met is called __________. Select one: a. motivation b. emotion c. achievement d. synergy

motivation

Studies on the durability bias suggest that people tend to ________ the long-term impacts of events on our happiness and unhappiness

overestimate

The tendency for our moods to adapt to external circumstances is known as ________.

the hedonic treadmill

Failure analysis approach

tries to understand mental illness by examining breakdowns in functioning

Emotions are subject to ________ influences as well as direct stimuli.

unconscious

Basic tendencies

underlying personality traits; characteristic adaptations are their behavioral manifestations

...

In long-term memory, the ________ memory division does not require much effort or attention to recall information. Select one: a. procedural Correct b. episodic c. visual-spatial d. prospective

According to the data, the single best predictor of suicide is

A previous attempt

This early psychological school of thought considers the adaptive functions provided by the various psychological systems

Functionalism

Defense mechanisms

In psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality.

Body dysmorphic disorder

a somatoform disorder in which a person becomes so preoccupied with his or her imagined ugliness that normal life is impossible

Adena looks on the bright side of life. When a situation is not going well, she is able to bring to light something positive. This is known as

optimism.

b

. Darcy is sitting at her desk in her office one day when, without warning, her heart begins racing rapidly, she starts sweating profusely, and she is gripped with a terrifying fear that she is about to go crazy. She thinks she is having a heart attack. Nothing she is doing seems to have caused such an episode. Her symptoms most resemble _____. A) a phobic disorder B) a panic attack C) post-traumatic stress D) a compulsion

d

. In what brand of psychotherapy would a clinical psychologist attempt to uncover the underlying unconscious conflicts and impulses that are the cause of one's psychological difficulties? A) Behavioral B) Cognitive-behavioral C) Humanistic D) Psychoanalytic/psychodynamic

100. The tendency of people to comply with a second, larger request after complying with a small request is called the ______ technique. a. lowball b. door-in-the-face c. foot-in-the-door d. response cue

100. c. foot-in-the-door

24. Erikson saw the major challenge of young adulthood as that of ______. a. intimacy versus isolation b. generativity versus stagnation c. identity versus role confusion d. integrity versus despair

24. a. intimacy versus isolation

25. Erik Erikson saw the major challenge of middle adulthood as that of ______. a. intimacy versus isolation b. identity versus role diffusion c. integrity versus despair d. generativity versus stagnation

25. d. generativity versus stagnation

50. Which is the most socially acceptable form of sexual behavior in most cultures? a. bisexuality b. homosexuality c. heterosexuality d. All of these three forms are equally acceptable in most cultures.

50. c. heterosexuality

51. According to research, the majority of gay or bisexual college students report they first became aware of their sexual orientation in _____________. a. high school b. middle school c. elementary school d. before entering school

51. a. high school

112. Roberta is trying to decide whether to vote for a political candidate. Based on what she has read about him, she has concluded that he is not qualified for the position, but she agrees with his political positions. Also, she trusts him and likes his decisive personality. In fact, she likes him so much that she sent a small donation to his campaign. Her trust of the candidate represents the ______ component of her attitude toward him. a. affective b. cognitive c. behavioral d. situational

112. a. affective

52. Paul Ekman and his colleagues gathered abundant evidence supporting the universality of _______ basic facial expressions of emotion. a. three b. five c. seven d. nine

52. c. seven

101. "Jeremy, can you possibly give me a ride to the airport this Sunday," your friend Ben asks. Not thinking that this is a big deal, you agree to do this favor for Ben. "Oh, that's great! Thanks so much. And by the way, I forgot that the plane leaves at 8:30 am so I'll have to be at the airport by 6:30 am. Pick me up at 6:00. See you then," Ben adds. You are still likely to do the favor for Ben because you have just been a victim of the _____________ technique. a. lowball b. norm of reciprocity c. door-in-the-face d. obedience

101. a. lowball

102. The tendency of people to comply with a second, lesser request after refusing a larger one is called the ______ technique. a. lowball b. door-in-the-face c. foot-in-the-door d. bait-and-switch

102. b. door-in-the-face

107. What do we call judgments about people, situations, objects, or thoughts? a. cognitions b. stereotypes c. attitudes d. attributions

107. c. attitudes

109. An attitude has ______ major components. a. one b. two c. three d. four

109. c. three

Tameeka is at a point in her pregnancy during which she is experiencing muscle contractions and movement and kicks. Which period of prenatal development is Tameeka currently experiencing?

A) fetal

11. Which of the following is the correct order of Piaget's stages of cognitive development? a. preoperational; concrete operations; sensorimotor; formal operations b. concrete operations; sensorimotor; preoperational; formal operations c. sensorimotor; preoperational; concrete operations; formal operations d. preoperational; sensorimotor;concrete operations; formaloperations

11. c. sensorimotor; preoperational; concrete operations; formal operations

110. Which of the following is NOT one of the three major components of attitudes? a. thoughts b. feelings c. goals d. behaviors

110. c. goals

Darcy is sitting at her desk in her office one day when, without warning, her heart begins racing rapidly, she starts sweating profusely, and she is gripped with a terrifying fear that she is about to go crazy. She thinks she is having a heart attack. Nothing she is doing seems to have caused such an episode. Her symptoms most resemble _____.

A panic attack

A psychologist is often skeptical of clams suggesting that

A particular behavior is the result of a single casual factor

b. resistance

A person in the _________________ stage of the general adaptation syndrome has adapted to the presence of a stressor and is beginning to find ways to cope with it. Select one: a. alarm b. resistance c. exhaustion d. termination

At what point during infancy can babies tell the difference between their own mother's milk scent and another woman's milk scent?

?

Monica put all her time and energy into getting into the acting club because her main goal in life "was to be a famous star!" Monica's drive to be famous was a (an) ________ drive.

?

Most researchers who study the role of race and IQ testing have concluded that ________.

?

Which classification of developmental delay affects most of the population classified in this fashion?

?

Why do we dream? Some evidence points to the importance of dreaming in Select one: a. transmitting information from the brain stem to the thalamus and forebrain. b. the integration and reorganization of memory. Correct c. protecting sleep from harmful instincts such as aggression. d. achieving wish fulfillment.

A : b. the integration and reorganization of memory.

Research suggests that stress-producing events are Select one: a. more likely to affect people living in urban areas and developed countries. b. Both b. and c. are correct. c. universal. d. less likely to affect residents of rural areas or nonindustrialized countries. Incorrect

A :NOT d. less likely to affect residents of rural areas or nonindustrialized countries.

The discipline of psychology is best thought of as

A science of the mind, brain, and behavior

Who is more likely to engage in physical aggression?

Beau, who was raised in Savannah, Georgia

...

How does Renee Baillargeon's research on object permanence compare to Piaget's Select one: a. Baillargeon found that babies show object permanence earlier than Piaget hypothesized. Correct b. Piaget found that babies show object permanence earlier than Baillargeon hypothesized. c. Baillargeon and Piaget both reached the same conclusion about when babies show object permanence. d. Baillargeon didn't study object permanence.

As an assignment for psychology class, Lamar must observe and describe his little brother's personality using the social-cognitive approach. Which of the following should Lamar examine for his assignment?

How his brother's behavior and environment interact

Brain imaging studies on sexuality have demonstrated that a small cluster of neurons in the ________ is about half the size in gay men as it is in heterosexual men.

Hypothalamus

c

Lionel has been in therapy for four weeks now. At the first meeting with his therapist, the therapist waited for Lionel to begin discussing why he was there and what he hoped to gain from the session. The therapist also reminds Lionel that he is responsible for solving his own problems. Lionel's therapist is making use of A) Perls' Gestalt therapy. B) Jung's analytic therapy. C) Rogers's person-centered therapy. D) Beck's cognitive therapy.

Sam believes that no matter how hard he works, he won't get promoted because he believes that people get ahead based on who they know, and how lucky they are, which can't be controlled. Sam's ________would be characterized as _____.

Locus of control; external

Keen is especially skilled when it comes to chart reading, map reading, and graph reading tasks. According to Gardner, kens skills reflect____ intelligence.

Logical-mathematical

When attempting to understand developmental transitions that people face throughout their life span, which of the following research designs would be most informative?

Longitudinal

Of the following behaviors, in which is a person with bulimia least likely to engage?

Lose weight

In her dream, Lisa has just won the lottery. As she is dreaming, she thinks to herself "This is great! I hope this dream never ends." Lisa's being able to think she doesn't want the dream to end is an example of _____ dreaming.

Lucid

____ Refers to the belief that we see the world precisely as it is.

Native realism

Which of these is the correct sequence of Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs from the lowest to the highest?

Physiological, safety, belonging, esteem, self-actualization

Psychoneuroimmunology

Study of th erelationship between the immune system and central nervous system -- high levels of stress over the past year make you more susceptible to catching a cold virus

b. deindividuation

The excitement was high and the crowd of fans was huge. After beating Iowa and taking back the Floyd the pig trophy, thousands of Gopher fans swarmed the field, climbing on the goal posts, yelling, screaming, and taking their clothes off. To social psychologists, this behavior of normally mild-mannered UM students is an example of __________.
 Select one: a. individuation b. deindividuation c. demoralization. d. demonification.

...

The excitement was high and the crowd of fans was huge. After beating Iowa and taking back the Floyd the pig trophy, thousands of Gopher fans swarmed the field, climbing on the goal posts, yelling, screaming, and taking their clothes off. To social psychologists, this behavior of normally mild-mannered UM students is an example of __________.
 Select one: a. individuation b. deindividuation Correct c. demoralization. d. demonification.

poor performance in a recent marathon race on his poorly fitted shoes. However, he believes that other runners who did poorly just didn't practice enough. Norwood's reasoning illustrates

The fundamental attribution error

The greater the psychological distance between teacher and experimenter, the less obedience

The greater the psychological distance between teacher and learner, the more the obedience

Which of the following tests will most likely have a lower false-positive rate?

The guilty knowledge test

_____ is the claim that our attributions and behaviors are shaped by a belief that the world is fair and people always get what they deserve.

The just-world hypothesis

Deindividuation

The tendency of people to engage in atypical behavior when stripped of their usual identity -- become more vulnerable to social influence -- wearing masks and concealing identity encourages deindividuation

...

The term used for the process by which physical energy is converted to a nerve impulse in a sensory organ is _________________. Select one: a. perception b. transduction Correct c. feature detection d. fixation

Which psychological test asks the subject to tell a story based on a picture of one or more people in which it is unclear what is going on?

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

d. correlation versus causation

There is plenty of research that shows a relationship between stress levels and heart-damaging symptoms, such as high blood pressure and enlargement of the heart. It is possible, however, that some third factor may be responsible for both increases in stress as well as increases in heart-related symptoms. This fact utilizes which critical thinking concept? Select one: a. Occam's razor b. falsifiability c. replicability d. correlation versus causation

Kosslyn asked subjects if frogs have lips and a stubby tail. What did the subjects report?

They visualized a frog, starting with the face ("no lips") and mentally rotated the image to look for the stubby tail.

a. Diffusion of responsibility

This is the reduction in feelings of personal responsibility in the presence of others. Select one: a. Diffusion of responsibility b. Contusion of responsibility c. Infusion of responsibility d. Illusion of responsibility

Debbie and Michael are cloud watching. Debbie points at a cloud and asks Michael what he sees. He replies that he can't really make anything out in it. Debbie tells him "hmm really? I think it looks like a bell and a flower." "Oh yeah, now I see it, it does look like a flower next to a bell" exclaims Michael. Michael now being able to see the flower and bell demonstrates

Top-down processing

d. systematic desensitization

Trina attempts to overcome her fear of clowns by learning how to shift from a feeling of tension to one of calm and relaxation. Next she is asked to imagine different situations, each more anxiety-provoking than the previous. She only proceeds to the next situation if she can maintain her feeling of relaxation. Trina's therapist is using ________ to remove her fear. Select one: a. exposure therapy b. modeling c. person-centered therapy d. systematic desensitization

True or false: the earlier a child learns two languages the more likely they are to be fluent in both

True

If you didn't already know sign language and you observed two deaf persons using signs, you would probably

Understand little to nothing about what was being communicated

Implicit prejudice

Unfounded negative belief of which we're unaware regarding the characteristics of an out-group

Which of the following is the best example of an individualistic culture? Select one: a. China b. United States c. Japan d. Sri Lanka

United States

A test for depression that measures how much soup a person eats in a week may have low ______

Validity

c. Culture-bound syndromes

What do psychologists call disorders that are found only in particular cultures? Select one: a. Restricted syndromes b. Naturalistic syndromes c. Culture-bound syndromes d. Sociocultural disorders

a. Spirituality

_______ is the search for the sacred, which may or may not extend to belief in God. Select one: a. Spirituality b. Atheism c. Humanism d. Optimism

According to Holmes and Rahe, a person who has a higher score on the Social Readjustment Rating Scale is more likely than are people with lower scores to have what kind of experience in the near future?

a higher chance of becoming ill or having an accident

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)

a system that contains the criteria for mental disorders -- Currently on fifth edition (DSM-5) -- had 18 different classes of disorders

During the lecture, Dr. Brown moved his right hand forward while highlighting an important point. This gesture is one example of..?

an illustrator

As discussed in lecture, the three primary motive systems in the brain are

d. appetitive, defensive and impulse control

The element of love that describes one's willingness to stay with the partner is known as infatuation. commitment. passion. intimacy.

commitment

Mental disorder

does not have a clear cut definition

Which of the following behaviors is NOT an example of drive-reduction theory?

going jogging when you are bored

primary appraisal

initial decision regarding whether an event is harmful

Enlightenment effect

learning about psychological research can change real-world behavior for the better

Obsessive-Compulsive disorder

marked by obsessions - persistent ideas, thoughts, or impulses that are unwanted and inappropriate and cause marked distress -- relieved by compulsions (repetitive behaviors r mental acts -- related disorders include body dysmorphic disorder and Tourette's syndrome

The body's reproductive organs are an example of

primary sex characteristics.

Larry comes home to find his house on fire. Which of the following statements best represents the James-Lange theory?

"I am afraid because I am shaking"

Larry comes home to find his house on fire. Which of the following statements best represents the James-Lange theory?

"I am afraid because I am shaking."

Which of the following statements might lead to feelings of incongruence?

"I would rather you join the band than go out for the basketball team."

Which statement is most consistent with the James-Lange theory of emotion? Select one: a. "I run because I'm afraid." b. "I'm happy because I laugh." c. "I'm crying because I'm sad." d. "I'm anxious because I perspire."

"I'm happy because I laugh."

Which motto would best fit the id?

"If it feels good, then do it."

b. homeopathy.

"Like cures like" is the foundation of Select one: a. alternative medicine. b. homeopathy. c. complementary medicine. d. traditional medicine.

a. Occam's razor

"Oh my gosh, it's a UFO!" This scream came from the backyard of a suburban neighborhood home, after which several other people came out and agreed that they were all seeing a UFO. As it turns out, there was merely a weather balloon flying high in the sky after it had separated from its tethering cord. This simpler explanation for the sighting of a UFO is consistent with the conceptual principle of Select one: a. Occam's razor b. correlation versus causation c. falsifiability d. replicability

c

. In family therapy, a therapist seeks to understand A) how a person's psychological disorder creates stress for those who love him or her. B) how family members can help someone with a psychological disorder live a productive life. C) the family context out of which problems presumably arise. D) why some families seem to experience more problems than others.

two-thirds of Americans are overweight; half of those are obese

...

Which of the following describes the fetal period?

...the period during which tremendous growth occurs and the organs continue to develop and become functional

1.The scientific study of the changes that occur in people as they age from conception to death is called_________. a.abnormal psychology b.gerontology c.human development d.maturational studies

1. c. human development

10. Which is the correct order of development of Six Motor Milestones according to research? a. Sitting up with support, sitting up without support, crawling, walking, raising head and chest, rolling over. b. Crawling, walking, raising head and chest, rolling over, sitting up with support, sitting up without support. c. Raising head and chest, rolling over, sitting up with support, sitting up without support, crawling, walking. d. Rolling over, sitting up with support, sitting up without support, crawling, walking, raising head and chest.

10. c. Raising head and chest, rolling over, sitting up with support, sitting up without support, crawling, walking.

103. A dealer persuades a customer to buy a new car by reducing the price to well below that of his competitors. Once the customer has agreed to buy the car, the terms of the sale are shifted by lowering the value of the trade-in and requiring the purchase of expensive extra equipment. Now the car costs well above the current market rate. This is an example of the ______ technique. a. lowball b. foot-in-the-door c. primacy d. bait-and-switch

103. a. lowball

104. One form of the norm of reciprocity is when the merchant offers more than the consumer asks for. This is called the ___________ technique. a. that's-all-folks b. one-mo'-time c. that's-not-all d. there's-still-more

104. c. that's-not-all

105. A social psychologist has been invited to give a community lecture on the importance of Milgram's research. He asks a social psychology class for suggested titles. Which of the following titles might they suggest as the most appropriate? a. "Obedience and Aggression Are Inborn" b. "Do Not Underestimate the Power of Perceived Authority" c. "Training in Ethics Can Overcome the Pull of Obedience" d. "Make a Small Request First and the World Can Be Yours"

105. b. "Do Not Underestimate the Power of Perceived Authority"

106. A response, either positive or negative, toward a certain person, idea, object, or situation is called _____________. a. bystander apathy b. an attitude c. groupthink d. conformity

106. b. an attitude

108. Attitudes are __________________. a. innate b. generally positive c. learned d. unchangeable

108. c. learned

111. You want to visit Argentina but your attitude about Argentina is changing as you read the news about the kidnappings that have occurred there. Which component of attitude is being affected? a. affective b. cognitive c. behavioral d. situational

111. b. cognitive

113. Roberta is trying to decide whether or not to vote for a political candidate. Based on what she has read about him, she has concluded that he is not qualified for the position, but she agrees with his political positions. Also, she trusts him and likes his decisive personality. In fact, she likes him so much that she sent a small donation to his campaign. Her sending a donation to the campaign represents the ______ component of her attitude toward him. a. affective b. cognitive c. behavioral d. situational

113. c. behavioral

114. Attitude formation is the result of a number of influences. What they have in common is that they are all forms of ________________. a. learning b. intuition c. reinforcement d. conformity

114. a. learning

115. "I hate Walt Disney World. Whenever I take the kids there, I realize how much I hate that place." Which method of attitude formation is involved in this example? a. direct contact b. direct instruction c. vicarious conditioning d. observational learning

115. a. direct contact

116. Jaquan's parents have been talking to him about the negative aspects of drugs ever since he was a youngster. Now that he is a teenager, he knows that some of his friends smoke marijuana. At a party one night, a friend offers Jaquan a joint. Jaquan declines the offer, stating that he hates drugs. Even though he has never tried drugs to form his own opinion of them, which method of attitude formation has kept him from making a mistake? a. direct contact b. direct instruction c. interaction with others d. vicarious conditioning

116. b. direct instruction

117. Kerry's positive attitude toward China, even though she has never been there, seems to be related to the fact that her mother is Chinese and talks about China all the time with Kerry. Which method of attitude formation is involved in this example? a. direct contact b. direct instruction c. interaction with others d. classical conditioning

117. c. interaction with others

119. Which communicator would likely be the most persuasive? a. an attractive person who is an expert b. a moderately attractive person who is an expert c. an attractive person who has moderate expertise d. a moderately attractive person who has moderate expertise

119. a. an attractive person who is an expert

121. Which one of the following activities will NOT reduce cognitive dissonance? a. changing the behavior to match the attitude b. changing the thought to justify the behavior c. developing new thoughts to justify the behavior d. continuing the behavior in spite of the conflicting thoughts

121. d. continuing the behavior in spite of the conflicting thoughts

122. Luis picks up a pack of cigarettes and reads, "Cigarette smoking is harmful to your health." Which one of the following statements leads one to believe Luis is actually having cognitive dissonance? a. "I've been smoking my whole life and I don't have health problems." b. "No one I know who smokes is sick." c. "I know these cigarettes are killing me but I just can't stop." d. "That is not true. Cigarettes are not that harmful."

122. c. "I know these cigarettes are killing me but I just can't stop."

123.Which of the following is an example of cognitive dissonance? a. You are a lousy cook but you keep trying different recipes. b. You believe that reality TV is for morons but are addicted to American Idol and watch every episode. c. You dislike doing exercise but do it anyway to improve your health. d. You are polite and civil to people you dislike.

123. b. You believe that reality TV is for morons but are addicted to American Idol and watch every episode.

Stern's formula states that IQ = Mental Age/Chronological Age X 100. According to this formula, a student with an IQ score of 120 is likely to answer IQ test questions like someone who is age ________, even though the student is only ________.

12; 10

13. By about 12 months, most infants ____________________. a. begin to use intonation in their language b. build a vocabulary of one-word phrases c. begin to distinguish, in their language, between themselves and others d. begin to form two- and three-word sentences

13. b. build a vocabulary of one-word phrases

14. Shelby is very adaptable to change. She is on a regular sleeping, eating, and waking schedule. Thomas and Chess would describe Shelby as being a(n) _________child. a. easy b. difficult c. slow-to-warm-up d. undemanding

14. a. easy

15. Egbert is a quiet child who is very slow to adapt to change. However, if he is introduced gradually to new people or situations, then eventually he will accept them without too much distress. Thomas and Chess would say his temperament is ______. a. active b. slow-to-warm-up c. difficult d. easy

15. b. slow-to-warm-up

16. The emotional bond that forms between an infant and a primary caregiver is called_________. a. temperament b. attachment c. trust d. habituation

16. b. attachment

17. Which of Erik Erikson's psychosocial crises revolves around the child's learning to direct his or her own behavior? a. trust versus mistrust b. initiative versus guilt c. industry versus inferiority d. autonomy versus shame and doubt

17. d. autonomy versus shame and doubt

Early in the twentieth century William McDougal proposed that there were __________ human instincts. Select one: a. 5 b. 9 c. 18 d. 24

18

18. In Erikson's __________stage of psychosocial development, preschoolers are challenged to control their own behavior. a. trust versus mistrust b. autonomy versus shame and doubt c. initiative versus guilt d. industry versus inferiority

18. c. initiative versus guilt

19. The period of life from about age 13 to the early twenties, during which a young person is no longer physically a child but is not yet an independent, self-supporting adult, is called ________. a. adolescence b. tweens c. young adulthood d. puberty

19. a. adolescence

2. A psychologist spends her entire career studying how and why changes occur in people throughout their lives. This psychologist is most likely working in the field of___________. a. abnormal psychology b. gerontology c. human development d. maturational studies

2. c. human development

Obesity is defined as the condition of being at least ________ percent over the ideal body weight.

20

Obesity is defined as the condition of being at least __________ percent over the ideal body weight. Select one: a. 10 b. 20 c. 30 d. 40

20

20. Puberty is defined as _________. a. the production of hormones in the reproductive glands stimulated by the pituitary gland b. the stage of identity versus role confusion c. the physical changes that occur in the body as sexual development reaches its peak d. the time when a child becomes a teenager

20. c. the physical changes that occur in the body as sexual development reaches its peak

21. Fifteen-year-old Todd is writing an impassioned novel about growing up in America. In his novel he describes his experiences in a way that portrays them as unique, such that no one has ever thought such deep thoughts or experienced such ecstasy before. Todd's writings most clearly reflect ______. a. his sense of autonomy b. the personal fable c. the period of rebellion common to all adolescents d. his developing sense of conscience

21. b. the personal fable

22. The tendency of teenagers to feel that they are always "on stage" and that they are the center of everyone else's world, just as they are the center of their own, is a phenomenon known as ___________. a. formal operations b. the imaginary audience c. the personal fable d. puberty

22. b. the imaginary audience

23. Brad is 18 and is looking into career options. He is currently deciding whether he wants to become a gourmet chef or a race car driver. Brad is at what stage of Erik Erikson's psychosocial development? a. integrity versus despair b. intimacy versus isolation c. generativity versus stagnation d. identity versus role confusion

23. d. identity versus role confusion

26. Older adults who look back on their lives with regrets, wishing they could relive their lives, have not successfully resolved Erikson's psychosocial crisis of______________. a. integrity versus despair b. intimacy versus isolation c. generativity versus stagnation d. identity versus identity confusion

26. a. integrity versus despair

27. The process by which activities are started, directed, and continued so that physical or psychological needs or wants are met is called _____________. a. motivation b. emotion c. achievement d. synergy

27. a. motivation

28.To psychologists, motivation refers to __________. a. a state of tension resulting from the deprivation of physical needs, such as those for food and water b. a process in which an individual sets goals in order to increase his or her competence and skills c. an inferred process within an organism that causes it to move toward a goal or away from an unpleasant situation d. movement through a hierarchy of needs, beginning with survival needs for sleep, food, and water and reaching the need for self-actualization

28. c. an inferred process within an organism that causes it to move toward a goal or away from an unpleasant situation

29. Extrinsic motivation is defined as ___________. a. the pursuit of an activity for external reward b. the pursuit of an activity for its own sake c. the pursuit of an activity to relieve the state of tension caused by deprivation d. the pursuit of an activity in order to increase one's competence and skills

29. a. the pursuit of an activity for external reward

3. In a __________design, one group of participants is followed and assessed as the group ages. a. cohort b. longitudinal c. behavior genetics d. cross-sectional

3. b. longitudinal

30. A desire to perform a behavior to obtain an external reward or avoid punishment is known as ______. a. primary motivation b. intrinsic motivation c. secondary motivation d. extrinsic motivation

30. d. extrinsic motivation

31. Intrinsic motivation is one that propels a person to pursue an activity _______________. a. for external rewards b. for its own sake c. to relieve the state of tension caused by deprivation d. in order to be judged favorably by others

31. b. for its own sake

32. __________ is a state of tension resulting from the deprivation of physical needs, such as those for food and water. a. Motivation b. A drive c. A value d. Instinct

32. b. A drive

33. According to drive-reduction theory, what occurs each time a behavior results in drive reduction? a. Tension is increased. b. Stability is reduced. c. Tension is reduced. d. Drives are increased.

33. c. Tension is reduced.

34. The tendency of the body to maintain a steady state of functioning is called _______________. a. stability b. equilibrium c. homeostasis d. physiological balance

34. c. homeostasis

35. Which of the following activities is inconsistent with drive-reduction theory? a. eating food that tastes bad b. going swimming on a hot day c. eating when you are not hungry d. smoking pot to relax

35. c. eating when you are not hungry

36. Primary drives are caused by ______. a. exceptions to the drive-reduction principle b. learned behaviors c. stimuli within the body d. stimuli outside the body

36. c. stimuli within the body

37. Primary drives are ______. a. learned b. unlearned c. produced by external incentives d. exceptions to the drive-reduction principle

37. b. unlearned

38. Drives that are learned through experience are called ______ drives. a. primary b. reflexive c. acquired d. tertiary

38. c. acquired

39. nAch is an abbreviation for ____________. a. no achievement b. need for achievement c. no challenge d. need for change

39. b. need for achievement

4. Which of the following is a disadvantage of the longitudinal design? a. Individuals of different ages are being compared to one another. b. It is relatively inexpensive. c. It takes a shorter amount of time than a cross-sectional design. d. Participants may drop out due to moving, loss of interest, or death.

4. d. Participants may drop out due to moving, loss of interest, or death.

41. Sydney said, "I don't care much about my grades as long as I'm the most popular girl in the class!" What need is this? a. need for achievement b. need for affiliation c. need for power d. need for sex

41. b. need for affiliation

42. Donald believes all the teaching in the world will not change the fact that he is stupid and of below average intelligence. According to Dweck, what locus of control does Donald have? a. internal locus of control b. decremental c. incidental d. external locus of control

42. d. external locus of control

43. Jack, compared to most other people, appears to need a high level of arousal. He enjoys doing potentially life-threatening hobbies such as sky diving, swimming with sharks, and bungee jumping from bridges. Jack is likely to be a __________. a. show off b. mentally unstable c. sensation seeker d. unhealthy

43. c. sensation seeker

45. According to Abraham Maslow, developing one's potential to its fullest extent results in ___________. a. safety b. self-esteem c. belongingness d. self-actualization

45. d. self-actualization

46. Which of these is the correct sequence of Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs from the lowest to the highest? a. physiological, safety, belongingness/love, esteem, self-actualization b. esteem, safety, self-actualization, belongingness/love, physiological c. safety, self-actualization, belongingness/love, esteem, physiological d. safety, physiological, esteem, belongingness/love, self-actualization

46. a. physiological, safety, belongingness/love, esteem, self-actualization

47. Chemicals that can alter consciousness, perception, mood, and behavior are called ___________. a. legal drugs b. illegal drugs c. hallucinogens d. psychoactive drugs

47. d. psychoactive drugs

48. Which of the following indicators reflects the possibility of physical dependence? a. obsessing about a drug b. getting caught with a drug c. abusing a drug d. drug tolerance

48. d. drug tolerance

49. Kinsey believed that ________. a. sexual orientation was an either/or situation b. sexual orientation was on a continuum c. sexual orientation was too sensitive to be studied d. premarital sex was fundamentally destructive to society

49. b. sexual orientation was on a continuum

5. A researcher who selects a sample of people of varying ages and studies them at one point in time is, by definition, using the ______ method. a. cohort design b. longitudinal design c. behavior genetics design d. cross-sectional design

5. d. cross-sectional design

53. Positive psychology can be thought of as ______________. a. shifting the focus of psychology from Cognitive to Gestalt b. shifting the focus from achievement to self-actualization c. shifting the focus from negatives to more positives in psychology while focusing on strengths d. shifting the focus from the abstract to the tangible

53. c. shifting the focus from negatives to more positives in psychology while focusing on strengths

54. Dr. Lighthead works with her patients to draw from many of their strengths and successes in her therapy sessions. She often stresses the importance of achievements, strengths, and well-being while not dwelling on past issues of abuse, depression, and unmet goals. Based on the description of her work, Dr. Lighthead is likely to utilize ___________ in her sessions. a. structural psychology b. positive psychology c. optimist psychology d. transient psychology

54. b. positive psychology

55. _________ is the term used to describe the physical, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral responses to events that are threatening or challenging. a. Stress b. Burnout c. Dysphoria d. Distress

55. a. Stress

56. Which of the following are considered emotional, as opposed to mental, symptoms of stress? a. sleeping irregularity, frequent colds, nausea b. depression, fear, anger c. difficulty making decisions, loss of sense of humor, difficulty concentrating on tasks d. eating too much, smoking or drinking more than usual, hitting people, or throwing things

56. b. depression, fear, anger

57. Events that cause a stress reaction are referred to as _____________. a. hassles b. catastrophies c. eustresses d. stressors

57. d. stressors

58. _________ occurs when people experience unpleasant stressors. a. Acute stress b. Eustress c. Distress d. Catastrophic stress

58. c. Distress

59. _________ is the optimal amount of stress that people need to promote health and well-being. a. Acute stress b. Eustress c. Distress d. Catastrophic stress

59. b. Eustress

6. Which of the following is a main disadvantage of the cross-sectional design? a. Individuals of different ages are being compared to one another. b. It is relatively expensive. c. It takes a longer amount of time than a longitudinal study. d. Participants may drop out due to moving, loss of interest, or death.

6. a. Individuals of different ages are being compared to one another.

60. Which of the following is the term used to describe unpredictable, large-scale events that create a great deal of stress and feelings of threat? a. major life events b. catastrophes c. hassles d. eustress

60. b. catastrophes

61. Ali, a war veteran, has had nightmares, flashbacks, and anxiety attacks for the past three years. Ali is most likely suffering from __________. a. acute stress disorder b. external locus of control c. catastrophic stress d. post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

61. d. post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

62. Researchers have found an association between daily hassles and ___________. a. colds and headaches b. cancer and heart disease c. hypertension and obesity d. heart disease and schizophrenia

62. a. colds and headaches

63. An urgent demand or expectation for our behavior that comes from an outside source is called ________. a. anxiety b. pressure c. overload d. cognitive dissonance

63. b. pressure

64. The _______control one has, the _______the degree of stress. a. more; greater b. less; greater c. less; lower d. Control has nothing to do with stress.

64. b. less; greater

65. ______ occurs when a person is blocked or prevented from achieving a desired goal or fulfilling a perceived need. a. Uncontrollability b. Conflict c. Pressure d. Frustration

65. d. Frustration

66. Desiring to purchase a book and finding it is out of stock is an example of a(n)________. a. external frustration b. internal conflict c. external conflict d. internal frustration

66. a. external frustration

67. All of the following are sources of stress EXCEPT______. a. pressure b. frustration c. uncontrollability d. aggression

67. d. aggression

68. _________are habitual targets of displaced aggression. a. Scapegoats b. Internal conflicts c. Relationships d. Bullies

68. a. Scapegoats

69. In a(n) __________conflict, a person must choose between two desirable goals. a. approach-avoidance b. avoidance-avoidance c. approach-approach d. double approach-avoidance

69. c. approach-approach

7. ________refers to heredity and __________ refers to environmental influences. a. Nature; nurture b. Cognition; emotion c. Nurture; behavioral genetics d. Cross-sectional; longitudinal

7. a. Nature; nurture

An IQ score below ________ may lead to a classification of mental retardation.

70

70. A conflict in which a person must choose between two undesirable routes to a goal or goals is called__________. a. approach-avoidance b. avoidance-avoidance c. approach-approach d. multiple approach-avoidance

70. b. avoidance-avoidance

71. Which of the following statements best encapsulates the relationship between stress and physical illness according to psychoneuroimmunologists? a. Stress compromises the body's immune system, leaving a person vulnerable to illness. b. Stress increases the production of natural killer cells, which causes cell death and leads to illness. c. Stress causes high blood pressure, heart disease, and cancer. d. Stress has no direct relationship to physical illness, though physicians tell us that these things are related so that we will be more willing to take unnecessary medications.

71. a. Stress compromises the body's immune system, leaving a person vulnerable to illness.

73. Research on the effects of stress on the immune system suggests which of the following? a. The immune system is not affected by stress. b. Only certain types of stressors affect the immune system. c. Suppression of immune system functioning by stress always ends immediately after the stressful period ends. d. Suppression of immune system functioning by stress can apparently continue even after the stress itself is over.

73. d. Suppression of immune system functioning by stress can apparently continue even after the stress itself is over.

75. A person who is ambitious, time conscious, extremely hardworking, easily annoyed, and tends to have high levels of hostility and anger is said to be exhibiting a ______ personality. a. Type A b. Type S c. Type B d. Type C

75. a. Type A

76. People who respond to life events with a laid back, relaxed, easygoing attitude, and are slow to anger are said to have a ____________ personality. a. Type A b. Type S c. Type B d. Type C

76. c. Type B

77. A person who thrives on stress but lacks the anger and hostility typical of some others who have the Type A personality is said to have a _________personality. a. Type C b. Type B c. hardy d. optmistic

77. c. hardy

78. Which statement about motivation is TRUE? a. Motivation energizes and directs behavior. b. We are always aware of motivational processes. c. There is only one type of motivation. d. Two people motivated by the same factor will satisfy that motive through similar means.

78. a. Motivation energizes and directs behavior.

8. Juan and Carlos are identical twins. Juan was raised by his father and mother, and Carlos was accidentally placed with another family after a "mix up" at the hospital. At the age of 15, both boys "ran into each other" at a football game and noticed how they appeared to be "mirror images of each other." After proving they were twins by genetic testing, the families discussed some of the differences between the boys. Juan is very athletic and intelligent and excels in basketball but does not take school seriously and has F's in all subjects. Carlos is also athletic and intelligent, and excels in baseball and makes straight A's as a result of his strict home life and study routine. Although they are identical twins, what do you think accounts for the differences in their academic performance based on the research? a. nurture b. nature c. school district superintendent d. teacher appraisals of performance

8. a. nurture

80. In the section "Three Types of Needs," which of the following was not discussed? a. achievement b. affiliation c. power d. sex

80. d. sex

81. Jack said, "I want to rule the world." What type of need is this? a. need for achievement b. need for affiliation c. need for power d. need for sex

81. c. need for power

82. According to Carol Dweck, these types of people believe intelligence is fixed, unchanging, and independent. a. internal in locus of control b. decremental c. incidental d. external in locus of control

82. d. external in locus of control

83. According to Carol Dweck, people with this type of control believe intelligence is changeable and can be shaped by experience. a. internal locus of control b. decremental c. incidental d. external locus of control

83. a. internal locus of control

84. In arousal theory, people are said to have a (an) _________ level of tension. a. ultimate b. lower c. optimal d. high

84. c. optimal

85. The Yerkes-Dodson Law says _________________. a. performance is affected by levels of physical arousal b. the more money you make the better your job will be c. nausea from bad food causes a reluctance to eat that food again d. performance on tests is better in the morning

85. a. performance is affected by levels of physical arousal

86. Which of the following factors is most likely to have an effect on predictions made by the Yerkes Dodson Law? a. task instructions b. gender of person doing the task c. age of person doing the task d. difficulty of task

86. d. difficulty of task

87. Social psychology is the scientific study of how a person's behavior, thoughts, and feelings are influenced by _______. a. cognition b. mental processes c. the real, imagined, or implied presence of others d. psychology

87. c. the real, imagined, or implied presence of others

88. Social psychology differs from psychology in its focus on ______. a. people's susceptibility to clever advertising b. the influences of the social world in which we exist c. abnormal behavior d. conformity

88. b. the influences of the social world in which we exist

89. Which of the following is NOT a form of social influence? a. conformity b. compliance c. obedience d. altruism

89. d. altruism

9. Which of these physical skills typically develops LAST? a. rolling over b. standing alone c. walking d. sucking

9. c. walking

90. "Look! Up in the sky! It's a bird. It's a plane. It's Superman!" If you looked up, would you be conforming? a. Yes. You would be looking up because you were told to do so. b. No. Conformity requires that you base your behavior on what other people are doing, not being told to do so. c. Yes. Conformity means doing what you are told or else. d. No. Looking up only means you are curious.

90. b. No. Conformity requires that you base your behavior on what other people are doing, not being told to do so.

91. Vince has always believed children deserve the best prenatal care available. During a class discussion, he hears the first of several speakers express very negative attitudes toward spending tax money on prenatal care for the poor. When it is his turn to speak, he voices an opinion more in keeping with the previous speakers. Vince's behavior is an example of ____________________. a. compliance b. persuasion c. conformity d. obedience

91. c. conformity

92. Voluntarily yielding to social norms, even at the expense of one's own preference, is called ______. a. obedience b. submission c. conformity d. compliance

92. c. conformity

193. In what way is compliance different from conformity? a. Compliance is a response to a direct request, whereas conformity is a response to indirect social pressure. b. Conformity and compliance are very similar; the distinction depends on whether one is a male or female. c. Conformity involves direct group pressure for change, whereas compliance involves orders or commands. d. Compliance involves eliciting reaction on the part of group members, whereas conformity involves subliminal persuasion.

93. a. Compliance is a response to a direct request, whereas conformity is a response to indirect social pressure.

95. When members of a group give priority to the cohesiveness of the group over the facts of a situation, they are engaging in what social psychologists call _____. a. groupthink b. mass thought c. consumerism d. solidarity think

95. a. groupthink

96. Close, friendly groups usually work well together, but they may face a problem involving an extreme form of conformity called ______________. a. fundamental attribution error b. groupthink c. generational identity d. self-serving bias

96. b. groupthink

97. Behavior that is initiated or changed in response to a request as opposed to a command or direct order is an example of _______. a. obedience b. compliance c. conformity d. persuasion

97. b. compliance

98. ______ is a change of behavior in response to a direct request. a. Conformity b. Obedience c. Compliance d. Deindividuation

98. c. Compliance

99. What term is used to describe compliance with an initial small request followed by compliance with a larger request? a. risky shift b. foot-in-the-door effect c. door-in-the-face effect d. polarization phenomenon

99. b. foot-in-the-door effect

Adena looks on the bright side of life. When a situation is not going well, she is able to bring to light something positive. This is known as Select one: a. optimism. Correct b. pessimism. c. self-enhancement. d. rumination.

A :a. optimism.

Social support encompasses the social relations with Select one: a. people, groups, and the larger community. Correct b. people and groups. c. the larger community. d. individual people.

A :a. people, groups, and the larger community.

Nathan was a psychologist in the 1930s. Which of the following would best represent his understanding of what happened inside the brain during sleep? Select one: a. Humans, unlike animals, experience REM sleep but both experience non-REM sleep. b. Nothing interesting happens as humans sleep through the night. Correct c. Humans pass through five distinct stages of sleep. d. Neurons fire and create the biological underpinnings of dreams and nightmares as we sleep.

A :b. Nothing interesting happens as humans sleep through the night.

Crisis Debriefing

A Single 3-4 hr. session conducted soon after a trauma designed to ward off PTSD -- it is not helpful and might increase risk of developing PTSD

__________ is a state of tension resulting from the deprivation of physical needs, such as those for food and water. Select one: a. Motivation b. A drive c. A value d. Instinct

A drive

Relational aggression

A form of aggression more commonly used by girls which is aimed at hurting others by sabotaging their reputations and relationships with peers

c. Social loafer

A group of engineers was assigned the task to create a more useful dashboard for cars. All of the members, except for one, put forth quite a bit of effort. The individual who choose not to work very diligently knew that the other members of the group would pick up his slack. In the end, their hard work paid off. The group's new dashboard was named design of the month by the company. With that honor came a monetary bonus. Which of the following can be used to describe the one individual who seemed not to put forth any effort at all, but still reaped the rewards of everyone else's hard work? Select one: a. Compliant b. Conformist c. Social loafer d. Conscientious

c. inclusive fitness, parental investment, eugenics

A man who donates sperm to a sperm bank is maximizing his __________________ while minimizing his _____________. By shopping through catalogues of sperm donors searching for the most desirable traits, a woman is practicing _____________. Select one: a. Intersexual selection, genetic determinism, kin selection b. intrasexual selection, inclusive fitness, parental investment c. inclusive fitness, parental investment, eugenics d. sexual fitness, altruism, parental investment.

Tourette's syndrome

A neurological disorder beginning in childhood that involves stereotypical, repetitive motor movements (tics). These are often accompanied by multiple vocal outbursts such grunting or inappropriate words such as swearing. It is about three times more prevalent in boys than in girls.

Rorschach Inkblot Test

A projective personality test in which individual interpretations of the meaning of a set of unstructured inkblots are analyzed to identify a respondent's inner feelings and interpret his or her personality structure -- Lack of incremental validity

c. Replicability

A researcher claimed that he had successfully cultured a type of bacteria that could generate heat from trash. However, no other researchers have been able to culture the same bacteria, even when they follow the same steps. So the claim made by this researcher violates which of the principles of scientific thinking? Select one: a. Falsifiability b. Occam's razor c. Replicability d. Correlation is not causation

...

A researcher claimed that he had successfully cultured a type of bacteria that could generate heat from trash. However, no other researchers have been able to culture the same bacteria, even when they follow the same steps. So the claim made by this researcher violates which of the principles of scientific thinking? Select one: a. Falsifiability b. Occam's razor c. Replicability Correct d. Correlation is not causation

...

A researcher studied the data from twenty five specific lakes in Minnesota and drew the general conclusion that Eurasian milfoil, a highly aggressive, non-native, aquatic plant, is causing serious environmental damage. As described in lecture, this researcher is using _____________________ to identify an issue of concern. Select one: a. a schema b. functional fixedness c. deductive reasoning d. inductive reasoning Correct

...

A right-handed split-brain patient is shown the image of a snow-covered pine tree in his left visual field and the image of chicken in his right visual field. When asked what he saw, the patient will respond: Select one: a. "I saw a snow-covered pine tree" b. "I didn't see anything" c. "I saw a snowy scene and a chicken" d. "I saw a chicken" Correct

AIDS

A serious (often fatal) disease of the immune system transmitted through blood products especially by sexual contact or contaminated needles.

Tardive dyskinesia

A side effect of long-term use of traditional antipsychotic drugs causing the person to have uncontrollable facial tics, grimaces, and other involuntary movements of the lips, jaw, and tongue.

Factor analysis

A statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (called factors) on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie one's total score.

ain, nausea, and loss of appetite.

A stomach ulcer is an Select one: a. inflamed lung that can cause difficulty breathing. b. inflamed area in the gastrointestinal tract that can cause pain, nausea, and loss of appetite. c. enlarged esophagus due to excessive eating. d. enlarged small intestines due to eating hot foods.

d. social anxiety disorder.

A strong intense fear of being in public or performing behaviors in public is characteristic of Select one: a. agoraphobia. b. obsessive-compulsive disorder. c. panic disorder. d. social anxiety disorder.

Regarding operant conditioning, which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement?

A student loses earned free time for playing with lab equipment

b. an environmental toxin that affects fetal development.

A teratogen is Select one: a. an environmental toxin that suppresses development in children. b. an environmental toxin that affects fetal development. c. a genetic defect that affects fetal growth. d. a genetic defect that affects growth and development in children.

b. self-monitoring.

A trait that assesses the extent to which people's behaviors reflect their true feelings and attitudes is called Select one: a. an excessive characteristic. b. self-monitoring. c. a belief. d. predictive.

Community mental health centers

A treatment facility that provides medication, psychotherapy, and emergency care for psychological problems and coordinates treatment in the community

Humans have a total of ________ chromosomes.

A) 46

81) The lifetime prevalence of PTSD is ____ percent in men and ____ percent in women. A) 5; 10 B) 10; 15 C) 10; 20 D) 15; 10

A) 5; 10

186) ________ is the mental shortcut we use to judge the likelihood of an event and the ease with which it comes to mind. A) Availability heuristic B) Representativeness heuristic C) Rumination D) Automatic process

A) Availability heuristic

192) ____________________ refers to products and practices that are used along with conventional medicine whereas ___________________ medicine refers to health care practices and products used in place of conventional medicine. A) Complementary; alternative B) Homeopathic; complementary C) Alternative; complementary D) Alternative; homeopathic

A) Complementary; alternative

Which of the following statements about heredity and intelligence is TRUE?

A) Differences in intelligence between identical twins must be due to differences in their environments.

________ develop when two eggs each get fertilized by two different sperm, resulting in two zygotes in the uterus at the same time.

A) Dizygotic twins

85) _________is the optimal amount of stress that people need to promote health and well-being. A) Eustress B) Distress C) Stress D) Counterstress

A) Eustress

197) ________ is remedies that involve a small dose of illness-inducing substance, which activates the body's natural defences. A) Homeopathic medicine B) Acupuncture C) Chiropractic manipulation D) Acupressure

A) Homeopathic medicine

At the current time, which statement is true about our knowledge of whether animals can use humanlike language?

A) It is still unclear if animals can show humanlike language at any level of development.

________ proposed that two things have to happen before emotion occurs: physical arousal and labeling.

A) Schachter and Singer

156) ________ is the search for the sacred, which may or may not extend to belief in God. A) Spirituality B) Atheism C) Optimism D) Humanism

A) Spirituality

5) ________ is the tension, discomfort, or physical symptoms that arise when a situation strains the ability to cope effectively. A) Stress B) Anxiety C) Stimulator D) Fear

A) Stress

93) Which of the following statements best encapsulates the relationship between stress and physical illness according to psychoneuroimmunologists? A) Stress compromises the body's immune system, leaving a person vulnerable to illness. B) Stress increases the production of natural killer cells, which causes cell death and leads to illness. C) Stress causes high blood pressure, heart disease, and cancer. D) Stress has no direct relationship to physical illness, though physicians tell us that these things are related so that we will be more willing to take unnecessary medications.

A) Stress compromises the body's immune system, leaving a person vulnerable to illness.

121) Which of the following statements regarding ulcers is FALSE? A) Stress is the primary cause of ulcers. B) It is a myth that ulcers are the result of eating excessive amounts of spicy foods (e.g., salsas or flaming hot chicken wings). C) Helicobacter pylori is a bacterium that lives in stomach acid and causes as many as 90% of stomach ulcers. D) All of the above.

A) Stress is the primary cause of ulcers.

55) Which of the following is the best predictor of physical health, depression, and anxiety? A) The frequency and perceived severity of hassles. B) The types of major life events experienced. C) The number of negative major life events experienced. D) The proportion of hassles to major life events.

A) The frequency and perceived severity of hassles.

90) People living under stressful conditions tend to get sick more often than they would otherwise. How do researchers in psychoneuroimmunology explain this phenomenon? A) The stress response reduces immune system functioning, thus making us more vulnerable to diseases. B) The stress response in the long run leads to a lowering of the heart rate, which makes the heart inefficient. C) The stress response makes muscles stronger, which places a greater burden on the heart and respiratory systems. D) The body tends to adapt to the constant call for the stress response and, thus, future responses are not as strong as before.

A) The stress response reduces immune system functioning, thus making us more vulnerable to diseases.

Sheila was born a female with only one X chromosome on the 23rd pair. As a result she is infertile, has difficulty learning, and did not develop breast tissue and rounded hips as her female peers did. Which disorder is likely to be diagnosed?

A) Turner's

112) People who respond to life events with a laid back, relaxed, easygoing attitude, and are slow to anger are said to have a ____________ personality. A) Type B B) Type D C) Type A D) Type T

A) Type B

A test is said to be reliable if ________.

A) a person's score on a test is pretty much the same every time he or she takes it

The term Terman's Termites refers to ________.

A) a sample of gifted children who were studied and followed into adulthood

8) Researchers view stress in the following three ways: A) a stimulus, a transaction with the environment, and as a response. B) a fear, an attack, and a rage. C) a response, an apprehension, and a stimulus. D) a stimulus, uneasiness, and a response.

A) a stimulus, a transaction with the environment, and as a response.

97) Julie has a serious disorder of the immune system that is life-threatening and incurable. This is a condition in which the human immunodeficiency virus attacks and damages the immune system. Julie has A) acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). B) Alzheimer's. C) multiple sclerosis. D) human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).

A) acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS).

The period of life from about age 13 to the early twenties, during which a young person is no longer physically a child but is not yet an independent, self-supporting adult, is called ________.

A) adolescence

The part of the brain that seems to influence emotion is the ________.

A) amygdala

Monozygotic twins ________.

A) are genetically identical

12) Imagine that you have just flunked a class. You evaluate this situation and decide that flunking a class is stressful and important enough to be upset about. Next you decide to repeat the class in summer school. You have made A) both a primary appraisal and a secondary appraisal. B) primary appraisal only. C) stress-related decision. D) hassle-related decision.

A) both a primary appraisal and a secondary appraisal.

Kohler demonstrated "Aha!" or insight behavior with ________.

A) chimps

131) Emotion-focused coping is to _________________ as problem-focused coping is to _________________. A) cognitive control; behavioural control B) behavioural control; decisional control C) emotional control; informational control D) emotional control; behavioural control

A) cognitive control; behavioural control

Times when certain internal and external influences have a major impact on development are called ________.

A) critical periods

86) Professor Willoughby assigns his class a term paper that is to make up 30% of their final grade. The students are given clear guidelines about what is expected in this assignment, and are given two months to complete the assignment. Because students know that this paper is important but not the only thing upon which their grades will be based, this assignment would be likely to cause A) eustress. B) distress. C) frustration. D) aggression.

A) eustress

Jill is motivated by money and the things money will bring her. Jack is motivated by a belief in the importance of doing good things, and his incentives are based on that belief. Which theory incorporates both these types of motivational causes?

A) expectancy-value theory

A loose screw on the visor causes it to drop down while Ben drives; however, he keeps forgetting to take a screwdriver out to the car to fix it. When he notices the visor drop again, he reaches into his pocket for a dime he uses to tighten the screw holding the visor. What problem-solving difficulty did Ben overcome?

A) functional fixedness

25) Sven has developed a method for coping with his test anxiety in his college courses. His next step in his problem-focused coping strategy is to A) implement the plan. B) identify the stressor. C) evaluate the success of the implemented plan D) discuss the nature of the stressors with others.

A) implement the plan.

In Kosslyn's "imaginary island" study, researchers found that it does take longer to view a mental image that ________.

A) is larger or covers more distance than one that is smaller and more compact

157) In comparison to nonreligious people, religious individuals have A) lower mortality rates and lower blood pressure. B) higher mortality rates and higher blood pressure. C) lower mortality rates and higher blood pressure. D) higher mortality rates and lower blood pressure.

A) lower mortality rates and lower blood pressure.

44) The Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) measures stress related to A) positive and negative life events. B) only negative life events. C) only positive life events. D) internal stressors.

A) positive and negative life events.

80) A disorder resulting from exposure to a major stressor, with symptoms of anxiety, nightmares, poor sleep, reliving the event, and concentration problems, lasting for more than one month is called A) posttraumatic stress disorder. B) acute stress disorder. C) eustress disorder. D) counterstress disorder.

A) posttraumatic stress disorder.

According to Robert Sternberg, which type of intelligence is least likely to predict success in an academic environment?

A) practical intelligence

10) According to Lazarus, our first task when faced with a potential stressor is to estimate its severity and to determine whether it is a challenge or threat. This evaluation is referred to as A) primary appraisal B) secondary appraisal C) stress-related decision D) hassle-related decision

A) primary appraisal

14) When encountering a potentially threatening event, people first decide whether the event is harmful; this is known as ________. Then, a ________ is made about how well one can cope with that event. A) primary appraisal; secondary appraisal B) secondary appraisal; primary appraisal C) initial appraisal; general appraisal D) general appraisal; initial appraisal

A) primary appraisal; secondary appraisal

73) One of the most startling implications of Selye's theory is that A) psychological stress may cause diseases such as ulcers and high blood pressure. B) most people are able to effectively cope with long-term stress. C) sensitivity to stress is genetically programmed. D) self-actualization tendencies lead to severe stress.

A) psychological stress may cause diseases such as ulcers and high blood pressure.

89) The field of ______ studies the effects of psychological factors such as stress, emotions, thinking, and behaviour on the immune system. A) psychoneuroimmunology B) health psychology C) interactive psychology D) organic medicine

A) psychoneuroimmunology

155) While individuals that are high in ______________ tend to be less socially adjusted following a trauma, but this trait also seems to insulate them from many of the ill effects of stress. A) self-enhancement B) pessimism C) spirituality D) hardiness

A) self-enhancement

91) Researchers conducted a study to determine the effects of stress on the immune system by measuring immune system chemicals. To accomplish this goal, they compared college students who were undergoing a stressful series of exams to a group of similar students relaxing during a time of no classes and no exams. Results of this study indicate A) the exam group tested lower for immune system chemicals. B) the exam group tested higher for immune system chemicals. C) the relaxed group tested lower for immune system chemicals. D) the relaxed group showed no change over the course of the study.

A) the exam group tested lower for immune system chemicals.

171) The tendency to think in terms of units is also known as A) unit bias. B) unit control. C) balanced control. D) bias balanced.

A) unit bias.

Obesity is defined as the condition of being at least _____ percent over the ideal body weight. A) 20 B) 40 C) 30 D) 10

A. 20

Research by Teresa Amabile shows that time pressure has ________impact on one's ability to be creative. A) a negative B) a positive C) some D) no

A. A negative

Which of the following life events is not found in the list of major life events that cause a significant amount of stress according to the social readjustment rating scale (SRRS)? A) All of the above are found on the SRRS. B) going on vacation C) marriage D) pregnancy

A. All of the above are found on the SRRS

Which of the following is the most stressful of all conflicts, causing many people to go back and forth between one decision and the other, or be unable to decide for or against the event? A) approach-avoidance B) incompatible demands C) avoidance-avoidance D) approach-approach

A. Approach-avoidance

Which of the following major life events on the College Undergraduate Stress Scale has the highest number of life change units? A) being raped B) death of a close friend C) falling asleep in class D) getting straight As

A. Being raped

All of the following statements are true about bulimia EXCEPT __________. A) bulimia is not as damaging as anorexia nervosa B) bulimics have a distorted body image C) bulimics have a distorted view of how much food is too much food D) binge eating and vomiting are common symptoms

A. Bulimia is not as damaging as anorexia nervosa

Which of the following is the term used to describe unpredictable, large-scale events that create a great deal of stress and feelings of threat? A) catastrophes B) major life events C) eustress D) hassles

A. Catastrophes

Coping with stress in the Vietnamese culture typically includes which of the following? A) eating certain foods B) using biofeedback C) exercising D) engaging in a hobby

A. Eating certain foods

Which statement is CORRECT concerning the cultural components of eating disorders? A) Eating disorders are found in both Western and non-Western cultures. B) Anorexia and bulimia are only found in Western, high-socioeconomic cultures. C) Chinese women never report suffering from anorexia. D) African American women rarely, if ever, suffer from eating disorders.

A. Eating disorders are found in both Western and non-Western cultures

Vanna's mother is ill and Vanna is feeling overwhelmed and sad. To cope with this stress of her mother's illness, Vanna has been writing her feelings down in a journal. Vanna is using ___________. A) emotion-focused coping B) reappraisal C) problem-focused coping D) distraction

A. Emotion-focused coping

Iram made a New Year's resolution to promote wellness in his life. Which of the following are ways in which he can begin to incorporate wellness into his life? A) exercise regularly B) take on more responsibility at work C) spend more time alone D) eat fatty foods

A. Exercise regularly

According to Hans Selye, resistance to stress is lowest at the _____________ stage of the general adaptation syndrome. A) exhaustion B) alarm C) resistance D) collapse

A. Exhaustion

Which of the following is the most common method of committing suicide? A) firearm B) hanging C) overdose D) jumping from heights

A. Firearm

Burning your toast, having trouble opening an e-mail attachment, breaking a glass, and running late for an appointment are all examples of ___________. A) hassles B) uplifts C) distress D) downturns

A. Hassles

The method in which the minority person tries to maintain a sense of original cultural identity while also trying to form a positive relationship with members of the dominant culture is called_____________. A) integration B) separation C) assimilation D) marginalization

A. Integration

Thomas Holmes and Richard Rahe developed the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) to measure change due to_________. A) major life events B) negative life events C) natural disasters D) social difficulties

A. Major life events

Frustration that occurs when a goal or need cannot be attained due to personal characteristics is called_________. A) personal frustration B) external frustration C) a hassle D) internal conflict

A. Personal frustration

A disorder resulting from exposure to a major stressor, with symptoms of anxiety, nightmares, poor sleep, reliving the event, and concentration problems, lasting for more than one month is called_________. A) post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) B) external locus of control C) catastrophic stress D) acute stress disorder

A. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

Each of the following is a symptom of bulimia EXCEPT ______. A) refusal to maintain body weight at or above minimal normal weight for age and height B) recurrent episodes of binge eating C) body shape and weight excessively influencing the person's self-image D) recurrent inappropriate behaviors, such as self-induced vomiting, to try and prevent weight gain

A. Refusal to maintain body weight at or above minimal normal weight for age and height

A person in the _________________ stage of the general adaptation syndrome may feel better even though he or she continues to secrete hormones to help the body fight a stressor. A) resistance B) termination C) alarm D) exhaustion

A. Resistance

Sexual problems that result from psychological causes are referred to as _________. A) stress-induced dysfunctions B) GOPs (gonad operative problems) C) cortical erectile difficulties D) organic dysfunctions

A. Stress-induced dysfunctions

Which part of the nervous system reacts when the human body is subjected to stress? A) sympathetic B) somatic C) central D) parasympathetic

A. Sympathetic

When the teacher was handing out this test, you noticed that your respiration rate and heartbeat increased, your palms got sweaty, and your hand shook a little. Your pretest behaviors were triggered by the__________. Upon completion of the exam, your body returned to its normal state by way of the _________. A) sympathetic nervous system; parasympathetic nervous system B) somatic nervous system; autonomic nervous system C) autonomic nervous system; somatic nervous system D) parasympathetic nervous system; sympathetic nervous system

A. Sympathetic nervous system; parasympathetic nervous system

Optimists tend to use alternative thinking to__________. A) come up with explanations that do not reflect badly on them personally for why undesirable events occur B) improve their cognitive abilities C) find a scapegoat D) make themselves feel better by comparing their performance to that of less competent others

A. Tend to come up with explanations that do not reflect badly on them personally for why undesirable events occur

A person who is ambitious, time conscious, extremely hardworking, easily annoyed, and tends to have high levels of hostility and anger is said to be exhibiting a ______ personality. A) Type A B) Type S C) Type B D. Type C

A. Type A

Aaron was recently fired from his job. His response to this stressful event was to take charge of the situation and research available jobs in his field. Then, he applied to each of the open positions for which he was qualified, in order to reduce the impact of the situation. This active type of coping is known as Select one: a. cognitive control. b. behavioral control. c. emotional control. d. decisional control. Incorrect

A:

Adena looks on the bright side of life. When a situation is not going well, she is able to bring to light something positive. This is known as Select one: a. rumination. Incorrect b. optimism. c. self-enhancement. d. pessimism.

A:

Donald was up all night long studying for his psychology final exam. After taking the test the next day, he starts to feel a little funny, and Donald soon discovers that he is running a fever. Which stage of the general adaptation syndrome is Donald experiencing? Select one: a. Exhaustion b. Resistance Incorrect c. Fatigue d. Alarm

A:

In comparison to nonreligious people, religious individuals have Select one: a. higher mortality rates and lower blood pressure. b. higher mortality rates and higher blood pressure. Incorrect c. lower mortality rates and higher blood pressure. d. lower mortality rates and lower blood pressure.

A:

Jemele has decided to remain awake 2 hours later than normal so that she can study for her British Literature exam. She also plans to wake 1½ hours earlier than normal to resume studying. This change in her sleep pattern will have the biggest effect on the amount of __________ sleep she gets. Select one: NOT a. stage 3 Incorrect NOT b. stage 2 c. REM d. stage 4

A:

Nathan was a psychologist in the 1930s. Which of the following would best represent his understanding of what happened inside the brain during sleep? Select one: NOT a. Humans pass through five distinct stages of sleep. b. Humans, unlike animals, experience REM sleep but both experience non-REM sleep. c. Neurons fire and create the biological underpinnings of dreams and nightmares as we sleep. d. Nothing interesting happens as humans sleep through the night.

A:

Oscar just got home from his first day of work at a new job. He was given an enormous amount of new information to process. What might he do to organize all this new information? Select one: a. Try to remember who told him what and when they told him. b. Go back to work to enhance his recall of the information. Incorrect c. Nothing, it will become easier for him as the week goes on. d. Go to sleep and dream about the new information.

A:

What has research on social support and rates of mortality shown? Select one: a. There is no relationship between social support and mortality. Incorrect b. People with more social support have higher rates of mortality. c. Levels of social support are equal to rates of mortality. d. People with less social support have higher rates of mortality.

A:

What theoretical explanation of dreams explains dreaming as resulting from normal neural transmission and interpretation? Select one: a. Dream protection theory b. Neurocognitive theory NOT c. Information processing theory d. Activation-synthesis theory

A:

Which of the following is a suggested treatment for insomnia? Select one: a. Consume caffeine if planning to stay up late. NOT b. Use an alarm clock to wake up in the morning. c. Remain in bed until you are able to fall asleep no matter how long it takes. d. Try to sleep only when tired.

A:

Your friend Megan is suffering from sleep apnea. What might you suggest she try first? Select one: a. Watching television before she tries to fall asleep b. Turning up the thermostat in her house c. Reading a book before bedtime

A:

__________ consist(s) of the tension, discomfort, or physical symptoms that arise when a situation strains our ability to cope effectively. Select one: a. Trauma Incorrect b. Stress c. Stimuli d. Anxiety

A:

Sleep research suggests that most college students require approximately __________ hours of sleep nightly to be fully alert. Select one: a. 10 b. 8 Incorrect c. 7 d. 9

A: 9

What theoretical explanation of dreams explains dreaming as resulting from normal neural transmission and interpretation? Select one: a. Activation-synthesis theory Correct b. Neurocognitive theory c. Dream protection theory d. Information processing theory Question 9 Incorrect

A: Activation -synthesis theory

_____ medicine refers to health care practices and products that are used in place of conventional medicine. A. Complementary B. Conventional C. Integrative D. Alternative

A: Alternative

The most common sleep disturbance is Select one: a. narcolepsy. b. insomnia. c. sleep apnea. d. night terrors.

A: Insomnia

Behavioral medicine and health psychology both emphasize Select one: a. treating illness. b. diagnosing and treating illness. c. diagnosing illness. Incorrect d. Depressants and sedative-hypnotics

A: NOT C diagnosing illness

Which of the following is FALSE? Select one: a. Major life events have a greater effect on adjustment than everyday hassles. b. Both major life events and hassles are associated with poor general health. Incorrect c. Discrimination but not differential treatment based on gender can be a significant source of stress. d. Hassles are minor annoyances or nuisances that tax one's ability to cope.

A: NOT b

Nestor is in the middle of a fantastic dream. What is his body doing? Select one: a. Nothing b. His arms are likely moving, but not his legs c. Twitching uncontrollably d. Acting out the movements of his dream

A: Nothing

__________ is a disorder caused by a blockage of the airway during sleep. Select one: a. Insomnia b. Narcolepsy c. Sleep apnea Correct d. Sleepwalking

A: Sleep apnea

It is 3 A.M. and Jack is in the kitchen standing at the refrigerator. His wife walks in and asks him what he thinks he's doing. Jack does not respond, but begins to take out items to make a sandwich. What might Jack be exhibiting? Select one: a. Insomnia b. Sleepwalking Correct c. Middle ear muscle inactivity d. Night terror

A: Sleepwalking

Which of the following is FALSE? Select one: a. Discrimination but not differential treatment based on gender can be a significant source of stress. Correct b. Both major life events and hassles are associated with poor general health. c. Major life events have a greater effect on adjustment than everyday hassles. d. Hassles are minor annoyances or nuisances that tax one's ability to cope.

A: a. Discrimination but not differential treatment based on gender can be a significant source of stress.

Corticosteroids are stress hormones that Select one: a. stimulate nervous breakdowns. b. calm the body when facing a stressful situation. Incorrect c. interfere with the body's ability to function during stressful events. d. activate the body and prepare it to respond to stressful circumstances.

A: a. activate the body and prepare it to respond to stressful circumstances.

Nathan was a psychologist in the 1930s. Which of the following would best represent his understanding of what happened inside the brain during sleep? Select one: a. Humans, unlike animals, experience REM sleep but both experience non-REM sleep. b. Nothing interesting happens as humans sleep through the night. Correct c. Neurons fire and create the biological underpinnings of dreams and nightmares as we sleep. d. Humans pass through five distinct stages of sleep.

A: b. Nothing interesting happens as humans sleep through the night.

Mrs. Lassey is taking medication to reduce the activity of her acetylcholine-producing neurons; what might happen? Select one: a. Her dreams will become more bizarre. b. She may dream less often, or not at all. Correct c. She will be more likely to recall her dreams. d. Her dreams are likely to intensify.

A: b. She may dream less often, or not at all.

__________ is the search for the sacred, which may or may not extend to belief in God. Select one: a. Humanism b. Spirituality Correct c. Atheism d. Optimism

A: b. Spirituality

Janice witnessed a horrific car accident where the driver was thrown from the car and died in front of her. She felt terrified and vulnerable as the car had almost struck her. The most common response we can expect from Janice is that she will Select one: a. develop PTSD after approximately 30 days. b. be very upset for a few days to a few weeks but then regain emotional equilibrium. Correct c. develop hypervigilance within 30 days. d. feel a lack of control leading to depression.

A: b. be very upset for a few days to a few weeks but then regain emotional equilibrium.

The human circadian rhythm can be disrupted by Select one: a. working the late shift. b. sleep deprivation. c. all of the above. Correct d. jet lag.

A: c. all of the above.

The human sleep cycle repeats itself approximately every Select one: a. 120 minutes. b. 60 minutes. c. 4 hours. d. 90 minutes. Correct

A: d. 90 minutes.

__________ medicine refers to health care practices and products that are used in place of conventional medicine. Select one: a. Integrative b. Conventional c. Complementary d. Alternative Correct

A: d. Alternative Correct

You just found out that your friend Willard is using crystal meth. What is your number one concern? Select one: a. He will experience withdrawal. b. He will become paranoid. c. He will become depressed. d. He will overdose.

A: d. He will overdose.

Books like What to Expect When You're Expecting promote which type of control when dealing with stress? Select one: a. Behavioral b. Cognitive c. Emotional d. Informational Correct

A: d. Informational

If one is experiencing difficulty sleeping, as with insomnia, he or she may go to their family doctor. What type of drug is the doctor most likely to prescribe to assist the person in falling asleep? Select one: a. Opiate-narcotics b. Stimulants c. Psychedelics d. Sedative-hypnotics

A: d. Sedative-hypnotics

The physical and psychological reaction that mobilizes people to either defend themselves or escape a dangerous situation is called Select one: a. exhaustion. b. fight-or-flight response. c. resistance. d. general adaption syndrome.

A: fight or flight

Adena looks on the bright side of life. When a situation is not going well, she is able to bring to light something positive. This is known as Select one: a. self-enhancement. b. optimism. c. pessimism. d. rumination.

A: optimism

Tobacco is classified as a Select one: a. sedative. b. narcotic. c. hallucinogen. d. stimulant.

A: stimulant

Cognitive therapy

Aaron Beck -- focused on identifying and then modifying distorted thoughts and long-held core beliefs -- work well for depression

Flexible Coping

Ability to adjust coping strategies as the situation demands is critical o contending with many stressful situations -- Suppressing and avoiding emotions distracts us from problem solving and may cause emotions to return in greater force

A soldier stationed at a base in northern Alaska is dressed in his all-white camouflage. He wants to know the exact distance another person can perceive him as NOT part of the snow bank he is hiding in. The soldier is concerned with the...?

Absolute threshold

Because the numbers in the bus schedule are very small, Rudy brings the schedule closer to his eyes to see it better. However doing so puts a strain on his eyes as the lenses in his eyes _____ to project the image on to his retina.

Accommodate

Reality principle

According the Freud, the attempt by the ego to satisfy both the id and the superego while still considering the reality of the situation.

Wish fulfillments

According to Freud, the expressions of the id's impulses represented in dreams and slips of the tongue.

d. a higher chance of becoming ill

According to Holmes and Rahe, a person who has a higher score on the Social Readjustment Rating Scale is more likely than are people with lower scores to have what kind of experience in the near future? Select one: a. more frequent changes of job b. a divorce c. commission of a crime d. a higher chance of becoming ill

a. primary appraisal

According to Lazarus and colleagues, our first task when faced with a potential stressor is to assess whether the event is harmful to us. This evaluation is referred to as ______________. Select one: a. primary appraisal b. secondary appraisal c. stress-related decision d. hassle-related decision

Locus of control

According to Rotter, it is the extent to which individuals believe they have control over events that effect them. People with external loci of control believe the environment has more of an effect, while people with internal loci believe they can control events in their lives through their own efforts

a. posttraumatic

According to the _________ model, cases of dissociative identity disorder arise from a history of severe abuse - physical, sexual, or both - during early childhood. Select one: a. posttraumatic b. psychoreactive c. repressed memory d. iatrogenic

This type of neural transmission involves changes in electrical charge and occurs because of the exchange of potassium and sodium ions along an axon

Action potential

Maury dreams that he is a little boy and he sees a horse being beaten by its owner. Maury is very upset when he awakens, and says "Thank goodness that dream was nothing more than my mind trying to make sense of random nerve firings." Maury most likely believes in the _____ theory of dreams.

Activation-synthesis

b. Falsifiability

Acupuncture has been promoted as a way of restoring health, and the method behind this procedure is to release blockages of a "life force" or energy called qi. A problem with this theory, however, is that it is not possible to disprove that qi exists or that releasing it can improve health. This problem demonstrates which of the following concepts from this chapter? Select one: a. Replicability b. Falsifiability c. Extraordinary claims d. Occam's Razor

Louise and her friends enter the movie theater and have a difficult time seeing because it is so dark. After several minutes, however, they are able to see a lot better. Their increasing ability to see in the dark is due to

Adaption of the rods

a. optimism.

Adena looks on the bright side of life. When a situation is not going well, she is able to bring to light something positive. This is known as Select one: a. optimism. b. pessimism. c. rumination. d. self-enhancement.

Adler's style of life

Adler believed this was our unique combination of motives, interests, experiences, attitudes, and values. How the person is with this determines how they will act in any situation. 3 maladaptive forms of these: overaggressive, avoidant, and dependent.

c. extinction. Extinction occurs when the CS no longer predicts the CR and the organism no longer responds to the stimulus.

After Pavlov's dogs became conditioned to salivate at the sound of the bell, he experimented with ringing the bell and then failing to present the dogs with any food right away. Soon they stopped salivating to the sound of the bell. This represents the process called ________. Select one: a. acquisition b. testing c. extinction d. spontaneous recovery

c. Occam's Razor

After a couple of cars were broken into, neighbors began to believe that there was a crime spree occurring in their neighborhood. In fact, many were reporting minor dings and scratches on their cars to the police, claiming that criminals had tried to break in and steal their cars. The police believed that the original crimes were isolated incidents carried out by teenagers as nothing was stolen. Which of the six principles of scientific thinking does this example best fit? Select one: a. Extraordinary claims b. Replicability c. Occam's Razor d. Ruling out rival hypotheses

...

After a subject has developed a classically conditioned response, an investigator begins presenting the CS by itself, without the UCS. Which of the following is likely to occur? Select one: a. extinction Correct b. acquisition c. spontaneous recovery d. stimulus generalization

Third wave of CBT

After behavioral (first) and cognitive (second), these therapies focus on acceptance -- highly electric; remains to be seen if these are superior to establish CBT methods

b. rumination

After he asked Rachel to be his girlfriend and she declined his request, Trey spent the next several days recounting the rejection in his mind. He thought about different ways he might have asked, reasons why she might have said no, and felt sure that everyone would be talking about him behind his back. Each time he thought of these unpleasant things he got a little more upset. Trey is engaging in a practice called ________. Select one: a. meditation b. rumination c. CAM-ing d. initialing

a. constructing an anxiety hierarchy.

After learning how to relax, Herman begins his systematic desensitization treatment for his claustrophobia by Select one: a. constructing an anxiety hierarchy. b. being exposed to tight spaces with no means of escape. c. deconstructing an anxiety hierarchy. d. trying to recall how he developed this fear as a child.

c. functional fixedness

After the Valdez oil spill, a hair dresser suggested the practical solution of using bags of cut hair to soak up the oil. This suggestion is a real world example in which someone has overcome ______________________. Select one: a. memory distortion b. linguistic determination c. functional fixedness d. confirmation bias

...

After the Valdez oil spill, a hair dresser suggested the practical solution of using bags of cut hair to soak up the oil. This suggestion is a real world example in which someone has overcome ______________________. Select one: a. memory distortion b. linguistic determination c. functional fixedness Correct d. confirmation bias

b. secondary appraisal

After we have decided that a certain event is a stressor, we must decide how we will deal with it. This process is called ________. Select one: a. primary appraisal b. secondary appraisal c. tertiary appraisal d. distress-eustress dichotomy

Visual sensations that persist after the initial stimulus has been removed are called?

Afterimages

In nonhuman animals, the most common circumstances under which communication occurs are

Aggression and mating

Melissa is overcome with anxiety whenever she attempts to leave her house. Her fear has gotten so severe that she has her groceries and other needed items delivered directly to her home. Melissa is probably experiencing

Agoraphobia

Rational Emotive behavior therapy

Albert ellis -- emphasized changing how we think, as well as how we act -- how we feel about the consequences of an event is determined by our beliefs or opinions -- our vulnerability to psychological disturbance is a product of the frequency and strength of our irrational beliefs

Which of the following is an example of a nonverbal expression of emotion?

All of the above (gesture, body posture, facial expression

...

Allport was a personality researcher who subscribed to the: Select one: a. idiographic approach Correct b. behavioral genetic approach c. monothetic approach d. humanistic approach

a

Although their intent was noble, there was a major problem with the asylums that existed to help the mentally ill in the 15th century. What was that problem? A) a lack of "customers" caused by the massive drop in mental illness B) the use of barbaric treatments that were little better than those of the demonic era C) too many physicians trying to implement their own views on the best ways to provide treatment D) no religious guidance to help the patients find a spiritual center

Which of the following is correct concerning the interaction of culture and food?

American women eat when they are depressed whereas Japanese women eat because of social demands.

All of the following conclusions were reached based on the Milgram study EXCEPT

Americans were more likely to obey the experimenter's commands than non-Americans

a. schema

An American accustomed to eating meals in a standard sequence of appetizers, salad, entree and dessert may be confused when trying to order a meal at an Italian restaurant where the menu contains l'antipasto, il primo, il secondo, il contorno and il dolce. The diner's confusion is caused by his or her unconscious knowledge structure or mental model , or ______________, of the sequence of a meal. Select one: a. schema b. heuristic c. algorithm d. syllogism

...

An American accustomed to eating meals in a standard sequence of appetizers, salad, entree and dessert may be confused when trying to order a meal at an Italian restaurant where the menu contains l'antipasto, il primo, il secondo, il contorno and il dolce. The diner's confusion is caused by his or her unconscious knowledge structure or mental model , or ______________, of the sequence of a meal. Select one: a. schema Correct b. heuristic c. algorithm d. syllogism

Agoraphobia

An abnormal fear of open or public places

Acute stress disorder

An anxiety disorder in which fear and related symptoms are experienced soon after a traumatic event and last less than a month

Nomothetic

An approach to personality that focuses on groups of individuals and tries to find the commonalities between individuals.

...

An expert problem-solver finds herself unable to explain how she solves problems. Researchers who study problem solving refer to this as ____________. Select one: a. the paradox of expertise Correct b. weak problem solving. c. pseudo-expertise. d. insight learning

Ernest's home is extremely cluttered with building materials. He often impulsively starts a home repair project, only to leave it unfinished and then impulsively starts a different project. According to Freudian theory, Ernest may have experienced a disruption during the _______ stage of development.

Anal

a. personal stories about specific incidents and experiences

Anecdotal evidence consists of Select one: a. personal stories about specific incidents and experiences b. general information that has little direct bearing on the issue under consideration c. statistical information that has been altered to support a specific point of view d. information that is gathered from a variety of sources

...

Anecdotal evidence consists of Select one: a. personal stories about specific incidents and experiences Correct b. general information that has little direct bearing on the issue under consideration c. statistical information that has been altered to support a specific point of view d. information that is gathered from a variety of sources

Patient H.M. had the majority of his hippocampus removed in order to treat severe epilepsy. As a result he was no longer able to form new memories. This is an example of?

Anterograde amnesia

Idiographic

Approach to personality that focuses on identifying the unique configuration of characteristics and life history experiences within a person.

The major advantage of self-report measures like surveys is that they are

Are easy to administer

...

As discussed in lecture, neurons are similar to other cells in which one of the following ways? Select one: a. neurons conduct electrical signals b. neurons communicate through the synapse c. neurons have a long process d. neurons have organelles Correct

...

As discussed in lecture, the appetitive motive system in the brain is associated with behaviors such as: Select one: a. eating, drinking, reproduction, nurturing young. Correct b. escaping from threats, displays of strength, aggression. c. sociability, risk-taking, assertiveness d. goal-setting, status seeking

a. dopamine

As discussed in lecture, the neurotransmitter released by rewarding stimuli is ________________. Select one: a. dopamine b. norepinephrine c. GABA d. DCS

...

As discussed in lecture, the neurotransmitter released by rewarding stimuli is ________________. Select one: a. dopamine Correct b. norepinephrine c. GABA d. DCS

d. conservation

As shown in a video during lecture, younger children think that a quantity of water in a tall, narrow beaker is greater than the quantity of liquid in the wide, flat beaker because they concentrate on a single dimension of the situation (the height of the container.) Older children understand that the quantity of liquid remains the same despite changes in appearance. This demonstration is the classic test of : Select one: a. egocentrism b. object permanence c. assimilation d. conservation

Projective tests

Ask examinees to interpret or make sense of ambiguous stimuli -- Based on Projective hypothesis: When interpreting ambiguous stimuli, people project aspects of their personality onto them. -- Controversial. because reliability and validity are in dispute

c. diffusion of responsibility.

At a crowded park, Kayla sees an old man clutching his heart and stumbling. If Kayla assumes that someone else will help the old man, she is experiencing the phenomenon known as Select one: a. pluralistic ignorance. b. social loafing. c. diffusion of responsibility. d. evaluation apprehension.

c. diffusion of responsibility

At a crowded park, Kayla sees an old man clutching his heart and stumbling. If Kayla assumes that someone else will help the old man, she is experiencing the phenomenon known as Select one: a. pluralistic ignorance b. social loafing c. diffusion of responsibility d. evaluation apprehension

...

At the end of lecture one day, you are completely confused by what your professor has been trying to teach you. When the professor asks whether anyone has questions about the material, you notice that no one else raises their hands. You assume everyone else has understood the lecture perfectly, and you dont want to appear dumb by asking some simple questions. But, when talking to your friends after class, you realize that they had been just as confused. This situation is likely the result of Select one: a. diffusion of responsibility b. evaluation apprehension c. the bystander effect d. pluralistic ignorance Correct

Psychophyiological

Authentic illnesses that emotions and stress contribute to or maintain -- ulcers, coronary heart disease, AIDS

a. dimensional classification

Average blood pressure is 120/80, but blood pressure readings can range much higher or lower. Typically someone is diagnosed with hypertension--high blood pressure--only when the blood pressure values are 140/90 or higher. However, any value greater than 120/80 increases the patient's risk of heart attack or stroke. Finding that people have blood pressure values across the full range of the normal curve is consistent with _____________________. Select one: a. dimensional classification b. categorical classification c. continual classification d. medical classification

The growth spurt for girls typically begins at what age?

B) 10

6) According to your text, which of the following individuals would have the highest risk for experiencing stressful or traumatic events? A) 56-year old Jesse, who is an Aboriginal male, married, and works as a carpenter. B) 23-year old Tyson, a single male who just immigrated from Sri Lanka, and is a sales clerk at Walmart. C) 34-year old Jamica, who moved to Canada from the Carribean to get married to her fiancé Carl. D) 16-year old Tara, who was born in Canada, lives with her mother, and is supported by welfare.

B) 23-year old Tyson, a single male who just immigrated from Sri Lanka, and is a sales clerk at Walmart.

134) Stacie is interested in researching the effects of catharsis on health. What will she likely find in the literature? A) Catharsis can be harmful when it involves problem solving and/or constructive means to make the stressful situation "right." B) Catharsis can be harmful when it reinforces a sense of helplessness. C) Yelling, punching pillows, and throwing balls significantly reduce long-term stress. D) All of the above.

B) Catharsis can be harmful when it reinforces a sense of helplessness.

132) __________________ is related to improved health for those with little perceived control over their lives. A) Social support B) Collective self-esteem C) Relaxation techniques D) Psychotherapy

B) Collective self-esteem

82) Which of the following is NOT one of the three major features that affect people's likelihood of developing PTSD? A) Severity of the trauma B) Coping skills preceding trauma C) Duration of the trauma D) Nearness to the stressor

B) Coping skills preceding trauma

36) ________ are stress hormones that activate the body and prepare us to respond to stressful circumstances. A) Endocosteroids B) Corticosteroids C) Androcosteroids D) Ectocosteroids

B) Corticosteroids

136) ________ is administered to people who have experienced trauma, in order to ward off posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). A) Catharsis B) Crisis debriefing C) Psychoanalysis D) Proactive coping

B) Crisis debriefing

35) Julien just found out that his grandmother passed away. While he is very sad and upset that he didn't get to see her before she passed away, he recognizes that there was nothing he would have been able to do for his grandmother and that she lived a full and happy life. Based on the information provided in this example, which of the following is the BEST example of Julien's behaviour? A) A primary appraisal of his situation. B) Emotion-focused coping. C) Problem-focused coping. D) Social readjustment.

B) Emotion-focused coping.

63) If someone is exposed to a stressor that demands so much and lasts so long that it exceeds the person's ability to cope with it, the person will move into which stage of Selye's general adaptation syndrome? A) Collapse B) Exhaustion C) Alarm D) Resistance

B) Exhaustion

188) Your friend Marcus has just started working for a local government agency and is responsible for designing effective health prevention programs for grade schools. Based on the information you have read in your text, what should you tell Marcus to focus on in the programs he designs? A) Focus on making kids "scared straight" so they will not try drugs and alcohol. B) Focus on coping skills and managing stress so they can deal with their lives more efficiently. C) Focus on boosting self-esteem while emphasizing the negative consequences of drinking and substance abuse. D) Focus on exposing people to negative examples of "drug abusers" and the negative consequences of these "bad" behaviours.

B) Focus on coping skills and managing stress so they can deal with their lives more efficiently.

141) The following factors impact an individual's ability to effectively deal with stress. A) Hardiness, commitment, and avoidance B) Hardiness, optimism, and spirituality C) Optimism, rumination, and control D) Rumination, avoidance, and obsession

B) Hardiness, optimism, and spirituality

119) What is the prime cause of peptic ulcers? A) Prolonged stress reactions B) Helicobacter pylori C) Repressed childhood trauma D) Overabundance of cortisol

B) Helicobacter pylori

154) Which of the following is NOT one of the outcomes that optimism is associated with? A) Better surgical outcomes B) Less distress during pregnancy for women C) More vigorous immune responses D) Lower mortality rate

B) Less distress during pregnancy for women

77) What hormone helps to counter stress and promotes the tend-and-befriend response? A) Cortisol B) Oxytocin C) Adrenaline D) Serotonin

B) Oxytocin

You are learning Russian in preparation for a trip next summer. Although you are doing a good job recognizing the written signs you need to know, you are having trouble with the sounds of the Russian language. Which of the following aspects of language is giving you trouble?

B) PKU

Which of the following is a disadvantage of the longitudinal design?

B) Participants may drop out due to moving, loss of interest, or death.

103) Which of the following statements concerning psychoneuroimmunology is ACCURATE? A) Positive thinking can reverse serious illnesses such as cancer. B) Significant psychological stressors can be predictive of who develops a cold. C) Psychotherapy appears to prolong the survival of people diagnosed with cancer. D) Negative thinking can prevent healing and increase negative symptoms of an illness.

B) Significant psychological stressors can be predictive of who develops a cold.

Which was NOT a finding of the Terman and Oden (1974) study of gifted kids?

B) They were clearly much more likely to be females.

37) Corticosteroids are stress hormones that A) stimulate nervous breakdowns. B) activate the body and prepare it to respond to stressful circumstances. C) interfere with the body's ability to function during stressful events. D) calm the body when facing a stressful situation.

B) activate the body and prepare it to respond to stressful circumstances.

The period of life from about age 13 to the early twenties, during which a young person is nolonger physically a child but is not yet an independent, self-supporting adult, is called ________.

B) adolescence

66) Adelaida hears a rattling sound as she hikes through the desert. Her muscles tense and her blood pressure rises. According to Hans Selye, she is in the A) chronic stress phase B) alarm phase C) exhaustion phase D) resistance phase

B) alarm phase

What systematic problem-solving method guarantees a solution, provided that one exists?

B) algorithmic method

199) "Like cures like" is an example of A) traditional medicine. B) alternative medicine. C) complementary medicine. D) homeopathic medicine.

B) alternative medicine.

When people are asked to say how many windows they have in their dwelling, the amount of time people take to come up with the answer ________.

B) depends on the number of windows

Because of the need to measure the IQ of people of varying ages, newer IQ tests base their evaluation of IQ on ________.

B) deviation scores from the mean of the normal distribution

What type of thinking could be described as taking different directions in search of a variety of answers to a question?

B) divergent

Emily and her husband are thrilled as they peer into Emily's uterus by means of an ultrasound. The physician reports that the pregnancy appears normal, and that their baby's fingers, toes, heart, and circulatory system are developing as expected. The couple learns that the baby is only ¾ of an inch long. Given this information, the current stage of prenatal development is the ________.

B) embryonic period

61) During the alarm stage of the general adaptation syndrome, people will exhibit A) rapidly fluctuating levels of arousal. B) high levels of arousal. C) moderate, sustained levels of arousal. D) low levels of arousal.

B) high levels of arousal.

Which of Erik Erikson's psychosocial crises revolves around the child's learning to direct his or her own behavior?

B) initiative versus guilt

Alfred Binet designed the first ________ test.

B) intelligence

139) Crisis debriefing following a traumatic event isn't effective and may worsen traumatic responses because A) it overwhelms people with information that they are not ready to hear. B) it interferes with people's natural coping strategies. C) forcing people to deal with their trauma can cause anger and retaliatory responses. D) social support is only protective when it involves people close to us and not counsellors we don't know.

B) it interferes with people's natural coping strategies.

43) Thomas Holmes and Richard Rahe developed the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) to measure change due to A) natural disasters. B) major life events. C) social difficulties. D) negative life events.

B) major life events.

50) The term hassles refers to A) minor health problems that cause a person to miss at least one day of work. B) minor annoyances of everyday life. C) the necessity to interact with persons we dislike in order to obtain our goals. D) personal limitations that make it impossible for someone to pursue a desired goal.

B) minor annoyances of everyday life.

What are the smallest units of meaning in a language?

B) morphemes

Dr. Smith believes people who are very aggressive have become so because of their life experiences. Dr. Goldberg believes people are more or less aggressive from birth because of genetic factors. Which of the following terms best describes an issue in human development that is highlighted by their disagreement?

B) nature versus nurture

Juan and Carlos are identical twins. Juan was raised by his father and mother, and Carlos was accidentally placed with another family after a "mix up" at the hospital. At the age of 15, both boys "ran into each other" at a football game and noticed how they appeared to be "mirror images of each other." After proving they were twins by genetic testing, the families discussed some of the differences between the boys. Juan is very athletic and intelligent and excels in basketball but does not take school seriously and has F's in all subjects. Carlos is also athletic and intelligent, and excels in baseball and makes straight A's as a result of his strict home life and study routine. Although they are identical twins, what do you think accounts for the differences in their academic performance based on the research?

B) nurture

What is the sequence of stages of moral development as identified by Lawrence Kohlberg?

B) preconventional, conventional, postconventional

128) Darci wants to go to medical school. She has a 4.0 in her undergraduate coursework, but she is stressed with having to take the MCAT. To reduce this stress, she is taking steps to minimize this stress by signing up for MCAT prep classes. Darci is engaging in A) academic coping. B) proactive coping. C) problem-focused coping. D) retroactive coping.

B) proactive coping.

20) An emotion-focused coping strategy is one that A) identifies and modifies the source of the stress. B) reduces the stress without changing the situation. C) completely eliminates the source of the stress. D) changes how we view the source of the stress.

B) reduces the stress without changing the situation.

On a newly developed IQ test, an individual scores at the 110 level on the first half of the test, and 150 on the second half of the test. What does this test appear to lack?

B) reliability

84) The most common response to traumatic events is A) anxiety. B) resilience. C) depression. D) PTSD.

B) resilience.

67) A person in the _________________ stage of the general adaptation syndrome may feel better even though he or she continues to secrete hormones to help the body fight a stressor. A) alarm B) resistance C) termination D) exhaustion

B) resistance

13) After we have decided that a certain event is a stressor, we must decide how we will deal with it and what resources are available for coping with the stressor. This process is called A) primary appraisal. B) secondary appraisal. C) stress-related decision making. D) hassle-related decision making.

B) secondary appraisal.

The system of rules that governs how we assign meaning to the morphemes we use is called ________.

B) semantics

The tendency to perceive and approach problems in the same ways that have worked in the pastis called

B) sensorimotor

Your little sister picks up objects, feels every part of them, and then puts them in her mouth. What stage of Jean Piaget's model of cognitive development does this behavior suggest she is in?

B) sensorimotor

Paul Ekman and his colleagues gathered abundant evidence supporting the universality of ________ basic facial expressions of emotion.

B) seven

123) Jayci lost her husband, daughter, and home in a widespread wildfire. To overcome this ordeal, she turns to old friends and support groups set up in the community for emotional comfort, information, companionship, advice, and financial assistance. This relationship is known as A) coping. B) social support. C) camaraderie. D) networking.

B) social support.

Medication for ADHD for children can also be proven effective for adult symptoms. Which of the following are types of medications that are used to treat this condition?

B) stimulants and antidepressants

Let's say we could teach a dolphin to understand the difference between the sentences "Themparrot kissed the dolphin" and "The dolphin kissed the parrot." If this were demonstrated, it might mean the dolphin had an understanding of ________.

B) syntax

Ovum is a term used to describe ________.

B) the female sex cell or egg

What was Mary Ainsworth trying to determine when she devised an experimental method called the Strange Situation?

B) the nature of attachment between caretakers and babies

According to Abraham Maslow, developing one's potential to its fullest extent results in ________.

B) to have frequent contact with others

181) An individual burns the most calories while A) running at 10 km/h. B) walking upstairs. C) typing with the computer. D) watching television.

B) walking upstairs.

Linda's house was flooded in a hurricane. Upon losing her home, she had nightmares, disturbed sleep, and anxiety that lasted about two weeks. Linda most likely suffered from ______________. A) catastrophic stress B) acute stress disorder C) external locus of control D) post-traumatic stress disorder

B. Acute stress disorder

Joey put a quarter in the gumball machine only to find that the machine was not working. He continued to turn the dial on the machine in hope that he would retrieve a gumball. Unfortunately, after several minutes of forcefully turning the dial he still did not retrieve a gumball. As a result, he kicked the machine several times. Kicking the machine is an example of ____________. A) varying efforts B) aggression C) persistence D) increasing efforts

B. Aggression

Adelaide hears a rattling sound as she hikes through the desert. Her muscles tense and her blood pressure rises. According to Hans Selye, she is in the___________. A) resistance phase B) alarm phase C) chronic stress phase D) exhaustion phase

B. Alarm phase

Which of the following is correct concerning the interaction of culture and food? A) There were no differences in the eating habits of American and Japanese men and women. B) American women eat when they are depressed whereas Japanese women eat because of social demands. C) American men and women both eat to reduce depression whereas Japanese men and women eat to reduce anger. D) Japanese men ate more than both American men and women.

B. American woman eat when they are depressed whereas Japanese women eat because of social demands

People who are attempting to become extremely thin by refusing to eat suffer from __________________. A) dissociation B) anorexia nervosa C) bulimia nervosa D) obesity phobia

B. Anorexia nervosa

Which of the following is the type of conflict that occurs when a person must choose or not choose one goal or event that has both positive and negative aspects? A) approach-approach B) approach-avoidance C) multiple approach-avoidance D) avoidance-avoidance

B. Approach-avoidance

An eating disorder characterized by eating binges followed by self-induced vomiting is called ________. A) leptin reduction B) bulimia C) hormone under secretion D) anorexia nervosa

B. Bulimia

Membership in a religious organization and regular attendance at religious functions ________________. A) will definitely extend one's life expectancy B) can be a vital part of a person's social support system C) are a psychological defense mechanism D) promote one's cognitive abilities

B. Can be a vital part of a person's social support system

__________ measures the amount of stress in a college student's life over a one-year period resulting from major life events. A) University Students Stress Assessment (USSA) B) College Undergraduate Stress Scale (CUSS) C) College Students New Experiences Assessment Scale (CSNEAS) D) Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS)

B. College Undergraduate Stress Scale (CUSS)

Which of the following methods of acculturation will most likely result in the lowest degree of acculturative stress? A) living a life that does not depend on adopting any set of values and customs B) developing a new set of values that is a compromise between the old and the new cultures C) rejecting the majority culture's ways and maintaining one's original cultural identity D) completely adopting the values and customs of the new culture

B. Developing a new set of values that is a compromise between the old and the new cultures

A sexual ___________ is a problem with sexual functioning, or the actual physical workings of the sex act. A) deviation B) dysfunction C) shortcoming D) malapropism

B. Dysfunction

Edgar is learning deep-breathing techniques to reduce anxiety about having been robbed at knifepoint. This is an example of__________________. A) avoidance B) emotion-focused coping C) problem-focused coping D) reappraisal

B. Emotion-focused coping

In which stage of the general adaptation syndrome has the body reached the limits of its ability to adapt to stress, which may result in the development of stress-related diseases? A) alarm B) exhaustion C) resistance D) collapse

B. Exhaustion

Which of the following is NOT an accurate statement regarding Berkowitz's frustration-aggression hypothesis? A) Aggression will not follow frustration unless certain external cues are present. B) Frustration always leads to aggression. C) Frustration creates an internal readiness to aggress. D) Frustration does not always lead to aggression.

B. Frustration always leads to aggression

Tad seems to thrive when faced with difficult challenges and usually feels in control of his life. He would probably be labeled a ________ personality. A) stressed B) hardy C) Type B D) Type C

B. Hardy

Levon has a Type B personality. Which of the following is most likely? A) Levon gets easily upset. B) Levon is slow to anger. C) Levon is determined to achieve. D) Levon is competitive.

B. Levon is slow to anger

When looking at a glass that is neither completely full nor completely empty, a(n) __________ might say "that glass is half full," while a(n) ____________ might say " no, that glass is half empty!" A) pessimist; optimist B) optimist; pessimist C) optimist; realist D) realist; pessimist

B. Optimist; pessimist

The _________nervous system returns the body to normal, day-to-day functioning after a stressful period. A) sympathetic B) parasympathetic C) central D) somatic

B. Parasympathetic

Joey put a quarter in the gumball machine only to find that the machine was not working. He continued to turn the dial on the machine in the hope that he would retrieve a gumball. Joey's behavior is called ____________. A) increasing efforts B) persistence C) varying efforts D) aggression

B. Persistence

An urgent demand or expectation for our behavior that comes from an outside source is called ________. A) anxiety B) pressure C) cognitive dissonance D) overload

B. Pressure

Jacob's father has always wanted him to be a lawyer. He has encouraged him to get good grades, graduate college earlier than his peers, and work as hard as he can. Jacob does not care about going to law school, but he does so to please his father. Jacob is responding to ______. A) cognitive dissonance B) pressure C) anxiety D) overload

B. Pressure

One of the most startling implications of Selye's theory is that ________. A) sensitivity to stress is genetically programmed B) psychological stress may cause diseases such as ulcers and high blood pressure C) self-actualization tendencies lead to severe stress D) most people are able to effectively cope with long-term stress

B. Psychological stress may cause diseases such as ulcers and high blood pressure

Which of the following statements best encapsulates the relationship between stress and physical illness according to psychoneuroimmunologists? A) Stress causes high blood pressure, heart disease, and cancer. B) Stress compromises the body's immune system, leaving a person vulnerable to illness. C) Stress increases the production of natural killer cells, which causes cell death and leads to illness. D) Stress has no direct relationship to physical illness, though physicians tell us that these things are related so that we will be more willing to take unnecessary medications.

B. Stress compromises the body's immune system, leaving a person vulnerable to illness

Researchers conducted a study to determine the effects of stress on the immune system by measuring immune system chemicals. To accomplish this goal, they compared college students who were undergoing a stressful series of exams to a group of similar students relaxing during a time of no classes and no exams. Results of this study indicate_____________. A) the relaxed group showed no change over the course of the study B) the exam group tested lower for immune system chemicals C) the exam group tested higher for immune system chemicals D) the relaxed group tested lower for immune system chemicals

B. The exam group tested lower for immune system chemicals

Kirima has her doctorate in health psychology. Which of the following research questions might she be most likely to investigate? A) Are men or women better drivers? B) Why are college students more prone to doing drugs when they take harder classes? C) What is the relationship between one's ethnicity and their political affiliation? D) What is the relationship between a person's age and the number of years it takes them to get an undergraduate degree?

B. Why are college students more prone to doing drugs when they take harder classes?

Which of the following statements is NOT true about hassles at different developmental stages? A) For children ages 3 to 5, the biggest hassle is getting teased. B) Younger adults are more strongly affected by hassles such as going shopping, doctor's appointments, and bad weather than are elderly people. C) Youth 11 to 15 years old report feeling pressure to use drugs. D) Elderly people are more strongly affected by hassles such as going shopping, doctor's appointments, and bad weather than are children and younger adults.

B. Younger adults are more strongly affected by hassles such as going shopping, doctor's appointments, and bad weather than are elderly people.

...

Because Ken's history professor was a college student during the 1970s, he has extraordinary insight and knowledge of facts concerning the Vietnam War era. This knowledge is associated with the term _______________. Select one: a. crystallized intelligence. Correct Correct. Crystallized intelligence refers to the accumulated knowledge of the world we acquire over time. b. fluid intelligence. c. general intelligence. d. multiple intelligence.

Why are illnesses like AIDS and arthritis referred to as autoimmune diseases?

Because these illnesses do their damage by actually attacking the body's own organs.

...

Before Katie leaves her dorm room each morning, she looks out the window to check the weather. If the sky is overcast, she puts an umbrella in her backpack. If it is sunny, she leaves her umbrella in the closet. For Katie, the sky's appearance is acting as a ___________ for carrying an umbrella. Select one: a. discriminative stimulus Correct b. conditioned stimulus c. conditioned response d. heuristic

Sabrina is telling her therapist about her fear of flying. Dr. Bono responds, "I am not concerned with how you developed this fear or what it represents, but I can help you, step-by-step, to extinguish it." You now know that Dr. Bono's takes a _____ approach to treatment.

Behavioral

These therapies consistently outperform most other therapies for anxiety disorders, including phobias, panic disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Behavioral and cognitive-behavorial therapies

Which early theory of personality development is most strongly entrenched in the scientific method?

Behavorism

Which of the following factors is the best predictor of homosexuality?

Being sexually attracted to the members of the same sex

Despite the fact that scientific research as found no support or basis for the belief in "the hot hand" in baseball, basketball, or golf, the idea still persists among athletes, sports commentators, and fans. This is a classic example of

Belief perseverance

The trichromatic theory of color vision proposes these as the 3 primary colors of color vision

Blue, green, red

c. chiropractic manipulations.

Bob is going to the doctor for treatment of a painful back condition. The doctor regularly manipulates Bob's spine as part of the treatment. Bob's doctor is practicing Select one: a. alternative medicine. b. homeopathy. c. chiropractic manipulations. d. conventional medicine.

a. dividing weight in pounds by height in inches squared

Body mass index (BMI) is calculated by ________ and multiplying by a conversion factor of 703. Select one: a. dividing weight in pounds by height in inches squared b. multiplying weight in pounds by height in inches squared c. dividing height in inches squared by weight in pounds d. multiplying height in inches squared by weight in pounds

Which of the following is true?

Both positive and negative reinforcement of a desired behavior

b. hassles

Burning your toast, having trouble opening an e-mail attachment, breaking a glass, and running late for an appointment are all examples of ___________. Select one: a. uplifts b. hassles c. downturns d. distress

Flora's car breaks down, leaving her stranded on a busy highway in the middle of rush hour. As more and more people pass her, Flora is surprised that no one stops to help her. The behavior of other drivers is an example of the

Bystander effect

74) In Rothbaum's research on flying phobias and virtual exposure therapy, what percentage of patients could continue to fly in an airplane post-treatment? A) 26 B) 41 C) 70 D) 93

C) 70

147) Approximately ____ percent of Canadians believe in God, which may help buffer stress. A) 55 B) 65 C) 75 D) 85

C) 75

Jordan is a 10-year-old boy who has a mental age of 8 years. His IQ would be ________.

C) 80

60) In which stage of the general adaptation syndrome is arousal level the highest? A) Collapse B) Exhaustion C) Alarm D) Resistance

C) Alarm

68) What is the correct sequence of stages in the general adaptation syndrome? A) Resistance, alarm, exhaustion B) Alarm, exhaustion, resistance C) Alarm, resistance, exhaustion D) Resistance, exhaustion, alarm

C) Alarm, resistance, exhaustion

184) To help people follow medical advice, one should A) encourage patients to use social support systems. B) give patients educational materials. C) Both A and B D) None of the above

C) Both A and B

137) Research on crisis debriefing and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) suggests that A) crisis debriefing involves discussing and processing negative emotions, listing symptoms, and discouraging early discontinuation. B) the risk of PTSD increases with crisis debriefing. C) Both A and B. D) None of the above.

C) Both A and B.

49) Which major life event on the Social Readjustment Rating Scale has the highest number of life change units? A) Divorce B) Jail term C) Death of a spouse D) Damage to a home

C) Death of a spouse

15) Which of the following is TRUE regarding coping strategies? A) Westin engages in emotion-focused coping when he cries uncontrollably to comfort himself. B) Andrew engages in emotion-focused coping when he believes he is unable to deal with the stressful event. C) Eric engages in problem-focused coping when he faces the challenges of life head-on. D) Joe engages in problem-focused coping when he places a positive spin on his feelings and situation.

C) Eric engages in problem-focused coping when he faces the challenges of life head-on.

193) Which of the following statements about the effectiveness of herbal or natural preparations is TRUE? A) Dietary supplements with calcium do not prevent much bone loss in women. B) Vitamin C does not markedly decrease the severity or duration of colds. C) High doses of vitamin E may increase the risk of death from many causes. D) Saint John's Wort does not alleviate the symptoms of moderate to severe depression.

C) High doses of vitamin E may increase the risk of death from many causes.

174) Which one of the following characteristics is related to a GREATER likelihood of drinking? A) Women B) Poor health C) Higher education D) Healthier lifestyles

C) Higher education

115) Which Type A personality characteristic is the key trait that is linked to heart disease? A) Competitiveness B) Compulsiveness C) Hostility D) Chronic irritability

C) Hostility

165) Which of the following is NOT a stress management technique? A) Increasing coping strategies B) Increasing positive emotional reactions C) Increasing anxiety D) Increasing relaxation

C) Increasing anxiety

The term artificial intelligence was coined first by ________.

C) John McCarthy

138) Katie and Jessica were college freshman when a sniper killed six students on campus. Katie suppressed her negative emotions of the event, and Jessica accepted the situation as an event that cannot be changed. Which of the following is most likely true regarding their responses? A) Katie and Jessica will both have difficulty with this situation. B) Katie will be able to successfully deal with this situation, and Jessica will have difficulty dealing with this situation. C) Katie will have difficulty dealing with this situation, and Jessica will be able to successfully deal with this situation. D) Katie and Jessica will both be able to successfully deal with the situation.

C) Katie will have difficulty dealing with this situation, and Jessica will be able to successfully deal with this situation.

140) Brenda's brother was just murdered and her method of dealing with this trauma is what she calls the "shelf" method: she avoids reminders of her brother and pushes any emotions that she feels out of the way. What is the MOST likely outcome of Brenda's coping style? A) She will eventually deal with her feelings when she is ready to. B) Coping is dependent on the individual and Brenda will be resilient and suffer no ill effects. C) Negative emotions and associated with the murder will rebound and increase her coping difficulty. D) Avoiding reminders of the trauma in the immediate aftermath will improve Brenda's later coping skills.

C) Negative emotions and associated with the murder will rebound and increase her coping difficulty.

106) Which of the following individuals is LEAST likely to experience disruptions to their immune system? A) Lila just lost her job but is confident that she will find another one shortly as she has many skills. B) Steve has just lost his home in a flood and goes to stay with his nearby family while he rebuilds his house. C) Peter cares for his sick mother and is thankful he gets to spend time with her and that family and friends are very supportive of him. D) Gail has a lot of friends that are helping her cope with the sudden death of her husband.

C) Peter cares for his sick mother and is thankful he gets to spend time with her and that family and friends are very supportive of him.

34) Marlon just recently lost his job as an electrician. He was very stressed about not having a job and worried about paying his bills, so he decided to sit down and figure out what he needed to do to resolve the situation. The next day, Marlon went down to the unemployment offices to look at the job boards, and sent his resume to as many places as he could that were hiring. Based on the information provided in this example, which of the following is the BEST example of Marlon's behaviour? A) A primary appraisal of his situation. B) Emotion-focused coping. C) Problem-focused coping. D) Social readjustment.

C) Problem-focused coping.

148) Which of the following is one of the ways in which religion helps people reduce or cope with stress? A) Religion isolates people from those who are different. B) Most religions promote psychological defence mechanisms. C) Religion can provide a strong social support system. D) Religion includes rituals that get people to dwell on their failings.

C) Religion can provide a strong social support system.

158) Which of the following ways of reacting to stressful circumstances is considered counterproductive? A) Spirituality B) Self-enhancement C) Rumination D) Optimism

C) Rumination

38) An assessment that measures the amount of stress in a person's life resulting from major life events over one year is called the A) secondary appraisal. B) primary appraisal. C) Social Readjustment Rating Scale. D) College Undergraduate Stress Scale.

C) Social Readjustment Rating Scale

126) Which of the following is NOT one of the five types of control we use in different situations? A) Cognitive control B) Decisional control C) Social control D) Informational control

C) Social control

4) ________ consist(s) of the tension, discomfort, or physical symptoms that arise when a situation strains our ability to cope effectively. A) Anxiety B) Stimuli C) Stress D) Trauma

C) Stress

107) Which of the following are the leading indicators of coronary heart disease? A) Advanced age and lifestyle B) High blood pressure and family history of the disease C) Stress and personality type D) Diabetes and stress

C) Stress and personality type

182) Which of the following is NOT one of the reasons for obesity (apart from diet and lack of exercise)? A) Lack of adequate sleep B) Increase in mothers who give birth at older ages C) Tendency to marry someone with a heavier body type than you D) Comfortable temperatures decrease calories burned

C) Tendency to marry someone with a heavier body type than you

111) A person who is ambitious, time conscious, extremely hardworking, easily annoyed, and tends to have high levels of hostility and anger is said to be exhibiting a ______ personality. A) Type B B) Type D C) Type A D) Type T

C) Type A

116) Rhonda is always worrying about something. She prefers to keep people at a distance because she feels inhibited in social settings. Based on these traits, Rhonda must be a A) Type A personality. B) Type T personality. C) Type D personality. D) Type B personality.

C) Type D personality.

57) While searching for _________________, Hans Selye discovered that animals react with similar physical symptoms to a variety of stressors. A) the physiological basis of stress B) the mechanism underlying fear responses C) a new sex hormone D) the link between the endocrine and immune systems

C) a new sex hormone

Greta's child has facial deformities, a smaller than normal head, heart defects, mental retardation, learning difficulties, and delayed growth. If these defects can be traced to a teratogen used by Greta when she was pregnant, which was she most likely abusing?

C) alcohol

185) June is studying health psychology and is looking for information on the most likely causes of death for a research paper. Based on the _______________, she assumes this includes breast cancer and car accidents, but is incorrect because heart disease is the more frequent and deadly illness. A) confirmation bias B) disconfirmation bias C) availability heuristic D) expectancy effect

C) availability heuristic

Researchers have found that ________ influenced by culture.

C) both language and thought are

102) An overactive immune system is associated with all of the following diseases EXCEPT A) allergies. B) arthritis. C) cancer. D) multiple sclerosis.

C) cancer.

Agatha Harkness-Smythe is determined to ban guns in the United States. This is a controversial topic and social scientists have debated whether the ownership of guns by citizens increases or decreases crime. Agatha could go to the library and look up studies on the linkage between guns and crime rates. Instead, Agatha just reads the local newspaper and only cuts out articles about robberies in which the "bad guy" used a firearm. Agatha is demonstrating ________.

C) confirmation bias

31) Vanna's mother is ill and Vanna is feeling overwhelmed and sad. To cope with this stress of her mother's illness, Vanna has been writing her feelings down in a journal. Vanna is using ___________. A) distraction B) problem-focused coping C) emotion-focused coping D) reappraisal

C) emotion-focused coping

30) A coping strategy that helps people tolerate a stressor without doing anything to change it, is a(n) ________ strategy; one that identifies specific steps to take and implement strategies to deal with the stressor is a(n) ________ strategy. A) cognitive; behavioural B) behavioural; cognitive C) emotion-focused; problem-focused D) task-oriented; defence-oriented

C) emotion-focused; problem-focused

72) According to Hans Selye, resistance to stress is lowest at the _____________ stage of the general adaptation syndrome. A) alarm B) resistance C) exhaustion D) collapse

C) exhaustion

150) Melissa's mother was recently diagnosed with leukemia. As a result, Melissa is now required to take care of all of her mother's personal needs and manage her financial affairs. Melissa is already a full-time student, and is also the primary caregiver for her son. However, Melissa has an attitude that things could be worse. She is confident that she will get through this crisis. Thus, she is displaying A) self-confidence. B) self-enhancement. C) hardiness. D) rumination.

C) hardiness.

65) During the alarm stage of the general adaptation syndrome, all of the following EXCEPT _______________ are reactions that can be seen. A) nausea B) fever C) hemorrhaging D) headaches

C) hemorrhaging

If intelligence is determined primarily by heredity, which pair should show the highest correlation between IQ scores?

C) identical twins

When adults who are speaking to infants change the pitch and rhythm in their speech, they are altering their ________.

C) intonation

145) According to studies, people who are involved in a religion and attend services regularly are more likely to A) live a shorter life than are those who do not have religious beliefs. B) lack a social support system. C) live longer than do those who do not have religious beliefs. D) feel alone with their struggles.

C) live longer than do those who do not have religious beliefs.

48) Deanna is participating in an experiment examining levels of stress on the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS). Her score on the SRRS is 203, which means that Deanna's susceptibility to illness and mental health problems is at a _____________ level. A) low B) mild C) moderate D) major

C) moderate

144) When looking at a glass that is neither completely full nor completely empty, a(n) __________ might say "that glass is half full," while a(n) ____________ might say " no, that glass is half empty!" A) optimist; realist B) realist; pessimist C) optimist; pessimist D) pessimist; optimist

C) optimist; pessimist

78) Amanda signed up with the army right after she graduated from high school. She was soon sent to Afghanistan. During her two years in Afghanistan, she witnessed many gruesome catastrophes. Upon returning home, she felt detached and estranged from her old friends, was easily startled, and had difficulties sleeping due to the vivid memories of the horrific events. Amanda displays the symptoms of A) flashbacks. B) depression. C) posttraumatic stress disorder. D) anxiety.

C) posttraumatic stress disorder.

In which of Piaget's stages does the child develop conservation?

C) preoperational

16) Coping strategies can be either __________ focused or ________ focused in nature. A) physiologically; spiritually B) internally; externally C) problem-; emotion- D) distress-; eustress-

C) problem-; emotion-

24) Many behavioural psychologists recommend __________ coping for dealing with stress. A) stress-centred B) rationally focused C) problem-focused D) emotion-focused

C) problem-focused

27) Marlena's counsellor has helped her identify the specific stressors that are causing the most stress in her life, and is helping her develop a set of strategies she can use to reduce the stress she feels. The counsellor is promoting a(n) __________ coping strategy. A) stress-centred B) rationally focused C) problem-focused D) emotion-focused

C) problem-focused

200) Judging the similarity between two objects based on the extent they resemble each other is using the A) rumination. B) automatic process. C) representativeness heuristic. D) availability heuristic.

C) representativeness heuristic.

28) An important step in a problem-focused coping strategy for dealing with stress is to A) measure the personality traits that increase our reactance. B) identify the source of unconscious conflict in early childhood. C) select a specific action that will reduce the amount of stress. D) accept that we are not the people we would like to become.

C) select a specific action that will reduce the amount of stress.

Research has shown that people who regularly work crossword puzzles, take classes, read, and stay mentally active are less likely to develop ________ than those who fail to use their minds.

C) senile dementia

39) The Social Readjustment Rating Scale is a way of measuring A) the physiological effects of stress on a person. B) how much stress a person has experienced. C) the changes that have happened in a person's life. D) the accuracy of the general adaptation syndrome.

C) the changes that have happened in a person's life.

Culture-fair tests attempt to measure ________.

C) the intelligence of people coming from outside the culture in which the test was devised

Pragmatics are defined as ________.

C) the practical aspects of communicating with others, or the social "niceties"of language

166) Research on relaxation training versus biofeedback has indicated that A) relaxation therapy is much more effective at treating stress, anxiety, and physical ailments than biofeedback. B) biofeedback is much more effective at treating stress, anxiety, and physical ailments relative to relaxation therapy. C) these techniques are equally effective in reducing stress and treating anxiety as well as other physical ailments. D) neither one of these techniques is overly effective at treating stress, anxiety, and physical ailments.

C) these techniques are equally effective in reducing stress and treating anxiety as well as other physical ailments.

54) Which of the following is FALSE? A) Both major life events and hassles are associated with poor general health. B) Major life events have a greater effect on adjustment than everyday hassles. C)Difficulties with relaxing and insomnia only reflect everyday hassles and are not related to depression or anxiety. D) Hassles are minor annoyances or nuisances that tax one's ability to cope.

C)Difficulties with relaxing and insomnia only reflect everyday hassles and are not related to depression or anxiety.

According to Holmes and Rahe, a person who scores over 300 on the Social Readjustment Rating Scale is more likely than are people with lower scores to have what kind of experience in the near future? A) a divorce B) commission of a crime C) a higher chance of becoming ill or having an accident D) more frequent changes of job

C. A higher chance of becoming ill or having an accident

Which of the following is an example of an avoidance-avoidance conflict? A) A person who loves chocolate must choose between eating chocolate cake or chocolate ice cream. B) A person who enjoys the ocean has to choose between retiring in the Bahamas or in Tahiti. C) A student has to decide whether to turn in an unfinished paper and receive a failing grade or hand it in late and lose many points. D) A person has to choose between wanting to eat some cake but not wanting the calories.

C. A student has to decide whether to turn in an unfinished paper and receive a failing grade or hand it in late and lose many points

For someone who likes both movies and concerts, choosing between going to one or the other represents an ______ conflict. A) incompatible demands B) approach-avoidance C) approach-approach D) avoidance-avoidance

C. Approach-approach

In a(n) __________conflict, a person must choose between two desirable goals. A) avoidance-avoidance B) double approach-avoidance C) approach-approach D) approach-avoidance

C. Approach-approach

Ken wants to go to law school because he believes being a lawyer will bring him prestige and a good income. However, he is not sure he should attend because he is very concerned about the hard work law school will involve and the money it will cost. Ken is faced with a(n) ______ conflict. A) approach-approach B) avoidance-avoidance C) approach-avoidance D) double approach-avoidance

C. Approach-avoidance

The negative changes in thoughts, emotions, and behavior as a result of prolonged stress or frustration are called__________. A) eustress B) epidemiology C) burnout D) dysphoria

C. Burnout

_________ occurs when people experience unpleasant stressors. A) Catastrophic stress B) Eustress C) Distress D) Acute stress

C. Distress

During the alarm stage of the general adaptation syndrome, all of the following EXCEPT _______________ are reactions that can be seen. A) headaches B) nausea C) hemorrhaging D) fever

C. Hemorrhaging

Bettina is 6 feet tall and desires to become a ballerina. Unfortunately, she is having difficulty being accepted into a ballet troupe because of her height. Bettina is experiencing __________. A) internal conflict B) external frustration C) internal frustration D) external conflict

C. Internal frustration

The _______control one has, the _______the degree of stress. A) less; lower B) Control has nothing to do with stress. C) less; greater D) more; greater

C. Less; greater

Min-Jee is currently very concerned about a recent increase in fighting among her family members. When talking with her therapist, she notes that this has been her biggest concern lately. According to the research into the severity of different hassles, which of the following statements is probably true about Min-Jee's age? A) Min-Jee is an adolescent B) Min-Jee is elderly C) Min-Jee is an adult D) Min-Jee is 4 years old

C. Min-Jee is an adult

Which individual is most likely to experience acculturative stress? A) Mary who is switching jobs from manufacturing to the service industry B) Min-Shek who is leaving home for the first time to attend the state college 100 miles away C) Oladipo who has moved from Nigeria to the United States D) Joie who has moved from New York to Boston

C. Oladipo who has moved from Nigeria to the United States

Sexual problems that result from physical causes are referred to as _________. A) stress dysfunctions B) cellular erectile difficulties C) organic dysfunctions D) hormonal deficit dysfunctions

C. Organic dysfunctions

One contributing factor for the increasing rise of road rage is ____________. A) integration B) acculturation C) overcrowding D) assimilating

C. Overcrowding

Which of the following is a myth about suicide? A) People who intend to commit suicide usually talk about it. B) People who intend to commit suicide may seem to be in good spirits because they have made the decision to take their life and are looking forward to the escape. C) People who talk about committing suicide won't actually do it—they just want attention. D) People who intend to commit suicide may clear out desks and lockers and settle their finances.

C. People who talk about committing suicide won't actually do it- they just want attention

The first response that people typically make to frustration is_________. A) aggression B) varying efforts C) persistence D) increasing efforts

C. Persistence

Research on the effects of stress on the immune system suggests which of the following? A) Only certain types of stressors affect the immune system. B) The immune system is not affected by stress. C) Suppression of immune system functioning by stress can apparently continue even after the stress itself is over. D) Suppression of immune system functioning by stress always ends immediately after the stressful period ends.

C. Suppression of immune system functioning by stress can apparently continue even after the stress itself is over

Jordan is very frustrated because another patron at the bar is talking to the woman with whom Jordan was just dancing. According to Berkowitz's reformulation of the frustration-aggression hypothesis, which of the following factors makes Jordan unlikely to lash out in a physically aggressive manner? A) Jordan already has a criminal charge for assault. B) The woman makes it clear that she is not interested in Jordan C) The other man is much larger and stronger than Jordan. D) Jordan is alone and has no friends to back him up.

C. The other man is much larger and stronger than Jordan

During the alarm stage of the general adaptation syndrome,_________. A) synaptic activity and the somatic nervous system activate to send messages from the CNS to muscles B) the central and somatic systems are activated C) the sympathetic nervous system is activated and adrenal glands release hormones D) neurotransmitter levels and the central nervous system are activated

C. The sympathetic nervous system is activated and adrenal glands release hormones

Which individual has the highest risk for developing anorexia nervosa? A) a lower-class 26-year-old European man B) an upper-class 16-year-old American boy C) an upper-class 16-year-old American girl D) a lower-class 26-year-old European woman

C. an upper-class 16-year-old American girl

According to this theory, the fear you feel when you are startled by a bear in the woods occurs at about the same time that your heart starts pounding.

Cannon-Bard theory

Which theory of emotion emphasizes the role of the thalamus? Select one: a. Plutchik's b. James-Lange c. Cannon-Bard theory d. Schachter and Singer's

Cannon-Bard theory

According to the ________, seeing a crocodile in the swamp would lead simultaneously to both the emotion fear and running away at the same time. However, the ________ would suggest that people are afraid because they run away.

Cannon-Bard theory of emotion; James-Lange theory of emotion

Jenny has an intense interest in food but eats sparingly and with disgust. She has an intense fear of becoming obese, and even though she looks emaciated, she still claims she "feels fat" and refuses to eat enough to maintain even a minimal normal body weight for her frame. She is most likely suffering from __________

Cannon-Bard theory of emotion; James-Lange theory of emotion

d. Psychoanalytic/psychodynamic

Carlita has just come from her first therapy session. To better understand Carlita's generalized anxiety, the therapist asked her to talk about her childhood experiences and interactions with her parents and has asked her to keep a dream journal for the next several weeks. With which orientation is this orientation most consistent? Select one: a. Behavioral b. Eclectic c. Humanistic d. Psychoanalytic/psychodynamic

Stacie is interested in researching the effects of catharsis on health. What will she likely find in the literature?

Catharsis can be harmful when it reinforces a sense of helplessness.

Who probably scored the highest on the conscientiousness scale?

Cathy, who is the oldest of three children and has cared for her younger siblings

Composed of the brain and spinal cord, this part of the nervous system receives processes, and coordinates information and responses

Central nervous system

Diagnosis Across Cultures

Certain conditions are culture-bound. But, many severe mental disorders appear to be universal (alcoholism, psychopathy)

Which of the following individuals would be most likely to engage a "tend-and-befriend" approach to dealing with significant stress in their life?

Chantel, who is a 37-year old single mother living with her son and two roommates.

For spring break, you and a friend fly 2 time zones west from Illinois to California. Your friend complains about his jetlag. You explain to him that his jetlag is caused by a change in his ______ and that next week he will most likely experience ______ jetlag when he travels 2 time zones eastward back to Illinois.

Circadian rhythms;more

Carol is at the football game and watching the half-time show. Which gestalt principle best explains her ability to reconize her schools letters as the band members spell them out on the field?

Closure

c. choose between alternative choices for action. d. mentally restructure or think differently about negative emotions that stem from stressful events.

Cognitive control is the ability to Select one: a. cognitively suppress and express emotions and thoughts. b. reduce the impact of stressful circumstances by actively doing something. c. choose between alternative choices for action. d. mentally restructure or think differently about negative emotions that stem from stressful events.

Brenna doesn't really like her Psychology 100 course, but it is required for her major. Near the end of the semester, her Psychology 100 instructor asks Brenna to visit other classes and recruit students to take Psychology 100. The instructor promises Brenna 3 extra credit points out of 300 total points in the course. Brenna agrees to do so, and after telling several classes about how interesting Psych 100 is, Brenna actually starts to like it more, herself. This change in her attitude probably came about because of

Cognitive dissonance

...

Compared to healthy individuals, an individual with unipolar depression may __________________. Select one: a. appear to be under chronic high stress. Correct b. have an enlarged hippocampus. c. have an underreactive HPA axis. d. shut down cortisol production when stress ends.

Dersu's dad demands that Dersu play a game of catch with him. When Dersu keeps dropping the ball, his dad tells him that he is stupid unless he can be a good athlete. According to the humanistic approach to personality, Dersu's Dad is creating _____ for his son.

Conditions of worth

Miguel has become close friends with four guys on his hall, all of whom are smokers. Miguel has never had any particular desire to smoke cigarettes, and his friends have never asked nor told him to smoke. Nevertheless, he finds himself smoking when his new friends are around. The social force that pushes Miguel to smoke in these situations is known as

Conformity

Unbeknownst to the researchers, some participants in a study see a fight as they enter a lab while other participants encounter an individual playing with a puppy. Participants who saw the fight may behave more aggressively than those who see a puppy. In this case the fight may be an example of a ______

Confound

"That race was too close to call!" cried the announcer. "It looked like the horses crossed the finish line at the exact same time!" What theory of emotions is being depicted?

Connor-bard

Dr. James advises that if you study for you next psychology exam in the same room where you take the exam your score will improve. He is basing this advice on?

Context-dependent learning

AA Alternatives

Controlled drinking: programs encourage people to set limits and drink moderately -- Relapse prevention: treatment assumes people will "slip up" and plans accordingly -- Lapse does not equal relapse

Jacques, the painter, will be able to use all of the following to portray depth in his painting of a Parisian street, EXCEPT

Convergence

The split-brain procedure involves damage to which part of the brain?

Corpus callosum

Media portrayals of women (movies, televisions shows, and magazines) typically show women who are 15 percent below the average woman's weight. Women who view these images tend to have higher levels of body dissatisfaction. It would be easy to conclude that the portrayals are responsible for this lower body satisfaction, but this would be making which error related to the principles of critical thinking?

Correlation vs causation

Media portrayals of women (movies, televisions shows, and magazines) typically show women who are 15 percent below the average woman's weight. Women who view these images tend to have higher levels of body dissatisfaction. It would be easy to conclude that the portrayals are responsible for this lower body satisfaction, but this would be making which error related to the principles of critical thinking?

Correlation vs. causation

Media portrayals of women (movies, televisions shows, and magazines) typically show women who are 15 percent below the average woman's weight. Women who view these images tend to have higher levels of body dissatisfaction. It would be easy to conclude that the portrayals are responsible for this lower body satisfaction, but this would be making which error related to the principles of critical thinking?

Correlation vs. causation

________ studies observe different individuals at different ages at a single point in time to track age differences.

Cross-sectional

Which of the following questions would be more likely to produce divergent thinking?

D) "How many uses can you think of for a stapler?"

All parents think their little kids are geniuses. However, to be classified as a genius, the IQ score must be above ________.

D) 140

On September 6, 2007, Alex the African gray parrot died. He was an important part of the work conducted by researcher Irene Pepperberg in ________.

D) 21

108) Which of the following individuals would be MOST likely to die from coronary heart disease (CHD)? A) A 67 year old retired woman who has diabetes, a Type B personality, and does a lot of crafting. B) A 63 year old retired male nurse who has high cholesterol, but tries to take care of himself and stay active. C) A 45 year old woman with a family history of heart disease and some Type A personality traits. D) A 41 year old man who has high blood pressure, a Type D personality, and works as a correctional guard.

D) A 41 year old man who has high blood pressure, a Type D personality, and works as a correctional guard.

100) Which of the following stressors can lead to disruption in the immune system? A) Unemployment B) Taking an important test C) Natural disasters D) All of the above

D) All of the above

169) Which of the following promotes a healthy lifestyle? A) Stop smoking B) Lose weight C) Curb alcohol consumption D) All of the above

D) All of the above

178) Which of the following are reasons for weight increase, apart from diet and exercise? A) Genetic influences B) Use of medicines C) Lack of adequate sleep D) All of the above

D) All of the above

45) Which of the following life events is not found in the list of major life events that cause a significant amount of stress according to the social readjustment rating scale (SRRS)? A) Pregnancy B) Marriage C) Vacation D) All of the above

D) All of the above

53) ________ help predict who will and won't thrive in the face of potentially stressful circumstances. A) How people appraise stressful situations B) Coping abilities and strategies in specific situations C) Goals and availability of social support D) All of the above

D) All of the above

191) ________ medicine is health care practices and products that are used in place of conventional medicine. A) Conventional B) Complementary C) Integrative D) Alternative

D) Alternative

110) Joanna has a Type A personality. Which of the following traits are descriptive of her personality? A) Competitive and driven B) Negative and distressed C) Hostile and ambitious D) Both A and C

D) Both A and C

83) Which of the following events produce the highest risk of developing PTSD? A) Major natural disasters and combat experiences B) Combat experiences and plane crashes C) Mass shooting and major natural disasters D) Combat experiences and sexual assault

D) Combat experiences and sexual assault

179) Julie follows the latest diet fad. These diets frequently require her to restrict her caloric intake to 1000 calories a day for several weeks. What kind of diet is this known as? A) Healthy diet B) Balanced diet C) Limited diet D) Crash diet

D) Crash diet

In ________ syndrome, the 21st pair of chromosomes contains an extra chromosome resulting in symptoms such as wide-set almond-shaped eyes and mental retardation.

D) Down

87) Trevor was feeling stressed before defending his Ph.D. dissertation, even though the outcome was positive and he received his doctorate degree. What type of stress was he experiencing? A) Distress B) Chronic stress C) Adaptive stress D) Eustress

D) Eustress

133) Jon has an upcoming term paper that he knows is going to take a lot of work so it is stressing him out. He chooses to engage in proactive coping and sets a goal of writing 2 pages on his paper every night and leaving time to review and revise his writing. What type of control is Jon engaging in to manage his stress? A) Decisional control B) Emotional control C) Behavioural control D) Informational control

D) Informational control

190) Which is NOT true about the DARE program? A) It is popular in schools. B) It targets fifth and sixth graders. C) It teaches the negatives effects of using drugs. D) It produces long-lasting effects.

D) It produces long-lasting effects.

42) Which of the following life events would probably be the most stressful? A) Having trouble with your boss B) Going on vacation C) Moving to a new residence D) Jail term

D) Jail term

175) Which of the following health problems increases the risk of depression and anxiety by 25%? A) Smoking B) Excessive drinking C) Coronary heart disease D) Obesity

D) Obesity

124) What has research on social support and rates of mortality shown? A) People with more social support have higher rates of mortality. B) There is no relationship between social support and mortality. C) Levels of social support are equal to rates of mortality. D) People with less social support have higher rates of mortality.

D) People with less social support have higher rates of mortality.

104) ________ is the term used to describe illnesses that emotions and stress contribute to, maintain, or aggravate the physical symptoms. A) Biopsychosocial B) Generalized anxiety C) Psychoneuroimmunology D) Psychophysiological

D) Psychophysiological

41) Jenna was relieved when her abusive husband left her. What measure of life events would erroneously score this event in her life? A) Type A-B Scale. B) California Psychological Inventory C) Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. D) Social Readjustment Rating Scale.

D) Social Readjustment Rating Scale

2) _________ is the term used to describe the physical, emotional, cognitive, and behavioural responses to events that are threatening or challenging. A) Burnout B) Distress C) Eustress D) Stress

D) Stress

92) Research on the effects of stress on the immune system suggests which of the following? A) The immune system is not affected by stress. B) Only certain types of stressors affect the immune system. C) Suppression of immune system functioning by stress always ends immediately after the stressful period ends. D) Suppression of immune system functioning by stress can apparently continue even after the stress itself is over.

D) Suppression of immune system functioning by stress can apparently continue even after the stress itself is over.

46) According to Holmes and Rahe, a person who scores over 300 on the Social Readjustment Rating Scale is more likely than are people with lower scores to have what kind of experience in the near future? A) more frequent changes of job B) a divorce C) commission of a crime D) a higher chance of becoming ill or having an accident

D) a higher chance of becoming ill or having an accident

129) Cognitive control is the A) ability to choose between alternative choices for action. B) ability to reduce the impact of stressful circumstances by actively doing something. C) ability to cognitively suppress and express emotions and thoughts. D) ability to cognitively restructure or think differently about negative emotions that stem from stressful events.

D) ability to cognitively restructure or think differently about negative emotions that stem from stressful events.

Which of the following statement is true about Kanzi, the bonobo chimp?

D) all of these

120) A peptic ulcer is A) an enlarged esophagus due to excessive eating. B) an enlarged small intestines due to eating hot foods. C) an inflamed lung that can cause difficulty breathing. D) an inflamed area in the stomach lining that can cause pain, nausea, and loss of appetite.

D) an inflamed area in the stomach lining that can cause pain, nausea, and loss of appetite.

194) Often, promising herbal remedies A) are almost as effective as pharmaceutical products. B) are just as effective as pharmaceutical products. C) are more effect than pharmaceuticals products. D) are little better than a placebo.

D) are little better than a placebo.

127) Eric was recently fired from his job. His response to this stressful event was to take charge of the situation and research available jobs in his field. Then, he applied to each of the open positions for which he was qualified, in order to reduce the impact of the situation. This active type of coping is known as A) decisional control. B) emotional control. C) cognitive control. D) behavioural control.

D) behavioural control.

162) The field of psychology that integrates the behavioural sciences with the practice and science of medicine is known as A) psychology medicine. B) psychology integration. C) behavioural integration. D) behavioural medicine.

D) behavioural medicine.

101) The immune system can be fortified by A) positive emotions. B) social support. C) close ties to the community. D) both A and B.

D) both A and B.

189) Prevention efforts should begin A) by preschool age. B) by school age. C) by young adulthood. D) by adolescence.

D) by adolescence.

Which is the most likely prototype for the concept "vehicle"?

D) car

130) Disclosing painful feelings is known as A) debriefing. B) releasing. C) liberation. D) catharsis.

D) catharsis.

What term do psychologists use to describe our tendency to search for evidence that supports our belief and to ignore evidence that might disprove it?

D) confirmation bias

According to Kohlberg, most adolescents are at the ________ level of morality.

D) conventional

47) When we are stressed, our body responds physiologically by increasing our heart rate, blood pressure, and the release of stress hormones called _______________. A) melatonins. B) glucagons. C) aldosterones. D) corticosteroids.

D) corticosteroids.

According to Thomas and Chess, a child that is very irregular in sleeping and eating, resists change, and tends to be loud is labeled a(n) ________ child.

D) difficult

Which type of thinking is most closely related to creativity?

D) divergent

172) Body mass index (BMI) is calculated by A) dividing height in metres squared by weight in kilograms. B) multiplying weight in kilograms by height in meters squared. C) multiplying height in metres squared by weight in kilograms. D) dividing weight in kilograms by height in metres squared

D) dividing weight in kilograms by height in metres squared

187) Health prevention programs contain all of the following elements EXCEPT A) education about the risks and consequences of obesity, smoking, and excessive drinking. B) education about positive health behaviours such as good nutrition and exercise. C) teaching young people to recognize and resist peer pressure to engage in unhealthy behaviours. D) education about the causes and physical effects of various diseases, including treatment options.

D) education about the causes and physical effects of various diseases, including treatment options.

23) A coping strategy that helps people tolerate a stressor without doing anything to change it is a __________ strategy; one that identifies specific steps to take to identify the stressor, choose strategies to deal with it, and implement and evaluate those strategies is a __________ strategy. A) task-oriented; defence-oriented B) psychoanalytic; behavioural C) behavioural; psychoanalytic D) emotion-focused; problem-focused

D) emotion-focused; problem-focused

The study of heredity is called ________.

D) genetics

40) An important criticism of the Holmes-Rahe Social Readjustment Rating Scale is that it A) puts too much emphasis on social and family events. B) does not include events that primarily affect women. C) over-emphasis on the role of daily hassles. D) ignores many factors affecting how people respond to stress.

D) ignores many factors affecting how people respond to stress.

Erikson's theory of social development viewed the period from ages 3 to 6, his third stage, as characterized by the major challenge of ________.

D) initiative versus guilt

177) Overweight people are often characterized as being A) hard workers. B) equally attractive as thin people. C) strong, peaceful, and determined. D) lazy, sloppy, or lacking in will power.

D) lazy, sloppy, or lacking in will power.

125) Research suggests that social support is a meditational factor in the relationship between depression and A) coping. B) loneliness. C) illness. D) perfectionism.

D) perfectionism.

When faced with a conflict between law and conscience, Liz follows her conscience despite the personal risk. This would be characteristic of ________.

D) postconventional morality

Your little brother has a big ball of clay. While he watches, you roll the ball of clay into a long snake-like shape. He begins to cry because he thinks he has less clay now. Which of Piaget's stages is your brother likely to be in?

D) preoperational

Research has shown that people who regularly work crossword puzzles, take classes, read, and stay mentally active are less likely to develop ________ than those who fail to use their minds.

D) senile dementia

76) When stressed, research has found that women tend to __________________ more often than men. A) fight B) flee C) reach exhaustion D) tend and befriend

D) tend and befriend

75) Jamie has worked for Jones & Miller law firm for the past five years. The firm is in the process of downsizing and laying off employees. Jamie is afraid that she may lose her job. To help deal with this stressful situation, Jamie tends to rely on her social contacts for support, in addition to nurturing those around her. This is known as A) friend or relationship. B) fight or flight. C) reliance and coping. D) tend and befriend.

D) tend and befriend.

Which of the following terms is used to describe any substance, such as a drug, chemical, or virus, that can bring about a birth defect?

D) teratogen

Sarah is in her forties. Her menstrual cycle is irregular and she is experiencing "hot flashes" that are keeping her awake at night. The changes Sarah is experiencing are called ________.

D) the climacteric

People who are depressed and may be suicidal often suffer from_____, a condition in which the person has lost the ability to experience pleasure. A) learned helplessness B) irritability C) neural numbness D) anhedonia

D. Anhedonia

Which of the following traits is associated with people who live to be very old? A) inflexibility B) aggressiveness C) tenseness D) being easygoing

D. Being easygoing

Researchers have found an association between daily hassles and ___________. A) cancer and heart disease B) hypertension and obesity C) heart disease and schizophrenia D) colds and headaches

D. Colds and headaches

You are a psychologist working with a new client, an immigrant from China, who is experiencing adjustment problems due to stress. Which of the following are you first going to consider when assessing your client's ability to cope? A) ability to use biofeedback equipment B) psychological defense mechanisms C) meditative strategies D) cultural background

D. Cultural background

The coping method that involves changing the way you feel or emotionally react to a stressor is known as _________. A) a defense mechanism B) self-focused coping C) problem-focused coping D) emotion-focused coping

D. Emotion-focused coping

Which psychologist is credited with proposing the general adaptation syndrome? A) Lazarus B) Berkowitz C) Holmes and Rahe D) Hans Selye

D. Hans Selye

Eating a healthy breakfast __________. A) has been shown to increase the risk of obesity B) has been shown to increase the need for a morning nap C) has been shown to decrease the ability to concentrate D) has been shown to decrease the risk of obesity

D. Has been shown to decrease the risk of obesity

Lupe works 50 hours each week. However, she plays tennis twice a week and attends a book group every Tuesday night. By engaging in fun activities each week, Lupe is_________. A) going to experience burnout B) a workaholic C) a type A personality D) helping herself avoid burnout

D. Helping herself avoid burnout

Which of the following is one of the ways in which religion helps people reduce or cope with stress? A) Most religions promote psychological defense mechanisms. B) Religion isolates people from those who are different. C) Religion includes rituals that get people to dwell on their failings. D) Religion can provide a strong social support system.

D. Religion can provide a strong social support system

After we have decided that a certain event is a stressor, we must decide how we will deal with it and what resources are available for coping with the stressor. This process is called________. A) primary appraisal B) distress-eustress dichotomy C) tertiary appraisal D) secondary appraisal

D. Secondary appraisal

Pepe moved from Argentina to France. He chose not to learn to speak and write French, continues to maintain his old culture's styles of dress and customs, and lives in a neighborhood where only people from Argentina live. Pepe has used which method of entering the majority culture? A) marginalization B) assimilation C) integration D) separation

D. Separation

People with a good _________are less likely to die from illness or injuries than those without it. A) camaraderie B) occupation C) income D) social support system

D. Social support system

Events that cause a stress reaction are referred to as _____________. A) eustresses B) catastrophies C) hassles D) stressors

D. Stressors

People who respond to life events with a laid back, relaxed, easygoing attitude, and are slow to anger are said to have a ____________ personality. A) Type C B) Type S C) Type A D) Type B

D. Type B

a. inability to produce speech

Damage to Broca's area may result in which of the following? Select one: a. inability to produce speech b. inability to comprehend speech c. inability to remember where things are in space d. emotional outbursts and loss of impulse control

...

Dan recently watched a television program about rabies, and those animals that are typically vectors for the disease. Last night, when he stepped outside to call his cat, he saw a raccoon waddling across his yard. The animal acted strangely and came straight toward him. Dan immediately decided it must have rabies. He made his decision based on ________ Select one: a. exemplars. b. an algorithm. c. a representativeness heuristic. d. an availability heuristic CorrectCorrect. The availability heuristic is a rule of thumb that says that the probability of an event or the importance assigned to it is based on its availability in memory.

a. proactive coping.

Darci wants to go to medical school. She has a 4.0 in her undergraduate coursework, but she is stressed with having to take the MCAT. To reduce this stress, she is taking steps to minimize this stress by signing up for MCAT prep classes. Darci is engaging in Select one: a. proactive coping. b. reactive coping. c. academic coping. d. problem-focused coping.

...

Dave is a Red Sox fan. He intensely dislikes the Yankees. He celebrates with glee every time the Red Sox win and when the Yankees lose. This is an example of Select one: a. prejudice. b. adaptive conservatism. c. in-group bias. Correct d. discrimination.

Which major life event on the Social Readjustment Rating Scale has the highest number of "stress units"?

Death of a spouse

d

Dedric is being asked to anticipate an upcoming tennis match against a highly ranked opponent. He is to imagine falling behind by one set, in a best of two of three sets match, and what he would say to himself in such a scenario. This example illustrates what Meichenbaum would call A) systematic desensitization. B) person-centered therapy. C) rational emotive behavior therapy. D) stress inoculation training.

When the Illini last won the Big Ten Championship, thousands of fans went wild, mobbing the field, tearing down the goalposts, and keeping the team on the field. These are all actions that individual fans would probably not have done on their own. Their behavior in this situation is an example of

Deindividuation

Vince firmly believes that he is the Greek god, Zeus, and that his umbrella can fire thunderbolts. Vince's speech is disorganized and he has difficulty concentrating on his work because of all the prayers he believes he needs to answer. Vince's beliefs about himself are an example of a _____ and he will most likely be diagnosed with _____.

Delusion; schizophrenia

False beliefs held by a person who has no evidence to support such beliefs are known as _____.

Delusions

Person-Centered Therapy

Developed by Carl Rogers -- nondirective: encourages clients to direct the course of their therapy -- to ensure outcome, therapist must express unconditional positive regard

b. deindividuation.

Devoid of any retribution, , thousands of fans at a football game swarmed the field, climbing on the goal posts, yelling, screaming, and taking their clothes off. This behavior of normally mild-mannered citizens is known as Select one: a. individuation. b. deindividuation. c. demoralization. d. demonification.

There is a history of depression in Monica's family. However, Monica has had a relatively easy life and is a well-adjusted and happy graphic designer. Monica's lack of depressive symptoms would be BEST predicted by the _____ approach.

Diathesis-stress

The bulb in Sandy's desk light is of 20-watt intensity. It burns out and her husband temporarily replaces it with a 25-watt bulb. Sandy does not notice the difference in brightness. The increase of 5-watts is not enough to exceed Sandy's _____ threshold.

Difference

Sam was punished for yelling at his mother. So now when he is angry with her, instead of yelling at her he yells at his little brother. Which defense mechanism best describes Sam's behavior?

Displacement

Cultural guidelines that can regulate expression of emotion are called?

Display rules

After watching a hypnotist's act, John is convinced that hypnotized people are really in a different, altered state of consciousness. Edward, however, believes that hypnotized people just follow the hypnotist's commands. John believes the _____ theory of hypnosis, while Edward believes the _____ theory.

Dissociation; sociocognitive

Two weeks after her sudden disappearance on her wedding day, Marcela was found working as a receptionist in Las Vegas, 1,000 miles away from her home. She had no memory of her previous life. Marcela is most likely experiencing

Dissociative fugue

Annetta figured out fifty-seven ways to use a toothpick and won a year's supply of toothpicks for her efforts. Annetta demonstrated _____ thinking by figuring out all the uses of a toothpick.

Divergent

Emile is considering offers from two different colleges. Cactus University has one of the highest rated programs in his major (psychology) and charges low tuition, but it is located in the middle of the desert. Beach University is right on the water (his favorite sport is surfing), but the tuition is higher and its psychology program is lower-rated. Emile is facing a(n) _____ motivational conflict.

Double approach-avoidance

...

Dr. Samuels is using his students in a live demonstration of the visual system. He has placed several students in a line and has asked each student to jump up and down ONLY when a specific hand motion is given. He then assigns different hand signals to each student. What aspect of the visual system might Dr. Samuels be demonstrating? Select one: a. Feature detection CorrectCorrect. Feature detectors are neurons that fire only in response to specific patterns, such as lines and edges, or to other types of perceptual information, including complex shapes and moving objects (like a hand signal). b. Transduction c. Priming of the visual cortex d. Pattern recognition

Teresa has pulled an all-nighter to study for her Psychology 100 exam. After the exam, her friends suggest they watch a movie together to celebrate. Even though the movie seems interesting, Teresa says "No" to her friends' offer and goes to sleep instead. According to the ______ theory, Teresa's decision is motivated by the need to maintain _________.

Drive reduction; homeostasis

Annalisa just broke up with her boyfriend of over a year. She is positive that she will be miserable forever. What bias has Annalisa fallen victim to?

Durability bias

...

During a break in one of her favorite TV shows, Kamala sees an ad for a shampoo that she hasn't tried before. She admires the luxurious, glossy locks of the beautiful models and decides, effortlessly and unconsciously, to buy that shampoo. In this case Kamala is using what type of processing? Select one: a. Automatic Correct b. Controlled c. Top-down d. Bottom-up

a

Dylan believes that his hard work, rather than luck or chance, resulted in his promotion at work. Dylan probably has A) an external locus of control. B) self-delusions. C) an internal locus of control. D) an inferiority complex.

...

Ekman's research proposed that there are ________ distinct emotions across cultures. Select one: a. three b. four c. seven Correct d. nine

___ Is the first process of getting information into memory

Encoding

Depression is often treated by a class of drugs that inhibits the reuptake of which neurotransmitter

Endorphins

Pluralistic ignorance

Error of assuming that no one in a group perceives things as we do

James is reading an erotic story in a magazine when he notices his respiration and heart rate increasing. He is also experiencing penile erection. Which phase is James currently experiencing?

Excitement

As part of a psychology experiment, Rohit had to solve a set of math problems by himself and then another set of problems with three other people. Rohit found that he didn't apply himself as much in the group as when he was working alone. Remembering his psychology material, Rohit said to himself, "Oh, wow! I must be

Exhibiting social loafing

Achak is upset. He tells his roommate that if his psychology teacher knew how to teach, Achak would not have flunked his midterm. What locus of control is Achak demonstrating?

External

For this we extract key features and fill-in from context memory

Face recognition

The idea that muscles in the face send information to the brain, affecting the emotion we feel is known as the?

Facial feedback hypothesis

The practice of physiognomy, as well as that of phrenology, have been summarily discredited by modern scientific research. As it turns out, the bumps on a person's head and one's facial characteristics give virtually no information about their personality characteristics. This is an important reminder of the importance of the critical thinking principle of

Falsifiability

Melvin has been playing the banjo for 12 years but has never played in front of an audience. Melvin entered a local banjo playing competition, at which a large audience is expected. He is trying to decide whether to play a difficult but impressive song he learned recently, or an easy song that he has practiced for years. Social psychology research predicts that the presence of an audience will cause Melvin to play the ____ song _____ because of _________.

Familiar; better; social facilitation

Nalani and Nate met last week. They are already firmly committed to each other and feel great passion in their relationship. Sternberg would describe their love as

Fatuous

c. Hallucinations

Feeling insects crawling on your skin (when none are really there) or hearing voices (when no one is around or no one is talking to you) would be examples of what symptom of schizophrenia? Select one: a. Compulsions b. Delusions c. Hallucinations d. Obsessions

a. equally as much as

Females benefit ________ males when receiving psychotherapy for their emotional or mental difficulties. Select one: a. equally as much as b. less than c. more than d. substantially more than

Researchers asked students about their initial recollections a few days after September 11th and then 2 ½ to 3 years later. The results showed that?

Few students showed significant changes in their memories with the passage of time and their initial recollection were largely accurate

When taking a picture, photographers attempt to draw purple's attention toward a particular image. This is one example of the gestalt principle of?

Figure-ground

c. exhaustion

For the past six months, Jenna's job has been extremely stressful, but she doesn't feel that she can quit because she needs the money for tuition. Jenna has been having chronic headaches and is behind in all of her classes. According to Hans Selye, Jenna's is in the ______ stage of the general adaptation syndrome. Select one: a. alarm b. collapse c. exhaustion d. resistance

At the grocery store, a large sign proclaims "30% off!" of your second-favorite brand of chips. As you are reaching for the bag, you think to yourself, "but it would only cost an additional 30 cents to get my favorite brand." Your decision is being influenced by ____.

Framing effects

Psychic determinism

Freud's assumption that all our mental and behavioral responses are caused by unconscious traumas, desires, or conflicts

Conducting the same experiment with students from the US and Brazil and Australia would evaluate the ______ or the results

Generality

...

Gerald hears voices inside his head that tell him that he needs to leave the hospital where he has been placed for treatment. Gerald's voices are an example of a ___________. Select one: a. hallucination Correct b. delusion c. compulsion d. obsession

Pam just set her best friend Olivia up on a blind date with her brother. According to the two-factor theory, what might she do to enhance the likelihood that Olivia will find her brother desireable?

Give them tickets to a scary movie

These cells are referred to as support cells in the nervous system

Glia

Jason just moved to Las Vegas from South Carolina. What concept exemplifies the fact that, initially, he had trouble falling asleep in the noisy city, but now has no problem whatsoever?

Habituation

Which of the following statements is true about the broaden and build theory of happiness?

Happiness may help people look at the "big picture."

Melissa's mother was recently diagnosed with leukemia. As a result, Melissa is now required to take care of all of her mother's personal needs and manage her financial affairs. Melissa is already a full-time student, and is also the primary caregiver for her son. However, Melissa has an attitude that things could be worse. She is confident that she will get through this crisis. Thus, she is displaying

Hardiness

a. monkeys

Harlow conducted his research on children's attachments to their mothers using ___________. Select one: a. monkeys b. turtles c. humans d. dogs

Which of the following statements is the most accurate?

Hassles are minor annoyances or nuisances that tax one's ability to cope.

What theorist strongly disagreed with Freud's ideas about women and their feelings of inferiority and the Oedipus complex?

Horney

b. is theoretical. Formal tests to measure it have not been developed.

Howard Gardner's theory of Multiple Intelligences ______________________________. Select one: a. is a valid, reliable model that expands the construct of intelligence. b. is theoretical. Formal tests to measure it have not been developed. c. predicts that people who score high on one mental ability test will score high on other mental ability tests. d. proposes a hierarchy of mental abilities with a general factor, "g" at the top, shared by all.

Dr. D. Mento tells Marilyn that the source of her problems lies in a blocking of her growth potential. Dr. D. Mento says he can help her become aware of those blockages if she will take responsibility for her own actions. Dr. D. Mento most likely adheres to which approach to treatment?

Humanist

Which statement is most consistent with the James-Lange theory of emotion?

I'm anxious because I perspire."

Structure of Personality

ID: basic instinct; operates on pleasure principle -- Ego: principal decision maker; operates on reality principle -- Superego: sense of morality --- Conflict between these causes distress

As you realize that the MP3 player you want costs more than you can afford, part of you wants to steal it. Another part of you says that stealing is wrong, and that you should do as your parents taught you and earn the money to buy what you want. According to Freud, your impulse for immediate gratification comes from your _____, while the pressure to be moral comes from your _____.

ID; superego

Jamal has a very bad temper. He is notorious for lashing out at his friends when he doesn't get his way. What is dominating Jamal's actions?

Id

Identical twins have IQ correlations around .7, whereas fraternal twins have IQ correlations of about .3. What do these correlations suggest?

Identical twins have very similar IQs while fraternal twins do not

a. availability heuristic.

If a person makes a judgment based on how easy it is for an instance to come to mind, he or she may fall victim to the Select one: a. availability heuristic. b. belief perseverance effect. c. hindsight bias. d. representativeness heuristic.

Christina believes she can recall every detail of the experience of being held at gunpoint while performing surgery. However, research has shown?

If an individual is performing another task during the stressful situation they completing ignore all aspects of the situation which are not related to the task they are performing

a. The characteristics of Openness to Experience-curiosity, imagination, innovation-are more important to European culture than to other cultures.

If the personality factor of Openness is represented by many more words in European languages than in other languages, what inference can you make about European culture, given the Lexical hypothesis? Select one: a. The characteristics of Openness to Experience-curiosity, imagination, innovation-are more important to European culture than to other cultures. b. European cultures value personal discipline and dependability more than other cultures. c. The test is biased towards European culture and may not be as 'real' as its advocates claim. d. The number of words for openness in European languages is just a coincidence and no inference can be made about European culture based on that coincidence.

...

If the personality factor of Openness is represented by many more words in European languages than in other languages, what inference can you make about European culture, given the Lexical hypothesis? Select one: a. The characteristics of Openness to Experience-curiosity, imagination, innovation-are more important to European culture than to other cultures. Correct b. European cultures value personal discipline and dependability more than other cultures. c. The test is biased towards European culture and may not be as 'real' as its advocates claim. d. The number of words for openness in European languages is just a coincidence and no inference can be made about European culture based on that coincidence.

...

If you were born without cones in your retina, which of the following would be most difficult for you? Select one: a. discriminating colors Correct b. seeing movement with your peripheral vision c. adapting to a darkened movie theatre d. dating a vampire.

...

Imagine that a researcher wished to test the Linguistic Relativity hypothesis, and she knows that the Spanish language has a preposition, "en", that is translated in English as either "in" or "on." She recruits people who speak only English or only Spanish, and she shows participants a picture of a FROG IN a box. Then she asks the participants to indicate which of two other pictures is the most different from the picture of the FROG IN the box: A picture of a TURTLE IN a box or a picture of a FROG ON a box. The Linguistic Relativity hypothesis predicts that Spanish "en" speakers will not distinguish between "in" and "on" and that English speakers will. Given this, which of the following results would support the Linguistic Relativity hypothesis? Select one: a. English speakers and Spanish speakers both find the "frog on the box picture" the most different b. 50% of Spanish speakers say "turtle in the box" and 50% say "the frog on the box" but 100% of English speakers say "turtle in the box" Incorrect c. 50% of English speakers say "turtle in the box" and 50% say "the frog on the box" but 100% of the Spanish speakers say "turtle in the box" d. English speakers say "turtle in the box" and Spanish speakers say "the frog on the box"

a. would support the linguistic relativity hypothesis

Imagine that anthropologists found a language that had only two color words, "bright" and "dark". Researchers compared the speakers of this language and the speakers of a language that had many color words ("maroon," "gold", "umber" and so on.) If they found that the speakers of the two-color-word language perceived and remembered few colors, and speakers of the many-color-word language perceived and remembered many colors, their finding: Select one: a. would support the linguistic relativity hypothesis b. would be consistent with findings on functional fixedness c. would not support the linguistic relativity hypothesis. d. would support the availability heuristic

a. disagreeing with authority

Important components that are considered when diagnosing abnormal behavior include all of the following except _______________________. Select one: a. disagreeing with authority b. a breakdown in cognitive, emotional or behavioral functioning c. difficulty performing appropriate and expected roles d. behavior that is unacceptable to one's social group or culture

Which of the following phenomena casts doubt on the suggestion that undeveloped parts of the brain are solely responsible for the teenage proclivity to act in unreasonable and irrational manners?

Impulsive behaviors do not routinely appear in adolescents in non-Westernized countries.

a. correlation does not equal causation.

In class, a psychology professor states that learned helplessness causes persons to make attributions that are internally focused, global in nature, and stable. A student who demonstrates critical thinking would raise his or her hand and remind the professor that Select one: a. correlation does not equal causation. b. extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence. c. the research needs to still be replicated. d. such a claim is unfalsifiable.

...

In classical conditioning, the conditioned response is always Select one: a. similar to the unconditioned response. b. stronger than the unconditioned response. c. whatever the conditioned stimulus produces as a result of training. Correct d. whatever the conditioned stimulus produces prior to training.

b. the axon

In computers, when the print command is executed, a cable carries this signal from the computer to the printer. In comparing a computer to a neuron, the cable that carries the signal between the computer and the printer would be equivalent to Select one: a. a refractory potential b. the axon c. the dendrites d. the soma

d. Zimbardo

In his famous study, this researcher recruited college students to portray either guards or prisoners with some rather shocking results. Select one: a. Spears b. Milgram c. Asch d. Zimbardo

a. Correlation vs. causation

In humanistic therapies, some clients may first improve and then develop a stronger emotional bond with the therapist as a result of the therapy, while others may first develop a bond with the therapist and then improve. This demonstrates which of the six principles of scientific thinking? Select one: a. Correlation vs. causation b. Falsifiability c. Replicability d. Occam's Razor

...

In lecture, we saw a video of researcher Janet Werker studying the capacity of infants to detect speech sounds. She trained them to turn their head at a sound change (such as "ba" to "pa"), then exposed them to speech sounds that do not exist in English. What were her findings? Select one: a. Infants have a preference for their mother's voice from birth b. Deaf infants begin babbling at the same age as hearing infants c. Children recognize only the sounds of their parents language d. Children exhibit universal adaptability. Correct

a. procedural

In long-term memory, the ________ memory division does not require much effort or attention to recall information. Select one: a. procedural b. episodic c. visual-spatial d. prospective

d. Ruling out rival hypotheses

In the Renaissance, the medical model brought some unusual treatments for those with mental disorders. These included bloodletting and tossing patients into a pit of snakes. Amazingly, some patients actually showed improvement! It is possible that these treatments worked, but it is also possible that this improvement was a result of the placebo effect. This interpretation of these historical events demonstrates which of the six principles mentioned in your chapter? Select one: a. Replicability b. Extraordinary claims c. Correlation vs. causation d. Ruling out rival hypotheses

b. Selecting line sizes

In the experiments conducted by Solomon Asch, what was the main task that subjects had to perform? Select one: a. Pretend they were prison guards b. Selecting line sizes c. Plunge their hands into buckets of water that were either ice cold or scalding hot d. Deliver electric shocks to helpless victims

b. parietal

In which of the lobes of the cerebrum is the somatosensory cortex located? Select one: a. frontal b. parietal c. temporal d. occipital

word salad

Incoherent mixture of words, phrases, and sentences

In a study of ways to enhance memory, half of the participants listened to music while studying a word list, and half studied in science. After the study period, both groups took the same recall test. In this case, music was the:

Independent variable

Roseanne claims that she can remember instances of childhood sexual abuse that started at 6 months of age. Most psychologists are likely to be skeptical of this and other such claims because?

Infantile amnesia makes it unlikely that these are true memories from that age

"Look at those two, they can't keep their hands off of each other! They've only been on 2 dates, and they barely know each other!" What type of love is being depicted?

Infatuation

Jane just met Allen at a bar. They talked for awhile and shared a cab home. She tells her roommates that she cannot stop thinking about him. What type of love is she experiencing?

Infatuation

The difference between insomnia and sleep apnea is that __________.

Insomnia is characterized by sleeplessness, whereas sleep apnea is characterized by breathing difficulties

Trait Models

Interested primarily in describing and understanding the structure of personality -- used Factor analysis to reduce diversity of personality descriptors to underlying traits -- and based on Lexical approach

Bob shows up late for class on Friday. You decide that the reason Bob is late is because he is a lazy, careless student. You have just made a ___attribution for bobs behavior

Internal

After dinner, Sophia started to read a cookbook that is full of colorful pictures of desserts. She decided to make a cake. After the cake was ready she felt hungry again, so she ate the whole cake! This phenomenon can best be explained by the ________ theory.

Internal-external

A number of influences make us more likely to engage in intentionally harmful behavior

Interpersonal provocation, frustration, media influences, aggressive cues, ect.

Dissociative disorders

Involves disruptions in consciousness, memory, identity, or perception -- amnesia, etc. -- Primary controversy surrounds issue of post traumatic (little evidence) vs sociocognitive models (most DID patient don't show alters prior to therapy

Which of the following statements is true about the DSM-5?

It describes symptoms and includes information regarding the prevalence of specific disorders.

Punishment works best when

It is used in conjunction with reinforcement of a desired behavior

____ Was the first person to describe learning as acquired through classical conditioning while studying the digestive process of dogs.

Ivan Pavlov

a. improved; social facilitation.

Jacob is a very skilled basketball player. When his girlfriend and her friends stopped by his house during a basketball game with his friends, Jacob's performance ________ due to what Zajonc calls ____________. Select one: a. improved; social facilitation. b. improved; attribution c. got worse; prosocial interference d. got worse; social awareness

c. Falsifiability

James claims that he can read minds, but he refuses to tell anyone what he has learned so there is no way to test whether his claim is true or false. Which of the six principles of scientific thinking best describes this situation? Select one: a. Ruling out rival hypotheses b. Correlation versus Causation c. Falsifiability d. Occam's razor

...

James claims that he can read minds, but he refuses to tell anyone what he has learned so there is no way to test whether his claim is true or false. Which of the six principles of scientific thinking best describes this situation? Select one: a. Ruling out rival hypotheses b. Correlation versus Causation c. Falsifiability Correct d. Occam's razo

Jon is sitting in his psychology class across from Della when he realizes that he his been smiling. What theory of emotion suggests that Jon will now decide that he has a crush on Della?

James-Lange

One of the problems associated with asthma is that once patients experience difficulty breathing, they often make their symptoms worse by concentrating on them and/or worrying about them. Consequently, many doctors include relaxation exercises as part of a treatment program to prevent patients from making their asthmatic reactions worse. This example of how our awareness of physiological changes can influence or even cause subsequent emotions is most supportive of which of the following theories of emotion? Select one: a. Plutchik b. Cannon-Bard c. James-Lange d. Yerkes-Dodson Feedback

James-Lange

Seeing a snake, running away from it, and then becoming frightened is the sequence of events postulated by the __________ theory. Select one: a. Plutchik b. Cannon-Bard c. James-Lange d. Yerkes-Dodson

James-Lange

Which theory of emotion proposes that stimuli cause physiological changes in our bodies and emotions result from those physiological changes?

James-Lange

Which of the following theories states that emotions are from our interpretations of our bodily reactions to stimuli?

James-Lange theory of emotion

According to the ____ theory of emotion, physiological arousal precedes experiencing an emotion whereas the ____ theory suggests emotions result from the simultaneous stimulation of the brain's cortex (perception) and the autonomic nervous system.

James-Lange theory; Cannon-Bard theory

...

Jess is giving a class presentation on suicide. Which of the following is a point you are likely to hear her make? Select one: a. As depression lifts, the risk of suicide may increase rather than decrease. Correct b. One must be careful when talking with a depressed person about suicide because you might make her more likely to take her own life. c. People who talk about committing suicide are just looking for attention. d. There is seldom any warning given by those who commit suicide.

b. Type A personality.

John is the type of person who wants everything done perfectly the first time. When playing a game, he feels like he must win. He is easily provoked to anger, but he is also readily ambitious. Based on these traits, John must be a Select one: a. Type D personality. b. Type A personality. c. Type B personality. d. Type T personality.

d. proactive

Jorge recently learned that his son was going to need some supplemental instruction to help him be successful at school; however, the extra assistance would cost a lot of money and Jorge had not prepared for the expense. With two months to go before the extra bills would start coming in, Jorge started working 4 extra hours per week and saving the additional money to pay for the tutors. When the time came for the extra instruction to begin, Jorge had saved more than enough to pay for the help for his son. Jorge has used ________ coping to deal with the unexpected stress of new expenses. Select one: a. reactive b. informational c. decisional d. proactive

c. acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS).

Julie has a serious disorder of the immune system that is life-threatening and incurable. This is a condition in which the human immunodeficiency virus attacks and damages the immune system. Julie has Select one: a. multiple sclerosis. b. Alzheimer's. c. acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). d. human papilloma virus (HPV).

________ disagreed with Freud's concept of penis envy in females.

Karen Horney

b. Structural family therapy

Karen is a family therapist who has just arrived at her client family's home to have dinner with them and spend the evening. Her visit is not social, but rather will be an opportunity for her to see how the family interacts with one another. Karen is using which family therapy model? Select one: a. Stratified family therapy b. Structural family therapy c. Logical family intervention. d. Strategic family intervention.

Mary has trouble coordinating her movements and she cannot feed herself without looking into a mirror. In this example, Mary's ______ sense is probably not working well.

Kinesthetic

Who is NOT being driven by extrinsic motivation?

Kip, who is trying to fill his star chart before Mary

Who is being driven by intrinsic motivation?

Kira, who enjoys running marathons for the challenge

A client tells his therapist about a dream of riding on a train with his boss. At the end of the journey, the boss gets off the train at a terminal. The therapist suggests that the "terminal" in the dream indicates an unconscious desire by the client to "terminate" his boss. This desire to terminate the boss, if it exists, would reflect what Freud called the __________ content of the dream.

Latent

A lab rat had part of its hypothalamus destroyed. The rat seems to have lost all interest in food and won't eat even when food is available. It would appear that the part of the____hypothalamus has been destroyed.

Lateral hypothalamus

When Yori's pizza was delivered, she quickly began eating. Eventually, though, she had enough and put the rest of the pizza away for later. The biological theory suggests that Yori began eating because of activity in her _____, and she stopped eating because of activity in her _____.

Lateral hypothalamus; ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus

...

Lauren knew all the rules of grammar--when to say "who" and when to say "whom--but she didn't bother to follow some of those rules when she actually spoke. The difference between the rules that Lauren knew she ought to follow and how she (and her friends) actually spoke is similar to the difference between _____________________. Select one: a. normative and descriptive approaches to problem solving. Correct b. algorithms and heuristics c. inductive versus deductive reasoning d. recall and recognition

c. the enlightenment effect.

Learning about psychological research can change real-world behavior for the better. This is known as Select one: a. the bystander effect. b. the altruism effect. c. the enlightenment effect. d. the helping effect.

b

Lena answered true to most of the questions that asked her about her participation in outdoor activities or social gatherings. When she received her results, she was amazed that the test had accurately described her extraverted personality. What may Lena be a victim of? A) Self-validation B) Confirmation bias C) Personal validation D) Projective accuracy

According to Eysenck, who would have the LEAST active reticular activating system (RAS)?

Lily, who likes to talk

Calab experiences periods of extreme elation, hyperactivity, and boundless energy as well as periods of overwhelming sadness, loss of interest in activities, and feelings of hopelessness and worthlessness. Which of the following medications would most likely be used to treat Calab's disorder?

Lithium

b. Bipolar disorder

Lithium is often used as an effective treatment for: Select one: a. Substance abuse b. Bipolar disorder c. OCD d. Autism

...

Looking through his college yearbook, Ussain sees a picture of himself crying for joy on the school's track after running a mile in less that 4 minutes. He can vividly recall every detail of that emotional day; the shoes he was wearing, the voice of the announcer, the cheer of the crowd, and the smell of the fireworks. Then Ussain turned the page and saw another photo of that day. He was surprised to see that there had been no crowd and no fireworks. This intense, yet imperfect, memory is an example of __________________. Select one: a. a flashbulb memory Correct b. the misinformation effect c. anterograde amnesia d. a source monitoring confusion

a. Exposure therapy

Louis is very scared of snakes, he cannot even look at pictures of snakes. Which type of the following would be most likely to help Louis? Select one: a. Exposure therapy b. Electroshock therapy c. Psychoanalytic therapy d. Biomedical (e.g., drug) therapy

b

Major changes in sleep patterns, weight level, and a loss of interest in pleasurable activities, characterize A) agoraphobia. B) major depressive disorder. C) schizophrenia. D) social anxiety.

Major changes in sleep patterns, weight level, and a loss of interest in pleasurable activities, characterize

Major depressive disorder

c. the experimental approach

Manipulating a variable under carefully controlled conditions and observing the changes in a second variable defines Select one: a. the testing approach b. the survey approach c. the experimental approach d. naturalistic observation

Biopsychosocial perspective

Many illnesses are a blend of the physical and psychological

a. a base rate

Many people avoid swimming in the ocean because they are frightened by the prospect of shark attacks, but in fact, shark attacks in the USA are rare; zero attacks were recorded in 2011, and since 1996, more people (16) have been killed by collapsing sand castles than by sharks (12). This kind of statistic--which records how frequent a behavior or event is in the general population--is known as ____________________. Select one: a. a base rate b. the availability heuristic c. the representativeness heuristic d. confirmation bias

...

Many people avoid swimming in the ocean because they are frightened by the prospect of shark attacks, but in fact, shark attacks in the USA are rare; zero attacks were recorded in 2011, and since 1996, more people (16) have been killed by collapsing sand castles than by sharks (12). This kind of statistic--which records how frequent a behavior or event is in the general population--is known as ____________________. Select one: a. a base rate Correct b. the availability heuristic c. the representativeness heuristic d. confirmation bias

b. Extraordinary claims

Many people believe that the "power of positive thinking" can effectively counteract serious and potentially terminal diseases. While it is certainly true that positive thinking is essential in helping with recovery, there is no research that suggests that positive thinking can reverse illnesses like cancer. These facts demonstrate which concept from this chapter? Select one: a. Replicability b. Extraordinary claims c. Occam's Razor d. Ruling out rival hypotheses

b. Extraordinary claims

Many people believe that the "power of positive thinking" can effectively counteract serious and potentially terminal diseases. While it is certainly true that positive thinking is essential in helping with recovery, there is no research that suggests that positive thinking can reverse illnesses like cancer. These facts demonstrate which concept from this chapter? Select one: a. Replicability b. Extraordinary claims c. Occam's Razor d. Ruling out rival hypotheses

b. Because schizophrenia literally means "split mind," people mistake it for "split personality" (or dissociative identity disorder).

Many people incorrectly assume that schizophrenia is a synonym for another commonly-discussed mental illness. Why does this mistake occur? Select one: a. Because the popular media has portrayed schizophrenic individuals as universally suffering from substance-related problems, people think that schizophrenia refers to an alcohol or drug addiction. b. Because schizophrenia literally means "split mind," people mistake it for "split personality" (or dissociative identity disorder). c. Because schizophrenia is an illness that we know virtually nothing about, people mistake it as a form of cancer. d. Because the illness has a similar sound to "mania," people think that it is the same as bipolar disorder.

d

Many projective assessment tools have disputed levels of A) standardization. B) representativeness. C) subjectivity. D) validity.

c. decisional control

Mario has been struggling with his college classes as of late. He has been working many hours, taking care of his children, and trying to carry a full load of classes. This semester he wants to take classes that are known to be a bit easier, so he consults with his friends at the college to get an idea of which courses will be less challenging. Mario's plan of gathering information before selecting a class is a demonstration of __________. Select one: a. emotional control b. informational control c. decisional control d. behavioral control

c. Extraversion . Marques clearly has a very outgoing, or extraverted, nature.

Marques loves to go to parties, and while there he can have a conversation with just about anyone, whether he knows them or not. Which of the following Five Factors" would Marques probably rate highly on based on this information? Select one: a. Neuroticism b. Conscientiousness c. Extraversion . Marques clearly has a very outgoing, or extraverted, nature. d. openness to new experiences

...

Marques loves to go to parties, and while there he can have a conversation with just about anyone, whether he knows them or not. Which of the following Five Factors" would Marques probably rate highly on based on this information? Select one: a. Neuroticism b. Conscientiousness c. Extraversion CorrectCorrect. Marques clearly has a very outgoing, or extraverted, nature. d. openness to new experiences

Based on research on differences in conformity, which of the following individuals would you most expect to conform to a group?

Masami, a Japanese female

Self-Actualization

Maslow said that self-actualized people tend to be creative, spontaneous, and accepting of themselves and others. May seem difficult to work with or aloof. Prone to peak experiences

According to Sternberg, intelligence can be broken down into three types. Which of the following is NOT one of these types?

Mathematical

Who is likely to be the happiest?

Matty, who is 63 and a grandmother

...

Max remembers the location and function of Wernickes's area because Wernicke starts with a W, a letter near the end of the alphabet, and Wernicke's area is near the back of the brain, behind the ear. This mnemonic (back + ear) helps Max remember that Wernicke's area is associated with _________. Select one: a. language comprehension Correct b. language production c. linguistic analysis d. linguistic relativity

a. hardiness.

Melissa's mother was recently diagnosed with leukemia. As a result, Melissa is now required to take care of all of her mother's personal needs and manage her financial affairs. Melissa is already a full-time student, and is also the primary caregiver for her son. However, Melissa has an attitude that things could be worse. She is confident that she will get through this crisis. Thus, she is displaying Select one: a. hardiness. b. rumination. c. self-enhancement. d. self-confidence.

...

Melvin and Leigh are interviewing students at their campus to determine if the students agree or disagree with a proposed policy change. Melvin believes the proposed policy change is a good idea, but Leigh believes the change will be bad for students. Nearly all the students interviewed by Melvin supported the policy change, but nearly all the students interviewed by Leigh disapproved of the change. The differences in the results illustrate the potential impact of Select one: a. the placebo effect b. double-blind research studies c. confounded dependent variables d. experimenter bias Correct

Which of the following statements is generally TRUE about sexual desire?

Men experience more sexual desire than women.

Hassless

Minor annoyances that strain out ability to cope - can impact us as well -- number of hassles is positively related to illnesses, depression, and anxiety -- Research shows this is true even when major life events are controlled for

Scientific Evaluation

Mischel's argument concerning behavioral inconsistency -- Response was that traits are predictors of aggregate, not isolated, behaviors -- Primarily describe individual differences rather than what causes them

Jermaine sees a car accident and initially estimates the offending driver to be traveling at 40-45 miles per hour. However after hearing another witness's report of the cars "bumping" and answering a police officer's questions about the rate of speed when the cars "contacted" he subsequently revises his estimate to 30 miles per hour and his memory of the car accident changes. This is an example of?

Misinformation effect

b. hassle

Monroe and his wife have to deal with the fact that her mother calls their house at least 10 times a day, usually with no important reason for the call. She is a lonely individual, and her calls seem to be about finding something to do. Monroe finds her calls bothersome, but he tries not to let them get to him because deep down he really does love his mother-in-law. In this case, Monroe's mother-in-law might be best described as aNo __________. Select one: a. stressor b. hassle c. major life event d. eustress inducer

Studies on the mere exposure effect demonstrate that the more often we see something, the ___likely we will like it.

More

The Neo-Freudian Tradition

More concerned with conscious aspects of the client's functioning -- emphasize the impact of cultural and interpersonal influences on behavior -- more optimistic; emphasize needs for power, love, and status (not just sex and aggression)

Which of the following is true concerning the nature-nurture debate?

Most researchers believe that genes and environment interact to influence human behavior

Behavioral medicine and health psychology both emphasize Select one: a. diagnosing and treating illness. Incorrect b. diagnosing illness. c. the prevention of illness. d. treating illness.

NOT a. diagnosing and treating illness.

Danny tells Janet that he figured out the solution to his math problem while sleeping. She says that's impossible because dreams are just a random collection of images and have no purpose. Who is right? Select one: a. Danny b. Both Danny and Janet c. Janet d. Janet, but Danny may believe that he dreamt the solution Incorrect

NOT d. Janet, but Danny may believe that he dreamt the solution

Which of the following is one of the changes detected by a polygraph?

NOT electrical activity in the brain NOT body temp

Which of these is the correct sequence of Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs from the lowest to the highest?

NOT esteem, safety, self-actualization, belonging, physiological

Studies have suggested that the personal space in many Middle Eastern countries is ________ than in the United States, and women, in general, tend to have a ________ personal space than men.

NOT further; closer

Alisa stood on stage with one corner of her mouth lifted. This is one illustration of a ________.

NOT happy

Little Denny is listening to Grandpa Joe talk about the "Good old days." How is Grandpa Joe likely to be feeling?

NOT nostalgic NOT sad

In general, which of the following is the least related with happiness?

NOT political affiliation

Which best characterizes the correlation between income and subjective feelings of happiness?

NOT positive and strong

Which level of Abraham Maslow's hierarchy is epitomized by the U.S. Army's previous slogan "Be all that you can be"?

NOT self esteem

Among the major principles guiding attraction and relationship formation, ________ plays a more important role when a relationship moves to deeper levels.

NOT similarity

The phase in which people experience sexual pleasure and notice physiological changes associated with it is called the

NOT the orgasm phase

Jon is sitting in his psychology class across from Della when he realizes that he his been smiling. What theory of emotion suggests that Jon will now decide that he has a crush on Della?

NOT two factor

Our unconscious spillover of emotions into nonverbal behavior is called ________.

NOnverbal leakage

Rose is dramatic and constantly needs to be the center of attention. She expects her roommates to listen to her and give her support as she talks incessantly about her problems. She believes that she is a special person and life's rules just don't apply to her. Rose would most likely be diagnosed with _____ personality disorder.

Narcissistic

The philosophical position that certain knowledge is innate or inborn is:

Nativism

A book about language development titled "Born to Talk" is most likely based on the ______ account of language development.

Nativist

The ___ account of language acquisition argues that we come into this world knowing how language works.

Nativist

Watching how people take food from a buffet line without their knowledge and without manipulating anything is an example of

Naturalistic observation

As your grandmother has been getting older, you have noticed several ways in which her cognitive abilities have begun to decline. As she ages, she is most likely to lose her ability to

Navigate in a city she never visited before

d

Ned seeks therapy after having recurrent episodes of feeling "detached from himself" for several months, but he has not lost his self-awareness or memory. He notes that he feels like a robot, disconnected from his movements and actions. He is most likely suffering from _____. A) dissociative fugue B) conversion disorder C) dissociative identity disorder D) depersonalization/derealization disorder

Destry has been diagnosed with schizophrenia. He is extremely withdrawn, shows little or no emotion, and no longer enjoys doing the things he liked to before the onset of his illness. Destry's symptoms would be classified as _____ symptoms of schizophrenia.

Negative

During the day, Barb suffers from frequent, unwanted thoughts that she has left her front door unlocked, and recurrent images that all her belongings have been taken. These thoughts and images are what psychologists refer to as a(n)

Obsession

There are several proposed hypotheses for why many different types of animals tend to exhibit similar, if not identical, expressions of emotion. One such hypothesis, demonstrating the critical thinking concept of ________, suggests that these reactions all share the same evolutionary origins.

Occam's Razor

Investigators exploring the so-called "Mozart Effect" have suggested that one very simple explanation for the phenomenon is that listening to classical music, like any other stimulating activity, enhances arousal in children. This "simpler" explanation demonstrates the principle of

Occam's Razor.

Paraprofessionals

Often obtain agency-specific training and attend workshops that enhance their education -- little to no difference in effectiveness bet. experienced and novice therapists

c. greater; less

One of the key themes in Milgram's paradigm is the ________ the psychological distance between the teacher/participant and the experimenter, the ________ the obedience. Select one: a. less; less b. less; greater c. greater; less d. greater; greater

a. the placebo effect.

One reason that nearly any type of credible treatment may produce strong beneficial effects, is that people hope it will and want it to work. This idea is referred to as Select one: a. the placebo effect. b. regression to the mean. c. the self-serving bias. d. spontaneous remission.

a. subjective distress

One sign of abnormality is when a person engages in behavior that creates a great deal of emotional discomfort or __________. Select one: a. subjective distress b. social deviance c. statistical rarity d. inability to function normally

...

One sign of abnormality is when a person engages in behavior that creates a great deal of emotional discomfort or __________. Select one: a. distress Correct b. deviance c. disfunction d. danger

d. salad

One symptom of schizophrenia is called a word _______, in which a person's verbalizations are so jumbled that they are virtually impossible to understand. Select one: a. frenzy b. neologism c. clang d. salad

...

One-year old Tommy is extremely distressed whenever his mother leaves him, yet resists her attempts to comfort him when she returns. Based on these behaviors, it seems that Tommy has ___________________ with his mother. Select one: a. not yet developed an attachment style b. secure attachment c. anxious-ambivalent (also called insecure) attachment Correct d. avoidant attachment

Big Five Model

Openness to Experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism -- predict job performance and grades in school, physical health and life span -- relatively similar traits seen across cultures, but different prevalence rates. Individualist vs collectivistic societies

Phoebe is an interior decorator who is creative, imaginative, and is good at using unconventional items in unusual and original ways. Phoebe most likely would be high in ______ according to the Big Five personality theory.

Openness to experience

In a study of aggression, Dr. Jones records an instance of aggression when a child's hand makes audible contact with another individual. This description of aggression is an

Operational definition

Which order is correct for Freud's psychosexual stages of development?

Oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

Psychopathic Personality

Overlaps with antisocial personality disorder -- primarily males; about 25% of the prison population qualifies -- they may be perpetually under aroused and experiencing stimulus hunger

Dr. McDonald uses only the testimonies of parents and teachers as support for his treatment of ADHD; this illustrates which warning sign of pseudoscience?

Overreliance on anecdotes

The fact that a general statement can be seen by five different individuals as being an insightful analysis of their personality is most likely due to the

P. T. Barnum effect

Following this event which part of the nervous system helps restore normal heart rate and breathing?

Parasympathetic

Which of the following is one of the major differences between someone who is dieting and someone who suffers from anorexia?

People with anorexia have more unrealistic perceptions of their body size.

Regarding the two-processes of operant and classical conditioning, which is true?

Phobias are often caused by classical conditioning, maintained by operant conditioning

Penelope has been drinking coffee for the past 10 years. She says she needs the caffeine to stay awake in her classes and simply get through the day. If she does not drink at least five cups each day, she experiences severe headaches, fatigue, and shakiness. Penelope is most likely _____ dependent on caffeine and is experiencing _____.

Physically; withdrawl

Which of the following subtests of the WAIS is the least likely to contain culturally biased items?

Picture completion

a. cones

Pigeons are very good at discriminating differences in color, have good visual acuity and are most active during daylight. If scientists looked at the retina of a pigeon, they would be most likely to find ________. Select one: a. cones b. rods c. rhodopsin d. feature detectors

Which of following is the assumption that the polygraph test is based upon?

Pinocchio response

While listening to music, Rodney noticed that some instruments were playing a higher pitched sound than others. Rodney's ability to hear these high frequency sounds is best explained by the _____ theory of hearing.

Place

...

Pleasure centers in the brain appear to be concentrated most heavily in the Select one: a. endocrine system b. limbic system Correct c. corpus callosum d. brainstem

Responses to moral dilemmas are only moderately correlated with actual behavior. Which of the following may be seen to increase the strength of correlations between hypothetical responses and actual behavior?

Posing dilemmas focused on realistic situations that are likely to be faced on a regular basis

Which best characterizes the correlation between income and subjective feelings of happiness?

Positive, but modest

All of the following are ways neurotransmitters are eliminated from the synapse following a chemical signal except

Postsynaptic elimination

Justin was an average student in school. He ultimately earned his college degree, barely maintaining a "C" average. He has since been named manager of a local retail store and is responsible for the store's unprecedented success. According to Sternberg, at what type of intelligence does Justin excel?

Practical

According to Kohlberg, behavior motivated by the avoidance of punishment represents ___morality

Preconventional

In classical conditioning, the conditioned stimulus (CS) is the?

Previously neutral stimulus that produces an unconditioned response

Participants in a psychology experiment are asked to study a word list for 45 seconds after which it disappears from the screen. They are then asked to recall as many words as they can. Researchers observe that recall for words at the beginning of the list is better than fro words later in the list. This illustrates?

Primacy effect

The primary difference between the CS and the US is?

Prior to conditioning, one reliably elicits a response, the other doesn't

Whenever a new guest comes to visit, Holmes points out his favorite abstract painting and asks for the guest's interpretation of it. Holmes believes that by doing so, he is able to discover the guest's unconscious impulses. Holmes is using the painting as a(n) _____ personality test.

Projective

Julie has fallen in love with her therapist, and tells him so at their weekly meeting. He tells her she is probably experiencing transference. Julie's therapist is working within the _____ approach.

Pschodynamic

Which theory of personality is most concerned with understanding people's unconscious motivations?

Psychoanalytic

d. interpersonal

Psychologist James Coyne has proposed that depression symptoms may be sustained by ________ problems; that is, people who are depressed seek excessive reassurance from others, and this causes them to dislike and reject the depressed individual. As a result the depression can linger or worsen. Select one: a. sociological b. neurological c. cognitive d. interpersonal

b

Psychologists find group therapy to be an effective approach to treatment because A) it is more effective at producing lasting changes than the individual treatments. B) it allows participants to practice new skills in a safe environment. C) they interact less with each individual patient. D) they can make more money.

Of the following indices, which would not ordinarily appear on an integrity test used by a company looking to hire the most honest employees?

Psychopathic deviate

b. he gave her a big smile

Randeep had been studying hard for a while in the Lind Hall library for an upcoming Psychology exam. When his friend Annelise came over and said hello, his heart rate decreased, he stretched back in his chair, he gave her a big smile, and said "I'm so happy to see you!" According to Dr. Gewirtz's definition, when Randeep's saw his friend, the somatic aspect of his emotional response is that _________________________. Select one: a. his heart rate decreased b. he gave her a big smile c. he said, "I am so happy to see you." d. he felt relief.

a. heuristics

Rather than carefully review policies, previous experience or public statements, for many voters just knowing that this candidate is endorsed by the Republican or Democratic party is sufficient for decision making. When this happens, party affiliation serves as the kind of shortcut to making decisions known as _______________. Select one: a. heuristics b. algorithms c. confirmation bias d. inductive reasoning

...

Rather than carefully review policies, previous experience or public statements, for many voters just knowing that this candidate is endorsed by the Republican or Democratic party is sufficient for decision making. When this happens, party affiliation serves as the kind of shortcut to making decisions known as _______________. Select one: a. heuristics Correct b. algorithms c. confirmation bias d. inductive reasoning

Randy hates school because he doesn't understand math. His mom helps him at home and she tells Randy to think to himself, "It's OK. I can do this!" When Randy's math scores begin to improve, he starts to enjoy school and participates in class more, thus encouraging his math teacher to call on him and help him work the problems. According to Bandura, Randy's personality has been shaped by

Reciprocal determinism

Stanford Prison Study

Recruited normal young men for a two week psych study of prison life -- randomly assigned them to be either a prisoner or a guard -- called by number instead of name

Diffusion of responsibility

Reduction in sense of responsibility often felt by individuals in a group; may be responsible for the bystander effect

Brittany, softball player, who plays catcher for the local college has thrown out base stealers at a 42, 39, and 41 percent rate over her three years. Her performance could be considered which of the following

Reliable

Some research has shown that classical conditioning and/or observational learning has been noted in animals with very small cerebra, including honeybees and starfish. Other research has failed to consistently support these findings. This is a problem for which principle of critical thinking?

Replicability

The ____ heuristic is one that involves judging the probability of an event by its superficial similarity to a prototype

Representativeness

Rational/Theoretical Method

Requires test developers to begin with a clear-cut conceptualization of a trait and then write items to assess that conceptualization -- Some have strong reliability and validity (NEO PI-R) but others do not (Myers-Briggs)

a

Research suggests that the Big Five personality traits are A) unique to each culture. B) identical in every culture. C) fairly consistent across many cultures. D) useless for cultural evaluation

a. little or no relationship

Research suggests that there is ________ between one's race and the outcome of therapy. Select one: a. little or no relationship b. a curvilinear relationship c. a positive relationship d. a negative relationship

...

Researcher Eric Kandel discovered that when he tapped a certain body spot Aplysia, a sea slug, one time, the slug would retract its gills in a defensive maneuver. However, when Kandel touched the same spot repeatedly, the slug would eventually ignore the stimulus. This change in response demonstrates _____. Select one: a. habituation Correct b. sensitization c. extinction d. acquisition

b. the physical coordination skills of the men in the study

Researchers studying the effects of sleep deprivation tested the physical coordination skills of 25-year-old males who had been sleep deprived for either 24, 36, or 48 hours. In this study, the dependent variable would be Select one: a. the age of the research participants b. the physical coordination skills of the men in the study c. the length of time the participants had been sleep deprived d. the type of physical coordination task the researchers use

Following an action potential a new action potential cannot be initiated. This time period is called

Resting period

Billy studies for his French midterm and then for his Spanish midterm. While taking his Spanish midterm he keeps recalling French as opposed to Spanish test information. This is an example of?

Retroactive interference

Stacey was recently diagnosed with depression. She was prescribed an antidepressant to treat her symptoms. Her therapist said that this antidepressant works as a(n) ______ on the neurotransmitter ______.

Reuptake blocker; serotonin

Research on inmates placed in solitary confinement suggests that they experience more psychological symptoms, especially mood and anxiety problems, than other inmates. However, this finding may be difficult to interpret because some inmates may be more emotionally maladjusted to begin with. Which of the six principles of scientific thinking does this research finding fit into?

Ruling out rival hypotheses

The fact that hassles can be used to predict psychological adjustment even when major life events are removed from the equation demonstrates which of the following concepts in this chapter?

Ruling out rival hypotheses

The fact that different expressions of emotions tend to appear across cultures might lead one to believe that these expressions are evolutionarily based, and not affected by culture. At the same time, another explanation of this similarity is that because many people have been exposed to Western culture, they have taken on Western facial expressions of emotions. This alternate explanation for the apparent universality of emotional expression demonstrates which principle of critical thinking?

Ruling out rival hypothesis

The prevailing explanation for the relationship between stress and illness has been that increased levels of stress result in a decrease in the immune system's ability to protect the body from illness. On the other hand, it is possible that people who are experiencing stress engage in more health-damaging behaviors, this leads us to a greater likelihood of illness. This different explanation of the relationship demonstrates the importance of

Ruling out rival hypothesis

a. out-group homogeneity

Sai, who is from Japan, can easily tell whether another Asian person appears to be from China or Thailand. However, he has trouble distinguishing among White people and thinks they all look basically the same. This is due to what psychological tendency? Select one: a. out-group homogeneity b. in-group bias c. discrimination d. illusory correlation

When a student is understands how to solve a problem, but cannot see how to use this knowledge when given the same type of problem in a slightly different format, the student is being hindered by ______.

Salience of surface similarities

Who is demonstrating operant conditioning?

Sally pulls her hand off the hot stove

Physical arousal has to be interpreted cognitively before it is experienced as a specific emotion, according to ________.

Schachter and Singer

Young Pemba is being observed as he plays in a room with his mother. Pemba frequently goes to the toys in the room, but occasionally looks back at his mother to make sure she is there. After a quick smile is exchanged between mother and child, Pemba goes back to the task of building with the toys. When Pemba's mother leaves the room, he becomes moderately upset, but is easily soothed when she returns. Which type of attachment does Pemba seem to have with his mother?

Secure

The magic number of short-term memory is?

Seven plus or minus two

Schizophrenia

Severe disorder of thought and emotion associated with a loss of contact with reality -- symptoms: disturbances in attention, thinking, language, emotion, and relationships. -- Less than 1% of population, but over half of people in mental institutions -- Delusions, Hallucinations, disorganized speech -- psych factors pay a role in this, but only trigger it in persons with genetic vulnerabilities

b. holds analyzed information for brief periods of time

Short-term memory: Select one: a. maintains information in a relatively pure, unanalyzed form b. holds analyzed information for brief periods of time c. is the system used to maintain information for extended periods of time d. has an unlimited storage capacity

Who is least likely to be aggressive?

Shoshone, who lives in Anchorage, Alaska

Professor Wilheim is trying to get his students to broaden their perspective. What might you suggest he do?

Show them cartoons before his lecture

...

Signals along the WHAT pathway from the occipital lobe to the temporal lobe produces ________________________________. Select one: a. information about the identity of an object Correct b. information about where an object is in space c. inhibition or activation of an emotional response d. activation or inhibition of a motor response

According to Occam's razor, evaluation of psychological phenomena demands the most ____ explanation to account for the available data.

Simple

Psychoanalysis

Six core techniques: Free association, interpretation, dream analysis, resistance, transference, working through

Research has demonstrated that there are ___ distinct emotions across cultures

Six or seven

Which of the following is one of the changes detected by a polygraph?

Skin conductance

Which facial expression would you be surprised to see you're new born baby exhibit?

Smirk

_________ is the leading cause of preventable disease and death in the United States.

Smoking

Dustin usually keeps a distance of about 4-12 feet while having conversations with strangers. This is one example of ________ distance.

Social

Demonstrating the phenomenon of ____, Zajonic found that cockroaches will run faster and more efficiently when___.

Social facilitation; other are present

Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development focused on?

Social interactions

Elena is working on a team project for her computer science class. She finds that many people on the team do not complete their assigned tasks. Elena has discovered a social psychology phenomenon known as

Social loafing

Xixu experiences intense anxiety when around other people. He becomes overwhelmed with worry that people will criticize him for the way he speaks and behaves. Xixu is most likely experiencing

Social phobia

c. people, groups, and the larger community.

Social support encompasses the social relations with Select one: a. people and groups. b. the larger community. c. people, groups, and the larger community. d. individual people.

...

Some research has shown that stimulating parts of the temporal lobe can produce vivid autobiographical memories. Others have suggested that these are not true memories, but rather are more like hallucinations that do not reflect real past experiences. To date, the true answer has not yet been solidified. This uncertainty in research findings demonstrates which of the six principles of scientific thinking? Select one: a. Ruling out rival hypotheses CorrectCorrect. In this case, the true answer may come from disproving alternate answers. To date, however, this has not been accomplished. b. Correlation vs. causation c. Extraordinary claims d. Falsifiability

a. Ruling out rival hypotheses. In this case, the true answer may come from disproving alternate answers. To date, however, this has not been accomplished.

Some research has shown that stimulating parts of the temporal lobe can produce vivid autobiographical memories. Others have suggested that these are not true memories, but rather are more like hallucinations that do not reflect real past experiences. To date, the true answer has not yet been solidified. This uncertainty in research findings demonstrates which of the six principles of scientific thinking? Select one: a. Ruling out rival hypotheses. b. Correlation vs. causation c. Extraordinary claims d. Falsifiability

Can personality change?

Some variability prior to age 30, but little thereafter -- Some evidence for changing of personality psychopharmacological, but should we?

Mrs. Linder, a high school math teacher, believes that students who are good at math will also be good in English, history, and music. Mrs. Linder's belief best supports which concept of intelligence?

Spearman's g

In addition to general intelligence, Charles Spearman believed that intelligence scores also reflected ________

Specific intellectual abilities, or s factors

Simple pathways in the nervous system that rapidly generate muscle contractions are known as

Spinal reflexes

b. Catharsis can be harmful when it reinforces a sense of helplessness.

Stacie is interested in researching the effects of catharsis on health. What will she likely find in the literature? Select one: a. Yelling, punching pillows, and throwing balls significantly reduce long-term stress. b. Catharsis can be harmful when it reinforces a sense of helplessness. c. Catharsis can be harmful when it involves problem solving and/or constructive means to make the stressful situation "right." d. Catharsis has been found to be universally negative, as it has physical effects that promote aggression, hostility, and anger.

Ichabod is asleep when there is a sound outside his window. Ichabod becomes instantly alert, even though he was asleep a moment before. What stage of sleep was Ichabod most likely NOT in before he was awakened?

Stage 4

Jackie Robinson, the first African-American to play in the major leagues, was told all his life that he was inferior. Yet time after time he was able to outperform many of the other players on the field. Which potential problem did Jackie Robinson overcome?

Stereotype threat

Hal is a police officer who believes that all elderly people are bad drivers. He issues tickets to a disproportionate number of elderly drivers. Hal's belief is an example of _____, and his behavior is classified as _____.

Stereotyping; discrimination

Which of the following individuals would benefit most from taking an anxiolytic?

Steve, who has been diagnosed with obsessive-complusive disorder

Rodney's dog runs to the door every time he hears Rodney's car pull into the driveway. Yesterday Rodney's friend pulled up and the dog came running to the door. What is Rodney's dog exhibiting?

Stimulus generalization

________ consist(s) of the tension, discomfort, or physical symptoms that arise when a situation strains our ability to cope effectively.

Stress

Traumatic

Stressor so severe that it can produce long-term psychological or health consequences

Authoritarian parents are ___disciplinarians and they are ___with punishment

Strict; quick

Karen is a family therapist who has just arrived at her client family's home to have dinner with them and spend the evening. Her visit is not social, but rather will be an opportunity for her to see how the family interacts with one another. Karen is using which family therapy model?

Structural family therapy

Children are especially susceptible to which of the seven sins of memory?

Suggestibility

Harlow's study of infant monkeys showed that?

Surrogate mother where soft to the touch but did not provide mild produced the strongest attachment responses

Most research indicates that all of the following emotions have considerable cross-cultural agreement except?

Suspicion

When you are scared by a loud sound and your heart rate increases, this is part of your nervous system is activated

Sympathetic

Michelle experiences music and sound through multiple senses. While hearing music she can see certain notes as having unique colors. When people talk to her, she associates different colors with different voices, as well. Michelle's experience is known as

Synthesia

c. phobia.

Systematic desensitization is specifically designed to help a person to deal with his or her Select one: a. depression. b. dissociative identity disorder. c. phobia. d. psychopathic personality.

Belinda has a fear of blood and needles. Her therapist treats her by teaching her to relax, and then asks her to imagine a series of stimuli, such as a needle on a table, the needle being held by a doctor, the needle piercing a patient's skin, the needle filling with blood, and so on, while staying relaxed. This process is known as

Systematic desenstization

Katie is in pain after falling and scraping her knee. Rubbing the area around the scrape temporarily reduces her pain. According to the gate control theory of pain, this happens because the rubbing

Take over the pathway for pain signals to the brain

Based on the realities of happiness, during which holiday should we be the happiest?

Thanksgiving

...

The "Flynn effect" refers to Select one: a. the finding that IQ scores have stayed the same over the last decade. b. the finding that IQ scores have steadily increased over the last decade. Correct c. the finding that IQ scores have steadily decreased over the last decade. d. the finding that IQ scores are negatively correlated with education levels.

a. give himself credit for being so smart.

The Actor-Observer bias predicts that when Lou does well on his Psy 1001 Final he will_______________________. Select one: a. give himself credit for being so smart. b. he will attribute his success to the useful study aids provided by the Psy 1001 team. c. he will be disappointed because he will feel that he could have done even better. d. he will assume that everyone has done just as well as him because the test was easy.

...

The Actor-Observer bias predicts that when Lou does well on his Psy 1001 Final he will_______________________. Select one: a. give himself credit for being so smart. Correct b. he will attribute his success to the useful study aids provided by the Psy 1001 team. c. he will be disappointed because he will feel that he could have done even better. d. he will assume that everyone has done just as well as him because the test was easy.

c. extraordinary claims.

The case of Nadean Cool, who was purported to have more than a hundred different personalities, is an example of the critical thinking concept of Select one: a. correlation versus causation b. falsifiability c. extraordinary claims. d. replicability

While boxing, Mike takes a direct hit to his closed eye. He immediately experiences a visual sensation of purple light. Mike's sensation can best be explained by

The doctrine of specific nerve energies

c. Ruling out rival hypotheses

The fact that hassles can be used to predict psychological adjustment even when major life events are removed from the equation demonstrates which of the following concepts in this chapter? Select one: a. Correlation vs. causation b. Replicability c. Ruling out rival hypotheses d. Occam's Razor

Which of the following is an accurate statement regarding the intersection of the mental health and legal industries?

The insanity defense is only raised in about 1% of all criminal trials, and is only successful about one-fourth of the time

...

The largest and most complex part of the human brain is the ____________. Select one: a. medulla b. cerebrum Correct c. cerebellum d. limbic system

a. the score that falls exactly in the center of a distribution

The median is Select one: a. the score that falls exactly in the center of a distribution b. the arithmetic average of the scores in a distribution c. the score that occurs most frequently in a distribution d. the difference between the largest and the smallest scores in a distribution

Hermann says he is interested in studying consciousness. What might he mean by this?

The study of a person's subjective experiences

c. conformity.

The tendency of people to alter their behavior as a result of group pressure is called Select one: a. obedience. b. attribution. c. conformity. d. social comparison.

...

The two most basic divisions of the nervous system are the Select one: a. sympathetic division and the parasympathetic division b. central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system Correct c. somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system d. brain and the spinal cord

b. resting potential.

The voltage of -60 millivolts is known as the neuron's Select one: a. postsynaptic potential. b. resting potential. c. action potential. d. graded potential.

b. peripheral route.

There are two alternative pathways to persuading others. One leads us to respond to persuasive arguments on the basis of snap judgments. This is known as the Select one: a. central route. b. peripheral route. c. afferent route. d. efferent route.

Which of the statements is TRUE about homosexuality?

They can be good parents

a. Meta-analysis

This is a statistical method that helps researchers to interpret large bodies of psychological literature. Select one: a. Meta-analysis b. Beta-analysis c. Correlation d. Standard deviation

Roger's Model

Three components of personality: The organism, The self, Conditions of worth - can result in incongruence

Dr. Schultz studies children's personalities. She believes there are clear differences in personality dimensions among children and these dimensions can predict children's responses over time and in many different situations. Dr. Schultz's beliefs correspond with the ______ approach to personality.

Trait

Sarah enjoys taking scenic walks each evening. The light energy from objects viewed by Sarah is translated into a neural code that is interpreted by her brain. This process is called

Tranduction

Although many successful musical artists don't appear to have "book smarts", they certainly have the "street smarts" needed to succeed in the music industry. Which theory of intelligence BEST accounts for this observation?

Triarchic theory

Erikson's first psychological crisis is?

Trust mistrust

Scientific Evaluation

Very influential in our thinking about personality, but here are major criticisms: unfalsifiable, failed predictions, questionable conception of unconscious, unrepresentative samples, and emphasis on shared environment

Sigmund Freud

Viennese neurologist who developed first comprehensive theory of personality

Which statement best reflects the James-Lange theory of emotion? Select one: a. Our hearts race, we see a monster, we feel fear. b. We see a monster, we feel fear, our hearts race. c. We see a monster, our hearts race, we feel fear. d. We feel fear, our hearts race, we see the monster.

We see a monster, our hearts race, we feel fear.

a. Average IQ increases with each generation.

What is the Flynn Effect? Select one: a. Average IQ increases with each generation. b. When given any personality feedback, people tend to think it describes them well. c. Moral emotions tend to be more powerful than other types of emotions. d. As hunger and thirst increase, higher order motivations become less powerful.

a. Phobic disorder is linked to specific triggers while generalized anxiety disorder is not linked to a specific trigger.

What is the main difference between generalized anxiety disorder and a phobic disorder? Select one: a. Phobic disorder is linked to specific triggers while generalized anxiety disorder is not linked to a specific trigger. b. Generalized anxiety disorder is linked to a specific trigger while phobic disorder is not linked to a specific trigger. c. Generalized anxiety disorder is more common in women and phobic disorder is more common in men. d. Generalized anxiety disorder is more common in men and phobic disorder is more common in women.

...

What part of the brain acts as a relay station for incoming sensory information? Select one: a. Hypothalamus b. Thalamus Correct c. Pituitary gland d. Endocrine system

a. Cornea

What structure is primarily responsible for focusing light at the back of the eye? Select one: a. Cornea b. Fovea c. Pupil d. Retina

b. The peripheral route

When Sam went looking for a new car, he met a beautiful saleswoman who described the beauty of the car and the flashiness, and how good Sam would look driving it. She did not mention the poor gas mileage, the exorbitant price, and the poor road performance. Sam made a snap decision to buy the car from the persuasive saleswoman. Sam was using which alternative pathway in making a decision? Select one: a. The central route b. The peripheral route c. The afferent route d. The efferent route

a. Preoperational

When a child understands that the number of dots in a row is the same after the dots have been spaced farther apart, the child has left Piagets _______________ stage. Select one: a. Preoperational b. Concrete operations c. Formal operations d. Sensorimotor

...

When an excitatory message reaches the dendrites, the cell becomes _________________ and the likelihood of a nerve impulse is ______________. Select one: a. more negative...increased b. less negative... increased Correct c. more negative...decreased d. less negative...decreased

b. civil

When an individual is institutionalized against his will because he poses a danger to himself or others, and he has committed no crime, this is called _________ commitment. Select one: a. criminal b. civil c. statutory d. regulatory

a. discriminative stimulus

When analyzing a behavioral event using the A-B-C model, something in "A" may signal that an organism should now behave ("B") in a certain way in order to receive reinforcement for its behavior ("C"). The term for this something in "A" is ____________________. Select one: a. discriminative stimulus b. unconditioned stimulus c. conditioned stimulus d. positive reinforcer

a. primary appraisal; secondary appraisal

When encountering a potentially threatening event, people first decide whether the event is harmful; this is known as ________. Then, aNo ________ is made about how well one can cope with that event. Select one: a. primary appraisal; secondary appraisal b. initial appraisal; general appraisal c. secondary appraisal; primary appraisal d. general appraisal; initial appraisal

b. correlational methods

When researchers are interested in studying the relationship between variables that cannot be manipulated they are likely to use which of the following methods? Select one: a. naturalistic observation b. correlational methods c. experimental methods d. case studies

c. situational

When their friend Vincent was walking down the hall after a pleasant conversation, Neil and Michaela watched as he suddenly tripped and fell to the floor, scattering his schoolbooks all over the hallway. They ran over to him, helped him pick up his books, and commented, "I didn't know that the floor was so slippery in this part of the hall!" Neil and Michaela have made a __________ attribution to explain why Vincent fell over. Select one: a. dispositional b. assistive c. situational d. cooperative

...

When travelling in Europe or Africa, many native born Americans are surprised to discover that sinks there have hot water faucets on the right side and cold water on the left. In the USA, it is the opposite; hot water is dispensed from the left tap,and cold water is dispensed on the right. For some Americans, this discovery is disturbing because they "know" that hot water should be dispensed from the left and cold water on the right. The way that they "know" this is characteristic of which way of knowing? Select one: a. traditional Correct b. empirical c. intuition d. rational

b. attributions.

When we attempt to explain the cause of someone's behavior, we are utilizing Select one: a. impression management. b. attributions. c. the self-serving bias. d. behavior assignment.

In most individuals, mirror neurons activate when

When you watch another perform an action

a. Dr. Gregory House can diagnose patient ailments with extraordinary skill, but he cannot explain to his colleagues exactly how he reaches his brilliant diagnoses.

Which of the following best illustrates "the paradox of expertise"? Select one: a. Dr. Gregory House can diagnose patient ailments with extraordinary skill, but he cannot explain to his colleagues exactly how he reaches his brilliant diagnoses. b. Dr. House, while brilliant at diagnosing patient ailments, has made terrible decisions in his personal life, which is, as a result, a complete mess. c. The more expertise individuals develop, the less confidence they feel about their decisions. d. People who develop expertise in one domain show less curiosity and less interest in developing their knowledge of other domains.

b. Increased blood flow to the brain

Which of the following has been shown to be an outcome of using meditation? Select one: a. Increased blood pressure b. Increased blood flow to the brain c. Decrease in blood glucose levels d. Decreases in nightmares and night terror episodes

...

Which of the following individuals is exhibiting as a positive symptom of schizophrenia? Select one: a. When Artur talks, his language is so jumbled it is almost impossible to understand. He skips from topic to topic in a disjointed way Correct b. Claudia scarcely speaks at all. She uses few words and seems to have few thoughts. c. Joe seems to have no interest in the things that most people value--social relationships, work, hobbies--and he doesn't even seem to care that he has no "get up and go." d. Aram seems to take no pleasure in being around people. He spends most of his time by himself.

...

Which of the following individuals would be diagnosed with a panic disorder? Select one: a. Omar experiences repeated and unexpected bouts of fear that can last less than 30 minutes and involve sweating, dizziness, a racing heart and shortness of breath. Correct b. Rachel experiences such a marked fear of public appearance that she avoids attending discussion sections (where she will have to do group work.) c. Oda is a worrier. She worries so much about the small things in life--such as upcoming meetings or social events--that she has trouble sleeping. d. Frode is distressed by his persistent ideas, thoughts and inappropriate impulses. He is frightened of getting dirty or contaminated by germs.

...

Which of the following is a measure of central tendency? Select one: a. mode Correct b. variability c. range d. standard deviation

b. Fastening your seat belt stops the unpleasant alarm making it more likely that you will fasten your seat belt next time

Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement? Select one: a. A teenager is grounded for missing curfew which makes her less likely to miss curfew again. b. Fastening your seat belt stops the unpleasant alarm making it more likely that you will fasten your seat belt next time. c. You get an extra-credit point for completing a mid-semester evaluation which makes it more likely that you will cooperate in the future. d. The 15-second banner ads on YouTube make you less likely to watch YouTube videos.

b. Solomon Asch

Which of the following researchers work was the most influential in shaping our understanding of conformity? Select one: a. Hans Eysenck b. Solomon Asch c. Martin Seligman d. Muzafer Sherif

c. "I'm sure we all agree on this."

Which of the following statements is most likely to contribute to groupthink? Select one: a. "Let's hear some differing opinions." b. "What do you think?" c. "I'm sure we all agree on this." d. "We need to look at all of the evidence."

c. Group brainstorming generally results in ideas that are less creative than does individual brainstorming.

Which of the following statements is true about brainstorming? Select one: a. More heads are better than one. b. Brainstorming groups come up with better ideas than individuals. c. Group brainstorming generally results in ideas that are less creative than does individual brainstorming. d. Brainstorming results in confusion and hostility.

b

Which of the following statements is true about the DSM-5? A) It describes symptoms and includes information regarding the prevalence of specific disorders. B) It contains 12 specific "classifications" of mental illnesses. C) It is used to diagnose medical conditions that may have an impact on mental health. D) It is used to diagnose all kinds of medical conditions.

a

Which of the following statements is true regarding suicide? A) More men than women attempt suicide. B) More women than men attempt suicide. C) Depression is a better predictor of suicide than are feelings of hopelessness. D) There is no relationship between age and attempting suicide.

a. Helicobacter pylori is a bacterium that lives in stomach acid and causes as many as 90% of stomach ulcers.

Which of the following statements regarding ulcers is true? Select one: a. Helicobacter pylori is a bacterium that lives in stomach acid and causes as many as 90% of stomach ulcers. b. Stress is the primary cause of ulcers. c. Spicy foods and an unhealthy diet are the primary causes of ulcers. d. Ulcers are uniquely genetic and stress has nothing to do with the symptoms of ulcers.

d. eustress

Which of the following terms was coined to indicate the presence of positive, or adaptive, stress in a person's life? Select one: a. distress b. counterstress c. prostress d. eustress

d. Reduce unnecessary exercise

Which of the following would NOT be useful to help promote a healthy lifestyle? Select one: a. Stop smoking b. Curb alcohol consumption c. Lose weight d. Reduce unnecessary exercise

...

Which of the following would be an example of a compulsion? Select one: a. Mac is distressed because he just can't stop thinking about all the sins that he has committed. b. Jim taps 7 times on his textbook before opening it to study because this behavior makes him feel less anxious. Correct c. Lu regularly has conversations with her long dead grandmother. d. Matt is convinced that he has designed a star ship propulsion system that could break the speed of light although he has never taken a physics class.

b. inductive reasoning

While taking the SAT, Jack puzzled over verbal analogies such as "cow:barn as chicken:____________." To correctly solve these analogies, Jack must infer a relationship between a set of words and then apply his conclusion to another set of words. As described in lecture, this kind of reasoning, from specific examples to general rules, is known as: Select one: a. framing b. inductive reasoning c. heuristic reasoning d. deductive reasoning

c. Beau, who was raised in Savannah, Georgia

Who is more likely to engage in physical aggression? Select one: a. Billy, who was raised in North Dakota b. Mao Lin, who was raised in Beijing, China c. Beau, who was raised in Savannah, Georgia d. Tanaka, who was raised in Tokyo, Japan

a

William's father wants him to join the army. William has no desire to join. What personality test could William fool the easiest into believing he had a psychological disorder that might keep him out of the army? A) MMPI-2 B) Rorschach C) CPI D) MBQ

Tend and befriend

Women are more likely to be this than males

...

Yamka hears a rattling sound as she hikes through the desert. Her muscles tense and her blood pressure rises. According to Hans Selye, she is in the___________. Select one: a. chronic stress phase b. alarm phase Correct c. exhaustion phase d. resistance phase

...

You are in a debate with your friend, and he argues that people's behavior is much less consistent across situations than most personality theorists assumed. Whose theory of personality is your friend's argument MOST similar to? Select one: a. Carl Rogers b. Walter Mischel Correct c. Gordon Allport d. Francis Galton

d. echoic memory

You are reading your psychology text. The radio is on in the background, but you are not paying attention to the newscaster. Suddenly, something snaps you to attention, "Whoa, what did that newscaster say?!??" Then, you are able to "replay" from memory the previous three seconds and "hear" as the newscaster announces that someone by your name won a $10 million lottery. This piece of good news was brought to you via which form of memory? Select one: a. iconic memory b. procedural memory c. episodic memory d. echoic memory

...

You are reading your psychology text. The radio is on in the background, but you are not paying attention to the newscaster. Suddenly, something snaps you to attention, "Whoa, what did that newscaster say?!??" Then, you are able to "replay" from memory the previous three seconds and "hear" as the newscaster announces that someone by your name won a $10 million lottery. This piece of good news was brought to you via which form of memory? Select one: a. iconic memory b. procedural memory c. episodic memory d. echoic memory Correct

a. Foot in the door technique

You are standing on the street and a person asks you for directions. Then they ask you to walk them part of the way. The next thing you know you have walked them all the way to their destination. This is an example of which persuasion technique? Select one: a. Foot in the door technique b. Door in the face technique c. cognitive dissonance technique d. cold calling

...

You are standing on the street and a person asks you for directions. Then they ask you to walk them part of the way. The next thing you know you have walked them all the way to their destination. This is an example of which persuasion technique? Select one: a. Foot in the door technique Correct b. Door in the face technique c. cognitive dissonance technique d. cold calling

b. pluralistic ignorance.

You are walking downtown one day and find a man wearing street clothes who is slumped on the sidewalk. You look around and see others walking and not paying attention. Thus, you decide to do the same thing. You have demonstrated Select one: a. monistic ignorance. b. pluralistic ignorance. c. singular ignorance. d. triangular ignorance.

...

You have been told that the average height of Psy 1001 students is 5'7". But the only Psy 1001 student you know personally is Alan who is 6'5" tall. Thus you assume the average height of Psy 1001 students must be wrong. What lesson from statistics have you failed to remember? Select one: a. "correlation does not equal causation" b. "birds of a feather flock together" c. You can't make inferences about groups based on an individual observation. Correct d. Be careful making inferences about individuals based on their group membership.

...

You may notice that the number of words in this item is just slightly different from that of the previous item. However, when you compare the first and second edition of your heavy psychology textbook, you won't detect a difference between them until the difference is thousands and thousands of words and many, many pages. Detecting the difference between the number of words in a short item and the number of words in your fat textbook is an example of _____________. Select one: a. Weber's Law Correct b. a false alarm c. a miss d. an absolute threshold

d. variable interval

You scan the night sky looking for meteors. Sometimes there is a brief time period between meteors, but sometimes you have to wait for a long time after seeing a meteor until another one appears. This is an example of which type of schedule of reinforcement? Select one: a. fixed ratio b. variable ratio c. fixed interval d. variable interval

You just finished a cup of very strong coffee, which causes your body to have a general feeling of arousal. That afternoon you walk past a cemetery where several people are crying at a graveside. According to Schachter and Singer, which of the following would most likely occur? Select one: a. Your emotion would be happy in spite of the scene at the graveside. b. You would work very hard to control your emotion. c. Your emotion would be sad since the context would affect your labeling. d. Your emotional state would be impossible to predict.

Your emotion would be sad since the context would affect your labeling.

a

Your friend Maria asks you why seeing a mental health professional rather than a paraprofessional may be a better choice. You explain that A) professional helpers appreciate the complex ethical, professional, and personal issues. B) professional helpers understand how to operate ineffectively within the mental health system. C) professional helpers are less confident, less defensive, and better able to appreciate clients' world view. D) professional helpers provide services in crisis intervention centers and other social service agencies.

c. door-in-the-face technique.

Your friend asks you to borrow $50 from you. You tell him no. Then he asks for a mere $10, which you gladly give him. While you feel good to have helped him out, you may have just experienced the Select one: a. foot-in-the-mouth technique. b. foot-in-the-door technique. c. door-in-the-face technique. d. door-in-the-foot technique.

...

Your patient is presenting with the classic signs and symptoms of schizophrenia including delusions grossly disorganized behavior. What kind of drug are you likely to prescribe? Select one: a. an SSRI b. An antipsychotic Correct c. A mood stabilizer d. a psychostimulant

d. deindividuation.

Zimbardo concluded from his Stanford prison study that prisoners and guards adopted their designated roles more easily than anyone might have imagined because of Select one: a. conformity. b. obedience. c. influence. d. deindividuation.

a. Psychophysiological

________ is the term used to describe illnesses in which emotions and stress contribute to, maintain, or aggravate the physical symptoms. Select one: a. Psychophysiological b. Biopsychosocial c. Psychoneuroimmunology d. Generalized anxiety

a. Alternative

________ medicine is health care practices and products that are used in place of conventional medicine. Select one: a. Alternative b. Complementary c. Integrative d. Conventional

The diathesis-stress model suggests that schizophrenia develops from

a combination of a genetic predisposition to schizophrenia and exposure to significant stressors in their life.

posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

a condition that sometimes follows extremely stressful events; its telltale symptoms include vivid memories, feelings, and images of traumatic experiences, known commonly as flashbacks; other symptoms include efforts to avoid reminders of the trauma, feeling detached or estranged from others, and symptoms of increased arousal, such as difficulty sleeping and starling easily... lifetime prevalence rates are 5% in males and 10% in females

Anxiety sensitivity

a fear of anxiety-related symptoms

acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)

a life-threatening, incurable, yet treatable condition in which the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) attacks and damages the immune system

People sometimes bite their fingernails when they are anxious. This is one example of ________.

a manipulator

hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis

a mind-body link under the hypothalamus... when the hypothalamus receives signals of fear, it hooks up w/ the pituitary gland, which releases hormones, including adrenaline, that trigger anxiety... blood pressure rises as adrenaline readies the person for flight-or-flight response

Unconscious motivation

a motivation of which one is not aware

Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS)

a scale that David Holmes and colleagues created to measure life events systematically; based on 43 life events ranked in terms of how stressful participants rated them; not a perfect predictor of who'll become physically or psychologically ill; neglects the fact that some stressful life events, like divorce or troubles with bosses, can be consequences rather than causes of people's psych problems

During a break in one of her favorite TV shows, Kamala sees an ad for a shampoo that she hasn't tried before. She admires the luxurious, glossy locks of the beautiful models and decides, effortlessly and unconsciously, to buy that shampoo. In this case Kamala is using what type of processing?

a. Automatic

What is the Flynn Effect?

a. Average IQ increases with each generation.

Which of the following emotions would be most difficult to read from facial expression alone?

a. Envy

What does it mean to say that intelligence is a theoretical construct?

a. Intelligence is not a thing that can be observed; it is inferred from observable differences in behavior.

Which of the following is true of the classic Robber's Cave study by Sherif and Sherif (1967)?

a. It demonstrated that when the in-group and out-group mentality are formed, prejudice and hostility are likely to follow. However, by limiting resources and forcing groups to work together, the hostility ended and friendships eventually formed.

Your friend, Chayton, believes that psychologists have an ethical obligation to work for solutions to the problems facing society. In this opinion, Chayton most resembles which of the following psychologists?

a. Kurt Lewin

Which of these practices is most consistent with eugenics?

a. Making birth control more accessible to people of limited intellectual ability.

Susan is interviewing for a job. Although she is smiling and making good eye contact with her interviewer, he notices that she is also tapping her foot rapidly on the floor. Despite her best intentions, what is Susan exhibiting?

a. Nonverbal leakage

Lonnie just met Lennie at a rally for their favorite political candidate. What idea suggests that they may find themselves attracted to one another?

a. Similarity

Which of the following statements is true concerning the relationship between brain volume and intelligence?

a. The higher the brain volume is, the higher the intelligence test scores.

A sociologist has a large sample of participants, and gives them a wide variety of surveys and questionnaires that measure political attitudes and beliefs. She conducts a factor analysis and finds that nearly all of the correlation among the measures is explainable by two factors, which she interprets as "fiscal conservatism" and "social conservatism." She concludes that individual differences in political attitudes can be most parsimoniously explained by two independent (unrelated) factors. Which of the following, if TRUE, would most STRENGTHEN her conclusion?

a. The two factors are themselves nearly uncorrelated

In terms of male and female differences in IQ, which of the following statements is true:

a. There are more men than women at both the high end and the low end of the IQ distribution.

A belief about the characteristics of members of a group that is applied generally to most members of the group is known as _______________.

a. a stereotype

When Vikas tried to understand why Aisling lied to him about going to Chicago last weekend, he assigned causes to her behavior in the process known as _____________.

a. attribution

Edward would be the first to say that people of all races should be treated equally, but he unconsciously acts differently around people of a different race than his own. Edwards behaviors are best explained by ____________.

a. aversive racism

When an individual's attitudes do not match up with his/her behaviors, ________ is likely to occur.

a. cognitive dissonance

Research indicates that, across cultures, people usually identify six basic emotions when looking at facial cues in photographs. Which of the following is NOT one of those six emotions?

a. contentment

The excitement was high and the crowd of fans was huge. After beating Iowa and taking back the Floyd the pig trophy, thousands of Gopher fans swarmed the field, climbing on the goal posts, yelling, screaming, and taking their clothes off. To social psychologists, this behavior of normally mild-mannered UM students is an example of __________.

a. deindividuation

Zimbardo concluded from his Stanford prison study that after prisoners and guards had been assigned roles that deemphasized their individuality, they adopted their designated roles more easily than anyone might have imagined as a consequence of ______________.

a. deindividuation

Shyteria is a toll-booth operator. At least once every hour she typically has an encounter with a motorist who berates and belittles her because they are upset about traffic, they don't have enough change, or they are just unhappy that day. As a result, when she gets home Shyteria often yells at her roommates and slams cabinet doors closed when she can't find what she wants. She is displaying classic symptoms of

a. displacement.

Randeep had been studying hard for a while in the Lind Hall library for an upcoming Psychology exam. When his friend Annelise came over and said hello, his heart rate decreased, he stretched back in his chair, he gave her a big smile, and said "I'm so happy to see you!" According to Dr. Gewirtz's definition, when Randeep's saw his friend, the somatic aspect of his emotional response is that _________________________.

a. he gave her a big smile

A man who donates sperm to a sperm bank is maximizing his __________________ while minimizing his _____________. By shopping through catalogues of sperm donors searching for the most desirable traits, a woman is practicing _____________.

a. inclusive fitness, parental investment, eugenics

A highly vivid and detailed emotional memory that retains its vividness yet which may change its details over time ______________________.

a. is known as flashbulb memory

Studies on the mere exposure effect demonstrate that the more often we see something, the ________ likely we will like it.

a. more

Sai, who is from Japan, can easily tell whether another Asian person appears to be from China or Thailand. However, he has trouble distinguishing among White people and thinks they all look basically the same. This is due to what psychological tendency?

a. out-group homogeneity

Although he and his wife earn $450,000 a year, a law professor at the University of Chicago defended low tax rates on the top 1% of Americans because he and his wife were barely meeting ends. When he compared his family's daily lives to those of people around him--some of whom were billionaires--he felt frustrated that he and his wife didn't have a plane of their own, and struggled to pay for international travel, school tuition for their children, staff to cook and clean their two homes and new cars every year. A Social Psychologist, observing this complaint, might understand this law professor's discontent as another example of _________________________.

a. social comparison theory

In personality psychology, the Person-Situation debate refers to

a. the argument between those that believe personality is innate and those that believe that personality is a result of the situations in which people find themselves

Research involving family and adoption studies have demonstrated that

a. the higher the percentage of shared genes between people, the higher their IQ correlations will be.

informational control

ability to acquire info about a stressful event (ex: knowing what types of questions are on the SAT or GRE can help us prepare for them, or knowing something about the person we're "fixed up with" on an upcoming date)

decisional control

ability to choose among alternative courses of action (ex: we can consult w/ trust friends about which classes to take & which professors to avoid, and make decisions about which surgeon to consult to perfrom a high-stakes operation

cognitive control

ability to cognitively restructure or think differently about negative emotions that arise in response to stress-provoking events; includes emotion-focused coping, a strategy that comes in handy when we're adjusting to uncertain situations or aversive events we can't control or change

behavioral control

ability to step up and do something to reduce the impact of a stressful situation; this type of active coping is called problem-focues and is generally more effective than avoidance oriented coping

emotional control

ability to supress and express emotions; "there's a time and place for everything"... communication can strengthen social bonds, enhance problem solving, and regulate emotions... but concealing our emotions can be best when doing things like hiding our fear when giving a speech or suppressing anger when trying to resolve a problem w/ a coworker

Unconditional positive regard

according to Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person

Ethan is an award-winning swimmer. His desire to compete and win is part of his need for __________. Select one: a. attention b. affiliation c. physical activity d. achievement

achievement

Drives that are learned through experience are called __________ drives. Select one: a. primary b. reflexive c. acquired d. tertiary

acquired

Drive-reduction theory would say getting a haircut to look attractive is a (an) __________. Select one: a. homeostatic drive b. acquired drive c. primary drive d. motive drive

acquired drive

Jocelyn, an excellent hypnotic subject, has been instructed under hypnosis to relive her birthday party when she turned six years old. Jocelyn will most likely

act as though she were six years old and describe the events as if she were currently experiencing them

The hypothalamus sits atop a mind-body link known as the hypothalamus-pituitary-________ axis that controls that way the body responds to the presence of a stressor.

adrenal

resistance

after the initial rush of adrenaline, you adapt and find ways to cope with the stressor... the moment the hippocampus detects danger, it opens up a gateway to portions of the cerebral cortex (the thinking brain)... confronted w/ a stressful situation, we examine each new development as it unfolds, consider alternative solutions, and direct our efforts toward constructing a coping plan

To psychologists, motivation refers to ________.

an inferred process within an organism that causes it to move toward a goal or away from an unpleasant situation

acupuncture

ancient Chinese practice of inserting thin needles into more than 2,000 points in the body to alter energy forces believed to run through the body

Jenny has an intense interest in food but eats sparingly and with disgust. She has an intense fear of becoming obese, and even though she looks emaciated, she still claims she "feels fat" and refuses to eat enough to maintain even a minimal normal body weight for her frame. She is most likely suffering from ________.

anorexia nervosa

People who are attempting to become extremely thin by refusing to eat suffer from ________.

anorexia nervosa

Urban legends

another example of social contagion

proactive coping

anticipation of problems and stressful situations that promotes effective coping; people who engage in this tend to perceive stressful circumstances as opportunities for growth

According to Freud, defense mechanisms are unconscious attempts to reduce our feelings of

anxiety.

Empirical method of test construction

approach to building tests in which researchers begin with two or more criterion groups, and examine which items best distinguish them -- MMPI was developed using this, so it has a low face validity

Scapegoat hypothesis

arises from a need to blame other groups for our misfortunes

Which two different terms best describe Schachter and Singer's theory of emotion?

arousal and context

Which two different terms best describe Schachter and Singer's theory of emotion? Select one: a. arousal and physiology b. behavior and genetics c. arousal and context d. nature and nurture

arousal and context

The Yerkes-Dodson law describes an inverted U-shaped relationship between ________ and ________.

arousal; performance

"Raindrops keep falling on my head. And just like the guy whose feet are too big for his bed, nothing seems to fit!" These lyrics to a popular song describe a very uncomfortable sleeping arrangement! There are several ways this problem can be solved. If the singer chooses to cut off his feet so that he fits in the existing bed, this would be similar to the Piagetian concept of ________.

assimilation

Dispositional

assuming that another's behavior is due to personality factors, not situational ones -- we overestimate this

Alan (an inexperienced pool player) and Ben (an experienced player) were playing a game of pool at the local bar. A group of girls came over to watch them. Based on what Social Psychologists have learned about "social facilitation" you would predict that ______________ with other people watching them.

b. Alan's performance will get worse and Ben's performance will improve

Which of the following is the best example of the "feelings" aspect of an emotional response?

b. Condoleezza told Barack that she was disgusted to discover moldy cheese on her sandwich.

A psychologist wants to determine the most parsimonious way to describe personality. She starts with a large number of questions and tries to find the smallest number of traits that will account for the variation in people's answers. Which technique will she use?

b. Factor analysis

The ________ is the most extensively researched of all structured personality tests.

b. MMPI

What kind of animals did Harry Harlow and his colleagues use to discredit the most commonly accepted theory of attachment of the time?

b. Monkeys

The fact that human females are pickier than males in choosing a mate is consistent with which of these:

b. Parental Investment Theory

Irving was repeatedly abused as a child by one of his uncles. Which defense mechanism will he likely rely on?

b. Repression

The first standard test to empirically measure intelligence was developed by ____________.

b. Simon and Binet

Which psychological test asks the subject to tell a story based on a picture of one or more people in which it is unclear what is going on?

b. Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

For class, Psy 1001 students completed a short personality inventory that consists of a series of statements (such as "I am very sociable ." or "My friends can count on me to be punctual '). Students identify how well each statement describes them using a scale of one to five. This approach to measuring personality is called:

b. a self-report inventory

As discussed in lecture, a fear startle response in rats will be blocked by lesions to which of the following areas of the brain?

b. amygdala

Kofi recently took a personality questionnaire in Psych 1001 and found his scores to be two standard deviations above the class mean in openness and agreeableness. Based on Dr. Simpson's explanation of what the scores mean, compared to other students Kofi would most likely be _______________________________________.

b. be creative, cooperative and kind

As many as 30% of the soldiers returning from Iraq suffer from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD,) a sometimes crippling disorder caused by traumatic experiences. As described in lecture, rates of PTSD can be reduced through the use of

b. beta-blockers to block emotional memories.

In a video in lecture we saw Harry Harlow's research with macaque monkeys reared in isolation and their preference for the "cloth mother" in the phenomena called _________________, .

b. contact comfort

Pam is very dependable, disciplined and hardworking. She pays attention to details and always gets her assignments in on time; she is always punctual. Her desk is neat as a pin, and all her papers are well-organized. But she is irritable and suspicious, a bit difficult to work with. She isn't quite sure whom she should trust. It would seem that Pam is

b. high in conscientiousness and low in agreeableness.

A highly vivid and detailed emotional memory that retains its vividness yet which may change its details over time ______________________.

b. is known as flashbulb memory

All languages are rich in words describing the personality trait of neuroticism. Given the lexical hypothesis as discussed during lectures, this finding would suggest that

b. moodiness, feeling emotions more strongly and experiencing more negative emotions are important in all cultures.

Parental investment theory suggests that, in comparison to men, women show ______ desire for partners who are intelligent, ambitious and have high social status and ______ interest in attractiveness.

b. more; less

Professor Smith conceptualizes personality as a limited number of traits that everyone has to some degree. People can be compared on these traits—that is, some people may be high on one trait, some average, some low. As described in lecture, Professor Smith is using a ____________ approach to personality

b. nomothetic

The evolutionary function of attachment that keeps an infant close to its caregiver is known as ________________.

b. proximity

As discussed in lecture, when comparing the blink response of psychopathic prisoners and normal subjects on IAPS images rated as pleasant, neutral or unpleasant, researchers find that

b. psychopathic prisoners have a blink response to unpleasant IAPS images that resembles their blink response to pleasant images

The purpose of the defense mechanisms, according to Freud, is to

b. reduce anxiety

After a particularly difficult psychology exam, you and your friends discuss the test, comparing your answers and reactions to it. This behavior relates best to

b. social comparison theory

Amanda, Sarah, Jonas, and William have been assigned a group project. Amanda ends up doing most of the work while the others get the same grade as she. This is an example of ___________.

b. social loafing

Parental investment theory suggests that women place more emphasis than men on the ______ of a potential mate.

b. social status

Kenneth is especially skilled when it comes to chart reading, map reading, and graph reading tasks. According to Gardner, Kenneth's skills reflect ________ intelligence.

b. spatial

Alfred Binet and Sir Francis Galton would have likely disagreed about

b. the extent to which our senses influence intelligence.

BMR stands for __________. Select one: a. basal management regulation b. basal metabolic rate c. buttocks management reduction d. bowel movement regulation

basal metabolic rate

Homeopathic medicine

based on premise that consuming an extremely diluted dose of a substance that produces an illness in a healthy person will alleviate that illness

Systematic Desensitization

based on reciprocal inhibition - we can't be anxious and relaxed at the same time -- Uses counterconditioning by repeatedly pairing an incompatible relaxation response with anxiety

Stanley Milgram

became a landmark study

Eric was recently fired from his job. His response to this stressful event was to take charge of the situation and research available jobs in his field. Then he applied to each of the open positions for which he was qualified, in order to reduce the impact of the situation. This active type of coping is known as

behavioral control

The field of psychology that integrates the behavioral sciences with the practice and science of medicine is known as ________. It is also called health psychology.

behavioral medicine.

Psychodynamic therapy

believe that abnormal behaviors stem from adverse childhood experiences -- analyze avoided thoughts and feeling; wishes and fantasies; significant past events; and the therapeutic relationship -- believe that symptoms will vanish when clients gain insight into unconscious material

According to the ________ perspective, medical conditions (i.e., AIDS) depend on the interaction of genes, lifestyle, immunity, social support, and self-perceptions.

biopsychosocial

The ________ perspective recognizes that most medical conditions are contributed to by a multitude of factors, and are not exclusively physical or psychological.

biopsychosocial

Imagine that you have just flunked a class. You evaluate this situation and decide that flunking a class is stressful and important enough to be upset about. Next you decide to repeat the class in summer school. You have made __________.

both a primary and a secondary appraisal

A group of businessmen and women get together to try to solve the problem of decreased sales of their company's products. One of them suggests that they generate as many ideas as they can in a short period of time without being critical of any of them. This technique of stimulating divergent thinking is called ________.

brainstorming

When reasoning about other people, the flawed scientist uses ______________, the kind of conscious, voluntary, and effortful reasoning that processes all the information available.

c. Controlled processing

Marques loves to go to parties, and while there he can have a conversation with just about anyone, whether he knows them or not. Which of the following Five Factors" would Marques probably rate highly on based on this information?

c. Extraversion

Byron is going on a blind date. His friend has told him all about Rebecca and he is excited to meet her. What will be the best predictor of Byron's attraction toward her?

c. How she looks

________ is the treatment in which people are first introduced to the reasons why a belief seems to be correct, and then exposed to the reasons why the belief is incorrect.

c. Inoculation

John creates a personality test that is supposed to measure extraversion. He finds that people have pretty consistent scores on the test, but it seems to be measuring openness to experience rather than extraversion. In psychometric terms, Johns test is _______________.

c. Reliable, but not valid

When Sam went looking for a new car, he met a beautiful saleswoman who described the beauty of the car and the flashiness, and how good Sam would look driving it. She did not mention the poor gas mileage, the exorbitant price, and the poor road performance. Sam made a snap decision to buy the car from the persuasive saleswoman. Sam was using which alternative pathway in making a decision?

c. The peripheral route

One-year old Tommy is extremely distressed whenever his mother leaves him, yet resists her attempts to comfort him when she returns. Based on these behaviors, it seems that Tommy has ___________________ with his mother.

c. anxious-ambivalent (also called insecure) attachment

Parental investment theory suggests that men place more emphasis on the ______ of a potential mate than women do.

c. attractiveness

Many people are suspicious of claims that IQ has a genetic component because _________________.

c. because supporters of the eugenics movement have misused findings of genetic influences on behavior.

Alfred Binet is remembered for ____________________________________.

c. developing the first intelligence test.

When they meet new people, Emma tends to be reserved and quiet whereas Jane tends to be outgoing and talkative. In all situations, in fact, Emma tends to be more reserved and Jane tends to be more outgoing. The observation that people react differently to the same situation refers to __________ of personality.

c. distinctiveness

Which of the following are basic emotions that people can usually identify in photographs, according to Ekman?

c. happiness, sadness, surprise

As described in lecture,, an IAPS picture of a snake attacking you would likely be rated as:

c. high on the arousal dimension, low on the pleasure (valence) dimension.

Jacob is a very skilled basketball player. When his girlfriend and her friends stopped by his house during a basketball game with his friends, Jacob's performance ________ due to what Zajonc calls ____________.

c. improved; social facilitation.

Sai, who is from Japan, can easily tell whether another Asian person appears to be from China or Thailand. However, he has trouble distinguishing among White people and thinks they all look basically the same. This is due to what psychological tendency?

c. out-group homogeneity

There are two alternative pathways to persuading others. One leads us to respond to persuasive arguments on the basis of snap judgments based on the surface aspects of the arguments. This is known as the ____________ of persuasion.

c. peripheral route.

As described in lecture, Walter Mischel launched the 20-year old Person-Situation debate after his research found that:

c. personality does not predict how people will behave in different situations.

The Big Five model of personality is considered real because

c. scores on traits are very stable over time and from different perspectives.

A group of engineers was asked to create a more useful dashboard for cars. All of the members, except for one, put forth much effort. The individual who choose not to work very diligently knew that the other members of the group would pick up his slack. In the end, their hard work paid off. The group's new dashboard was named design of the month by the company, and all members of the team got a monetary bonus. Social psychologists would consider the behavior of the individual who let others do the work (but who still reaped the rewards) as an example of _____________.

c. social loafing

As a requirement of her Medieval Cities class, Anna and three others have to make a presentation. Anna is struggling with another class (Calculus 2) and, since the presentation is a group grade, she decides to let the other group members do most of the work. In this situation, Anna is engaged in the phenomena that Social Psychologists call ________.

c. social loafing

You and your group have had four weeks to complete a group project for your economics class. You are now four days away from the due date, and you and one other group member have been putting in all of the time and effort. The other two members come occasionally to group meetings and do the minimal work required. This unfortunate situation is known as ___________.

c. social loafing

The "Big Five" model of personality is considered 'real' because:

c. the traits consistently emerge from factor analysis and are stable over time, plus the same traits are found in many cultures.

What is the moral or take-home message of Solomon Asch's series of experiments in which participants were asked to judge the lengths of lines? People will go to great lengths

c. to fit in with others.

If a test accurately measures what it was designed to measure, we would say that the test is

c. valid.

Who practices psychotherapy?

clinical psychologists, pchychiatrists, counselors, and social workers -- people with non-advanced degrees also are often social services agencies, crisis intervention centers

Studies have suggested that the personal space in many Middle Eastern countries is ________ than in the United States, and women, in general, tend to have a ________ personal space than men.

closer; closer

Which theory of emotion states that your body reacts before you experience an emotion? Select one: a. James-Lange b. Cannon-Bard c. cognitive d. Belle-Barrett

cognitive

"I think I'm afraid; therefore, I am afraid." Name the theory of emotion that this statement characterizes.

cognitive arousal theory

When she is not at the bar, Jayla preaches to everyone about the dangers of smoking. However, she does smoke an occasional cigarette when she is at the bar with her friends—although at those times, she feels somewhat frustrated by her own smoking behavior. Jayla is likely experiencing _____ when she smokes.

cognitive dissonance

problem-focused coping

coping strategy by which we tackle life's challenges head on; is more likely to happen when we're optimistic and think we can achieve our goals

problem-focused coping

coping strategy by which we tackle life's challenges head-on

emotion-focused coping

coping strategy in which we try to place a positive spin on our feelings or predicaments and engage in behaviors to reduce painful emotions; more likely to happen when situations arise that we can't avoid or control (ex: after a relationship breakup, we may remind ourselves that we were unhappy months before it occured and therefore re-enter the dating arena)

emotion-focused coping

coping strategy that features a positive outlook on feeling or situations accompanied by behaviors that reduce painful emotions

The Type A behavior pattern is a significant predictor of ________.

coronary heart disease

Professor Grant is interested in studying the development of a sense of humor. She collects data from groups of 6-year-olds, 16-year-olds, 26-year-olds, and 46-year-olds. What type of research design is Professor Grant using?

cross-sectional design

Which neurotransmitter is most associated with the brains reward system and addictions?

d. Dopamine

Nathan reflexively puts a pencil in his mouth while he's reading his Psych 1001 textbook, which causes his lips and face to form a frowning expression. Based on the facial feedback hypothesis, this may have what effect on his feelings about the Intro Psych material?

d. It will make him feel more negatively about the material.

Inspired by the events of World War II, which famous study looked at the question of whether ordinary people would obey the orders of leaders to the point of committing atrocities against innocent people?

d. The Milgram Obedience Study

If the personality factor of Openness is represented by many more words in European languages than in other languages, what inference can you make about European culture, given the Lexical hypothesis?

d. The characteristics of Openness to Experience-curiosity, imagination, innovation-are more important to European culture than to other cultures.

Miles has very vivid memories of a car accident he witnessed five years ago. When he closes his eyes and thinks about the accident, he feels as if he can recall every detail of it, right down to the brand name printed on the tires of one of the cars. This type of memory is called ____________.

d. a flashbulb memory

As described in lecture, a promising treatment for preventing PTSD involves preventing the formation of painful emotional memories using ______________.

d. beta-blocker

According to the textbook, researchers have found a correlation between brain size and intelligence:

d. both within humans and across species

The difference between conformity and obedience is

d. conformity is influence from peers or colleagues and obedience is influence from authority.

The typically negative behaviors an individual displays toward others based on membership to a particular group is referred to as ________; the typically negative attitudes an individual has toward others based on membership to a particular group is referred to as ________.

d. discrimination; prejudice

The ________ technique involves asking for an unreasonably large request before asking for the small request you are hoping to have granted.

d. door-in-the-face

Stephanie's friends describe her as someone who has the uncanny ability to say the right thing at the right time whenever someone is in need. According to Gardner, Stephanie's skills may reflect a type of ________ intelligence.

d. interpersonal

Research on ________ racism suggests that society is more egalitarian than it has been in the past, but research on __________ racism suggests that plenty of people are still prejudiced.

d. old-fashioned; modern

According to the authors, the key criteria for evaluating personality assessments are

d. reliability and validity.

Jim and John are fraternal (dizygotic) twins that were reared together. If Jim and John have similar personalities, it can be attributed to:

d. shared environment and genetics

A social psychologist might use the old saying, "I wept because I had no shoes until I met a man who had no feet" to illustrate _______________.

d. social comparison theory

Psy 1001 will be finished in 5 minutes, and Jack is suddenly 'feeling good.' He wants to be one of the first people out the door so he can see his girl friend, who is waiting for him at Starbucks. Our lecturer might say that Jack

d. was in a positive emotional state in anticipation of a reward.

Roberta has collected data on students' attitudes toward cheating. According to Walter Mischel, the students' attitudes will likely ________ predict whether or not they cheat on an upcoming exam.

d. weakly

coronary heart disease (CHD)

damage to the heart from the complete or partial blockage of the arteries that provide oxygen to the heart; the top cause of death and disability in the U.S.

Primary and Secondary Appraisals

determine if a situation is harmful and then how well we can cope with it

Research in the United States and Iceland has found that high school students who are more inclined to use problem-focused coping techniques are less likely to

develop drinking problems.

ADHA and Early-Onset Bipolar Disorder

diagnosable in 3-7% of school children; more males than females (3:1) -- genetically influenced -- rates of this disorder had risen over the last 20 years. 0.42% to 6.67% from 1990 to 2003

Aleta is looking at a stack of applications for the open position she has at her bakery. She called all of the applicants acting as if she were asking an important question about their application. Really, however, she wanted to know who had an accent so she could put those applications in the "no" pile. Aleta just engaged in

discrimination

Shyteria is a toll-booth operator. At least once every hour she typically has an encounter with a motorist who berates and belittles her because they are upset about traffic, they don't have enough change, or they are just unhappy that day. As a result, when she gets home Shyteria often yells at her roommates and slams cabinet doors closed when she can't find what she wants. She is displaying classic symptoms of

displacement

Cultural guidelines that can regulate expression of emotion are called

display rules

When half of his class earned D's and F's on the midterm exam, Professor Bush came back to the next class and delivered a stern lecture about their effort. He admonished the class for failing to meet their obligations, for being lazy, and for not taking their studies seriously. These attributions, which were all _____ attributions, did not really give any consideration to the fact that the students may have had other reasons for failing the exam that were beyond their immediate control.

dispositional

A gesture that conveys conventional meanings that are recognized by members of a given culture, such as a hand wave or a nod of the head, is called a ________

emblem

A gesture that conveys conventional meanings that are recognized by members of a given culture, such as a hand wave or a nod of the head, is called a(n) ________.

emblem

Nodding the head during conversation is one example of ________.

emblem

Edgar is learning deep-breathing techniques to reduce anxiety about having been robbed at knifepoint. This is an example of _____.

emotion-focused coping

Vanna's mother is ill and Vanna is feeling overwhelmed and sad. To cope with this stress of her mother's illness, Vanna has been writing her feelings down in a journal. Vanna is using _____.

emotion-focused coping

Vanna's mother is ill and Vanna is feeling overwhelmed and sad. To cope with this stress of her mother's illness, Vanna has been writing her feelings down in a journal. Vanna is using ________.

emotion-focused coping

Social learning theories

emphasize reciprocal determinism and locus of control

Humanistic Therapies

emphasizes development of human potential, belief that human nature is basically positive -- emphasize importance of taking responsibility for our lives and living in the present

According to Selye, some people may develop illnesses such as organ damage, depression, anxiety, or a weakened immune system during the ______ stage of the general adaptation syndrome.

exhaustion

One interesting thing about incentive approaches is that incentives __________. Select one: a. are inherited b. exist inside a narrow collection of internal stimuli c. exist independently of any need or level of arousal d. only work for adults

exist independently of any need or level of arousal

According to the discrete emotions theory, emotions

exist to serve evolutionary functions

According to the discrete emotions theory, emotions

exist to serve evolutionary functions.

Jill is motivated by money and the things money will bring her. Jack is motivated by a belief in the importance of doing good things, and his incentives are based on that belief. Which theory incorporates both these types of motivational causes? Select one: a. sensation-seeking theory b. entity theory c. increment theory d. expectancy-value theory

expectancy-value theory

Instinct approaches to motivation have faded because they lacked the goal of __________ of psychology. Select one: a. description b. explanation c. prediction d. change

explanation

Inoculation effect

exposing people to cult beliefs, then debunking beliefs

Incremental validity

extent to which a test contributes information beyond other, more easily collected, measures

Schachter's internal-external theory suggests that obese people eat more because of __________ cues, such as smell or taste.

external

An external goal or motivation that has the capacity to affect behavior is referred to as

extrinsic

Daniel works hard this semester because he needs to pass all the courses to graduate in time. This is one example of ________. approach avoidance extrinsic motivation intrinsic motivation

extrinsic motivation

Sam is known to be the fastest worker in the mail room. He has worked in the mail room for only a short time, but prides himself on being competent and a quick learner. He often gets positive comments from coworkers and his boss, which helps to motivate him and has a positive effect as he continues to challenge himself at work. As a result of his efficient style, he is also given more freedom than other workers as his boss is impressed by his ability to sort and organize mail. Sam is likely to be ________ motivated as he continues to challenge and push himself to perform even better each day.

extrinsically

The idea that muscles in the face send information to the brain, affecting the emotion we feel, is known as the

facial feedback hypothesis

The idea that muscles in the face send information to the brain, affecting the emotion we feel, is known as the two-factor theory. James-Lange theory. Cannon-Bard theory. facial feedback hypothesis.

facial feedback hypothesis

A key criticism of the trait perspective on personality development is that it

fails to explain the cause of the differences in the various trait dimensions.

Research suggests that the Big Five personality traits are

fairly consistent across many cultures.

Piaget suggested that in some cases two children of the same age may be at different skill levels in a specific domain of cognitive ability. This claim makes it very difficult, if not impossible, to provide an argument against the developmental schedule forwarded by Piaget's theory. This is a major issue related to the principle of

falsifiability.

Biofeedback

feedback by a device that provides an almost-immediate output of a biological function, such as heart rate

explicit prejudice

feelings we're unaware of, Unfounded negative belief of which we're aware regarding the characteristics of an out-group

Research investigating the causes of gender differences in behavior suggests that

females exposed to excessive levels of testosterone during birth tend to enjoy rough-and-tumble play.

health psychology

field of psychology that integrates the behavioral sciences w/ the practices of medicine

health psychology

field of psychology that integrates the behavioral sciences with the practice of medicine

Heavy episodic drinking (binge drinking)

five or more drinks on one occasion for men, four or more for women -- increase in cancer, liver problems, pregnancy complications, and brain shrinkage

rumination

focusing on how bad we feel and endless analyzing the causes and consequences of our problems; women have much higher rates and more frequent bouts of depression than men because they recycle negative events in their minds more

According to the James-Lange theory, the conscious experience of emotion ________ physiological arousal.

follows

Intrinsic motivation is one that propels a person to pursue an activity __________. Select one: a. for external rewards b. for its own sake c. to relieve the state of tension caused by deprivation d. in order to be judged favorably by others

for its own sake

A major difference between the humanists and both the behaviorists and psychodynamic theorists is the humanists' focus on

free will.

The stress-response pattern proposed by Hans Selye that consists of three stages - alarm, resistance, and exhaustion - is called the __________ syndrome.

general adaptation

The fact that identical twins are more likely to share sexual orientation than fraternal twins suggests that sexual orientation is at least partly

genetic

According to Freud, appropriate sexual and romantic relationships are only possible when an individual has attained the ________ stage of psychosexual development.

genital

If our behaviors and physiological reactions can give rise to our emotion changes, holding a pen with our teeth would most likely make us feel

happier

A set of attitudes marked by a sense of control over events, commitment to life and work, and motivation and courage to confront stressful events is known as

hardiness.

Tad seems to thrive when faced with difficult challenges and usually feels in control of his life. He would probably be labeled a _____ personality.

hardy

optimism

having a rosy outlook and not dwelling on the dark side of life; advantages: people are more productive, focused, persisten, and better at handling frustration; associated w/ lower mortality rate, a more vigorous immune response, lower distress in fertile women trying to have a child, better surgical outcomes, and fewer physical complaints

...

he ability to distinguish between reality and fantasy is the purpose of ________________. Select one: a. source monitoring Correct b. the misinformation effect. c. distributive practice. d. context-dependent learning.

complementary medicine

health care practices and products used along with conventional medicine

alternative medicine

health care practices and products used in place of conventional medicine

People who are more likely to attempt and stick with new challenges usually have ________ self-esteem

high

Little 2-year-old Dennis is always getting into things. He climbs up trees Select one: a. low approach motivated b. high approach motivated c. moderate approach motivated d. no approach motivated

high approach motivated

According to the facial feedback hypothesis, when Noah complies with instructions to smile and look happy, it is most likely that __________. Select one: a. he will begin to feel annoyed b. he will begin to feel angry c. his positive feelings will increase d. his reaction will depend on his age

his positive feelings will increase

beck's cognitive model

holds that depression is caused by negative beliefs and expectations -- Cognitive triad, negative schemas, and cognitive distortions

Drives serve to activate responses that are aimed at reducing the drive, thereby returning the body to a more normal state called ________.

homeostasis

A focus on the self was of most direct interest to the ________ perspective on personality development.

humanistic

Brain imaging studies on sexuality have demonstrated that a small cluster of neurons in the ________ is about half the size in gay men as it is in heterosexual men.

hypothalamus

Some authors relate Freud's personality structure to an iceberg, saying that the ________ is completely submerged in our unconscious.

id

psychophysiological

illness such as asthma and ulcers in which emotions and stress contribute to, maintain, or aggravate the physical condition

psychophysiological

illnesses such as asthma and ulcers in which emotions and stress contribute to, maintain, or aggravate the physical factors

During the lecture, Dr. Brown moved his right hand forward while highlighting an important point. This gesture is one example of ________.

illustrator

Researcher Konrad Lorenz explored the concept of ________ by being the first moving thing a clutch of newly hatched goslings saw. The result, as he predicted, was that the young animals followed him around religiously, clearly demonstrating their belief that he was their mother.

imprinting

exhaustion

in prolonged stressors, our resistance can break down... our personal resources are limited and we lack good coping measures, causing our levels of activation to bottom out... the results can range from damage on an organ system, to depression & anxiety, to a breakdown in the immune system

Although Kim just ate a huge meal and feels "stuffed," the idea of a chocolate sundae is too good to pass up, so she orders one. Which motivational term explains the appeal of the sundae? Select one: a. incentive b. instinctive c. drive reduction d. cognitive dissonance

incentive

Jell-O uses the slogan, "There's always room for Jell-O." To which theory of motivation is this slogan most relevant?

incentive

Jell-O uses the slogan, "There's always room for Jell-O." To which theory of motivation is this slogan most relevant? Select one: a. instinctive b. incentive c. drive reduction d. optimum level

incentive

Michael has trained very long hours in order to qualify for the Olympics in diving. He has sacrificed a great deal as he put his education on hold and spent a lot of time away from his 2 small children and wife. To Michael, qualifying for the Olympics is a(n) __________. Select one: a. instinctual drive b. incentive c. innate goal d. optimum goal

incentive

peptic ulcer

inflamed are in the stomach lining that can cause pain, nausea, and loss of apetite

Psychodynamic Therapies

insight is not necessary to relieve distress; many psychodynamic concepts are difficult to falsify; no evidence for repressing hurtful memories either -- less effective than cognitive-behavioral therapy -- not effective for psychotic disorders

Many companies, including the McDonald's chain of restaurants, administer ________ tests to prospective employees to find out if this person would cheat or steal on the job. Such tests may be unfairly biased against innocent applicants.

integrity

Dylan believes that his hard work, rather than luck or chance, resulted in his promotion at work. Dylan probably has

internal locus of control

Dori and Ephraim are out on their fourth date, and they are really enjoying their time together. They sit next to each other during dinner, occasionally touching hands and whispering into each other's ears. At no point during the meal is there more than one foot of space between them. Technically this is a description of ________ space.

intimate

Dori and Ephraim are out on their fourth date, and they are really enjoying their time together. They sit next to each other during dinner, occasionally touching hands and whispering into each other's ears. At no point during the meal is there more than one foot of space between them. Technically this is a description of ________ space. public personal social intimate

intimate

Self-determination theory (SDT) best fits which type of motivation? Select one: a. the need for affiliation b. intrinsic motivation c. extrinsic motivation d. a mastery goal

intrinsic motivation

The pursuit of an activity for its own sake is propelled by __________. Select one: a. the need for affiliation b. intrinsic motivation c. biological drives d. performance goals

intrinsic motivation

Sam is known to be the fastest worker in the mail room. He has worked in the mail room for only a short time, but prides himself on being competent and a quick learner. He often gets positive comments from coworkers and his boss, which helps to motivate him and has a positive effect as he continues to challenge himself at work. As a result of his efficient style, he is also given more freedom than other workers as his boss is impressed by his ability to sort and organize mail. Sam is likely to be __________ motivated as he continues to challenge and push himself to perform even better each day. Select one: a. intrinsically b. extrinsically c. superiorly d. withinsically

intrinsically

Molecular genetic studies

investigation that allows researchers to pinpoint genes associated with specific personality traits

Koro

involves believing your genitals are shrinking and receding nto your abdomen

Amok

is marked by episodes of intense sadness and brooding followed by uncontrolled behavior and violence

Illness anxiety disorder

is the preoccupation that one has a serious undiagnosed disease

Some believe that religious involvement has health benefits because it activates an internal healing energy that scientists cannot identify or measure. One conceptual problem with this hypothesis is that

it is unfalsifiable.

You are sitting in the living room of your girlfriend's house when you notice that your hands are perspiring. What theory of emotions suggests that you will now decide that you are nervous about meeting her parents? Discrete emotions James-Lange Cannon-Bard Two-factor

james Lang

Which of the following emotions might Sven, an exchange student from Europe, have the most difficulty recognizing? Anger Happiness Contempt Jealousy

jealousy

Becky, a 35-year-old mother, sleeps whenever her 6-month-old baby does. Even though Becky and her infant get the same number of hours of sleep, Becky will spend _____ sleep compared to her baby.

less time in REM

The term used to indicate people's wish or craving for sexual activity is..?

libido

Self-help groups

like AA have become very popular -- peers with similar problems; often no professional therapist --based on "12 steps" method, but little research demonstrating its effectiveness

Halfway houses

living facilities that offer people with long-term mental health problems the opportunity to live in a structured, supportive environment while they are trying to reestablish employment and ties to family and friends

diversity of stress responses

long-lasting stress reactions can result in acute stress disorder or posttraumatic stress disorder

People with bulimia are least likely to..?

lose weight.

While Debbie was in the hospital, she received glucose continuously through an intravenous line. When her blood glucose levels started to rise, it is likely that she

lost interest in food

In comparison to nonreligious people, religious individuals have

lower mortality rates and lower blood pressure.

Who is likely to be the happiest? Scout, who makes $100,000 a year and lives alone Henry, who just won the lottery Doreen, who is 43 years old and is considering a career change Matty, who is 63 and a grandmother

matty

Hassles scale

measures how stressful events, ranging from small annoyances to major daily pressures, impact our adjustment; both major life events & hassles are associated w/ poor general health; nevertheless, frequency and perceived severity of hassles are better predictors of physical health, depression, and anxiety than are major life events

Corticosteroids

measures stress variables and outcomes

asthma

medical condition in which breathing becomes difficult when the bronchial tubes in the lungs become inflamed, spasm and are clogged with mucus

asthma

medical condition in which breathing becomes difficult when the bronchial tubes in the lungs become inflamed, spasm, and are clogged with mucus

Mental illness during the Renaissance

medical model -- saw mental illness as a physical disorder needing treatment -- began housing people in asylums -- treatments were bloodletting and snake pits

Psychopathology

mental illness is often seen as a failure of adaptation to the environment

According to the ________, repeated exposure to a stimulus leads to increased liking of the stimulus.

mere exposure effect

hassles

minor annoyances or nuisances that strain our ability to cope

Participant modeling

model a calm encounter with the client's feared object or situation, guide the client through the steps of the encounter until she can cope unassisted

Humanistic Therapies Evaluated

more effective than no treatment, but mixed results compared to other therapies

Suicide

more than 30,000 people commit suicide in US each year (11th leading cause of death)

Researchers studying infant stress levels using the "Strange Situation" method have found that

most infants are upset with the mom when she departs but are happy when she returns

Repression

motivated forgetting of emotionally threatening memories or impulses

Deinstutionalization

movement to treat people in community rather than in hospital -- this had mixed results because patients returned to almost normal lives but some had no follow-up care so they went off medications. Community mental health centers and halfway houses stepped in to help

A way to abbreviate need for power is __________. Select one: a. nPow b. nAch c. nEEP d. nAff

nPow

According to research on intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, you would be most likely to say you enjoyed a task if you were told you would

not be offered anything after completing the task.

The Luscher Color Test, a popular projective test, is

not useful at all for assessing personalities.

In arousal theory Select one: a. ultimate b. lower c. optimal d. high

optimal

When looking at a glass that is neither completely full nor completely empty, a(n) __________ might say "that glass is half full," while a(n) ____________ might say " no, that glass is half empty!"

optimist; pessimist

immune system

our body's defense system against invading bacteria, viruses, and other potentially illness-producing organisms and substances; consists of the skin, phagocytes, lymphocytes (T & B cells), and macrophages

Schachter and Singer's two-factor theory of emotion suggests that we distinguish between the experience of different emotions based on the type of bodily reaction. our interpretation of the situation. the type of behavior involved. the emotional expression of others.

our interpretation of the situation

Schachter and Singer's two-factor theory of emotion suggests that we distinguish between the experience of different emotions based on

our interpretation of the situation.

Mood disorders

over 20% of Americans will experience this -- major depressive disorder (MDD) is the most common, at 16% -- more prevalent in females, most likely to develop in 30s -- lasts 6 months to 1 year; most people experience 5-6 episodes of this

Studies on the durability bias suggest that people tend to ________ the long-term impacts of events on our happiness and unhappiness.

overestimate

Studies on the durability bias suggest that people tend to ________ the long-term impacts of events on our happiness and unhappiness. overestimate underestimate estimate accurately estimate at random

overestimate

Social support encompasses the social relations with

people, groups, and the larger community.

secondary appraisal

perceptions regarding our ability to cope with an event that follow primary appraisal; when we believe we can't cope, we're more likely to experience a full-blown stress reaction than when we believe we can cope

The Yerkes-Dodson Law says __________. Select one: a. performance is affected by levels of arousal b. the more money you make the better your job will be c. nausea from bad food causes a reluctance to eat that food again d. performance on tests is better in the morning

performance is affected by levels of arousal

The Carmichaels do not believe in punishing their children; instead, they shape their children's behaviors by praising them and showering them with affection. This parenting style most closely resembles

permissive parenting.

Dr. Archana is a psychotherapist who believes she should be open and accepting of her clients and not label them or judge them. Dr. Archana's approach to therapy can be best described as _____ and her willingness to listen to her client without evaluating them is known as _____.

person-centered; unconditional positive regard

Behavioral Approaches

personalities are bundles of habits acquired by classical and operant conditioning -- view personality as under the control of genetic factors and contingencies

According to Carol Dweck, need for achievement is closely related to __________. Select one: a. genetics b. geography c. luck d. personality factors

personality factors

type A personality

personality type that describes people who are competitive, driven, hositle, and ambitious... additional characteristics that clustered under this description include perfectionistic, stubborn, opinionated, cynical, and controlling... high risk for heart disease; lower socioeconomic status

Type A personality

personality type that describes people who are competitive, driven, hostile, and ambitious

type D personality

personality type that describes people who experience strong negative emotions, but do not express these emotions socially

Type D personality

personality type that describes people who experience yet inhibit negative emotions

Stewie has developed strong feelings for his mother and views his father as a rival for her attention. However, he is afraid that his father will find out and interfere with these plans. Stewie is clearly immersed in the ________ stage.

phallic

According to Maslow, ________ are the most fundamental and must get satisfied first.

physiological needs

You are walking downtown one day and find a man wearing street clothes who is slumped on the sidewalk. You look around and see others walking and not paying attention. Thus, you decide to do the same thing. You have demonstrated

pluralistic ignorance

Amanda signed up with the army right after she graduated from high school. She was soon sent to Iraq. During her two years in Iraq, she witnessed many gruesome catastrophes. Upon returning home, she felt detached and estranged from her old friends, was easily startled, and had difficulties sleeping due to the vivid memories of the horrific events. Amanda displays the symptoms of

posttraumatic stress disorder

Polypharmacy

prescribing many medications at the same; it can be hazardous

Mary just received a traffic ticket but decided it is not worth being upset about. Mary just made a ________.

primary appraisal

Diathesis-stress models

propose that disorder is a joint product of a genetic vulnerability (diathesis) and stressors that trigger it

Self-perception theory

proposes that we acquire out attitudes by observing our behaviors

Impression management theory

proposes that we don't change our attitudes, but report that we have for consistency

DSM-5

provides list of diagnostic criteria and a set of decision rules for each condition -- warns to "think organic" (rule out physical causes of symptoms first) -- contains information on prevalence and adopts a biopsychosocial

For no reason, Matthew started to pay special attention to a girl named Madison, a girl in his homeroom class, from the first day of school. This is one example of the ________ principle of attraction and relationship formation.

proximity

For no reason, Matthew started to pay special attention to a girl named Madison, a girl in his homeroom class, from the first day of school. This is one example of the ________ principle of attraction and relationship formation. proximity reciprocity similarity serendipity

proximity

The idea that all psychological events have an underlying cause is better known as

psychic determinism.

The phenomenon whereby we are more likely to believe something we've heard many times is known as the

recognition heuristic

Each of the following is a symptom of bulimia EXCEPT ________.

refusal to maintain body weight at or above minimal normal weight for age and height

social support

relationships w/ people and groups that can provide us w/ emotions comfort and personal and financial resources; high levels associated with lower mortality rates; gaining control of situations can also relieve stress

social support

relationships with people and groups that can provide us with emotional comfort and personal and financial resources

homeopathic medicine

remedies that feature a small dose of an illness-including substance to activate the body's own natural defenses

homeopathic medicine

remedies that feature a small dose of an illness-inducing substance to activate the body's own natural defenses; by no means all natural plants are effective medicines

Some research has found that attaching an external reward to a task can cause children to lose their intrinsic motivation to complete that task. Other research, however, has not consistently come up with the same findings. This is a problem for which principle of critical thinking?

replicability

When the incidence of a condition called "Morgellons" seemed to be increasing, the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) conducted research that found no evidence of such infections actually taking place. Soon after the Mayo Clinic in Minnesota conducted similar research and obtained nearly identical findings. As it turned out most people who thought they had Morgellons had very simple skin conditions, or no condition at all. The repetition of the CDC's research that was used to support the findings is crucial to critical thinking, in a principle called

replicability

Insanity defense

requires people to either: not know what they were doing at time of crime, or not know what they were doing was wrong -- less than 1% of criminal cases use the defense successfully

Thematic Apperception Test

requires subject to construct a story based on pictures -- little evidence for adequate reliability or validity for most application

Sherif's "Robbers Cave" experiment demonstrated that prejudice can be reduced by

requiring the groups to cooperate to achieve a goal

Peripheral

route focuses on its surface aspects

The fact that different expressions of emotions tend to appear across cultures might lead one to believe that these expressions are evolutionarily based, and not affected by culture. At the same time, another explanation of this similarity is that because many people have been exposed to Western culture, they have taken on Western facial expressions of emotions. This alternate explanation for the apparent universality of emotional expression demonstrates which principle of critical thinking? Correlation vs. causation Ruling out rival hypotheses Extraordinary claims Occam's Razor

ruling out rival hypotheses

Some have suggested that the relationship between hassles and stress, as demonstrated by the Hassles Scale, might actually be better explained by the fact that some of the symptoms noted may reflect symptoms of a psychological disorder such as depression. This is an important reminder of the value of

ruling out rival hypotheses.

spirituality

seach for the sacred, which may or may not extend to belief in God

spirituality

search for the sacred, which may or may not extend to belief in God... compared with nonreligious people, religious people have lower mortality rate, improved immune system functioning, lower blood pressure, and greater ability to recover from illness

The emotion "alarm," a mixture of fear and surprise, is one example of a ________.

secondary emotion

The emotion "alarm," a mixture of fear and surprise, is one example of a..?

secondary emotion

hardiness

set of attitudes marked by a sense of control over events, commitment to life and work, and courage and motivation to confront stressful events

Paul Ekman and his colleagues gathered abundant evidence supporting the universality of __________ basic facial expressions of emotion. Select one: a. three b. five c. seven d. nine

seven

Ekman conducted a number of studies of facial expressions and found that

seven primary emotions are almost universal

Ekman conducted a number of studies of facial expressions and found that

seven primary emotions are almost universial

According to Ekman, which of the following is NOT one of the universal facial expressions? Select one: a. disgust b. fear c. contempt d. shame

shame

Hanging out with friends with the same hobbies can best be explained by the ________ principle of relationship formation.

similarity

Which of the following is one of the changes detected by a polygraph? Skin conductance Body temperature Mood Electrical activity in the brain

skin conductance

Dustin usually keeps a distance of about 4-12 feet while having conversations with strangers. This is one example of ________ distance. public personal intimate social

social

Although he and his wife earn $450,000 a year, a law professor at the University of Chicago defended low tax rates on the top 1% of Americans because he and his wife were barely meeting ends. When he compared his family's daily lives to those of people around him--some of whom were billionaires--he felt frustrated that he and his wife didn't have a plane of their own, and struggled to pay for international travel, school tuition for their children, staff to cook and clean their two homes and new cars every year. A Social Psychologist, observing this complaint, might understand this law professor's discontent as another example of _________________________.

social comparison theory

Marika was confronted by the jealous girlfriend of a guy that Marika had dated. She backed down from the confrontation and fled the scene. Later, she asked several others what they would have done in that type of a situation, and they agreed that they would have done the same thing. Marika felt better. This is an example of

social comparison theory

Amanda, Sarah, Jonas, and William have been assigned a group project. Amanda ends up doing almost none of the work while the others complete the project. Amanda ends up getting the same grade as the other group members. This is an example of

social loafing.

Jayci lost her husband, daughter, and home in a widespread wildfire in California. To overcome this ordeal, she turns to old friends and support groups set up in the community for emotional comfort, information, companionship, advice, and financial assistance. This relationship is known as

social support

Research has consistently shown that having a good ________ is of critical importance in a person's ability to cope with stressors.

social support system

Research has consistently shown that having a good _________ is of critical importance in a person's ability to cope with stressors.

social support system

Early signs of schizophrenia vulnerability

social withdrawal, thought and movement problems, lack of emotions, decreased eye contact

Door-in-the-face

starts big then backs off (works just as well as foot-in-the-door)

Low-ball technique

starts with a low price, then "adds-on" all the desirable options

Foot-in-the-door

starts with a small request and moves to a larger one

Primary drives are caused by __________. Select one: a. exceptions to the drive-reduction principle b. learned behaviors c. stimuli within the body d. stimuli outside the body

stimuli within the body

What is the correct sequence of events in emotional response according to the Cannon-Bard theory?

stimulus --> emotion AND physiological changes (simultaneous)

What is the correct sequence of events in emotional response according to the Cannon-Bard theory? Select one: a. stimulus --> emotion --> physiological changes b. stimulus --> physiological changes --> emotion c. physiological changes --> stimulus --> emotion d. stimulus --> emotion AND physiological changes (simultaneous)

stimulus --> emotion AND physiological changes (simultaneous)

Which sequence of events in emotional responses is characteristic of the James-Lange theory of emotion?

stimulus --> physiological changes --> emotion

Bobby is a very active 5 year old compared to others in his class. He appears to seek a great deal of stimulation, and is very playful, curious, and explorative. Bobby's seemingly unlearned motives, which are likely to increase stimulation, are called __________. Select one: a. developmental motives b. exploratory motives c. stimulus motives d. cognitive motives

stimulus motives

The ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) may be involved in __________. Select one: a. increasing hunger b. stopping the eating response c. processing low fats d. food allergies

stopping the eating response

Psychologist Mary Ainsworth developed the ________ test in order to assess the different types of attachment that might exist between a child and his or her primary caregiver.

strange situation

corticosteroids

stress hormones that activate the body and prepare us to respond to stressful circumstances

corticosteroids

stress hormones that activate the body and prepare us to respond to stressful circustances

general adaptation syndrome (GAS)

stress-response pattern proposed by Hans Selye that consists of three stages: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion; Selye argues that we're equipped w/ a sensitive physiology that responds to stressful circumstances by kicking us into high gear; believed that too much stress leads to breakdowns

Delusions

strongly held, a fixed beliefs with no basis in reality

psychoneuroimmunology

study of the relationship between the immune system and central nervous system

psychoneuroimmunology

study of the relationship between the immune system and central nervous system (ex: high levels of stress over the past year can make you more susceptible to catching cold virus... caring for someone w/ Alzheimer's is associated w/ lower ability to heal from injury and decrease blood clotting); must be careful not to fall prey to exaggerated claims however

Miranda is a psychoanalytic theorist who uses this perspective to guide her therapeutic treatment of psychological disorders. As a result, she is most likely to improve her understanding of her client's

symbolic dream imagery.

Which division of the nervous system is working when we experience emotions? Select one: a. nonsympathetic division of the nervous system b. sympathetic division of the nervous system c. parasympathetic division of the somatic nervous system d. central nervous system

sympathetic division of the nervous system

Learned helplessness

tendency to feel helpless in the face of events we can't control -- genes exert a moderate influence on MDD; role of serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine

Many people believe the "common sense" view of emotions that states "we react physical and behaviorally to the emotions that we are feeling." The James-Lange view, however, takes the opposite approach. It suggests that emotions don't lead to behaviors, but that behaviors lead to emotions. These opposing views remind us to consider

that correlation does not imply causation.

One positive outcome of instinct approaches was __________. Select one: a. that they gave birth to psychoanalytic theory b. that psychologists began focusing on learning theories c. that psychologists were now forced to consider the effects of heredity on behavior d. a better explanation of behavior

that psychologists were now forced to consider the effects of heredity on behavior

As Stella watched the TV lotto drawing, she realized she had the winning combination. If her heart starts to race at the same instant that she feels euphoria over winning, her response pattern would tend to support

the Cannon-Bard theory

As Stella watched the TV lotto drawing, she realized she had the winning combination. If her heart starts to race at the same instant that she feels euphoria over winning, her response pattern would tend to support..?

the Cannon-Bard theory.

Fernando and his brother Sancho are walking down the road when they see a knight on horseback approaching them. The knight is brandishing a sword and screaming. Both Fernando and Sancho experience the same physical response, but Fernando feels fear and Sancho, who just read a book about a heroic knight, feels excitement. These responses are best explained by _______ theory of emotion.

the Two Factor

d. adrenal gland

the ________ is sometimes called the emergency center of the body. Select one: a. pineal gland b. pituitary gland c. thyroid gland d. adrenal gland Correct

Stressor as stimuli

the approach focuses on identifying types of stressful events -- helps identify situations that cause more stress, as well as persons that react more strongly

Stress as a response

the approach that assesses psychological and physical reactions to stress

Type A personality

the aspects of this place one at high risk for CHS, especially anger and hostility

As Stella watched the TV lotto drawing, she realized she had the winning combination. If her heart starts to race at the same instant that she feels euphoria over winning, her response pattern would tend to support Schachter and Singer's two-factor theory. Izard's evolutionary theory. the Cannon-Bard theory. the James-Lange theory.

the cannon-bard theory

Nabila was at a busy grocery store when she and many others saw a gentleman on the ground. She stopped to stare and thought to herself that surely someone had already called for help for this man. She decided that because so many people were present to see the gentleman, help was already on the way. Nabila's decision not to call for help can be best explained by

the diffusion of responsibility.

Menopause refers to

the end of the menstruation period in late adulthood

As suggested by the facial feedback hypothesis, our emotions are most likely to be affected by

the facial blood vessels

As suggested by the facial feedback hypothesis, our emotions are most likely to be affected by..?

the facial blood vessels.

Diane has been feeling sad for the past two days. Her sister suggests that if Diane smiled more she might feel better. This suggestion is consistent with

the facial feedback hypothesis

Who are you most likely to marry?

the girl/boy next door

Insight Therapies

the goal is to expand awareness or insight -- include psychodynamic and humanistic therapies

According to the glucostatic theory, the level of __________ is a primary control mechanism for the regulation of hunger.

the gulcose in the blood

According to cognitive-mediational theory, what is likely to influence an individual's emotional experience? Select one: a. the feedback of others b. the intensity of the situation c. the interpretation of the environment d. the type of physiological reaction that takes place

the interpretation of the environment

The phenomenon that Imani prefers her look in the mirror to her image in a photograph can best be explained by ________.

the mere exposure effect

The phenomenon that Imani prefers her look in the mirror to her image in a photograph can best be explained by ________. the automatic generation of emotion the facial feedback hypothesis the display rules the mere exposure effect

the mere exposure effect

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

the most researched personality test -- 567 true-false questions, and 10 basic scales --- L(lie) detects impression management, F(frequency) detects malingering, K(correction) measures defensive responding --- Most scales are both reliable as well as valid for differentiating among mental disorders. Problematic in several ways: redundant scales, not used for formal diagnosis, and scales can be misused

General adaption syndrome (GAS)

the pattern of response to stress

Illusory correlations

the perception of a relationship where none exists

b. ruling out rival hypotheses.

the prevailing explanation for the relationship between stress and illness has been that increased levels of stress result in a decrease in the immune system's ability to protect the body from illness. On the other hand, it is possible that people who are experiencing stress engage in more health-damaging behaviors, this leads us to a greater likelihood of illness. This different explanation of the relationship demonstrates the importance of Select one: a. falsifiability b. ruling out rival hypotheses. c. replicability d. extraordinary claims

The body's first shield from foreign invaders is

the skin.

Chiropractic manipulation

the spine is manipulated to treat pain and illness -- no more effective than safe treatments like exercise, relaxation, and physical therapy

Conformity

the tendency of people to alter their behavior as a result of group pressure -- classically demonstrated by Solomon Asch's experiments in the 1950s

Out-group homogeneity

the tendency to view people outside of our group as "all alike"

stress

the tension, discomfort, or physical symptoms that arise when a situation strains our ability to cope effectively

stress

the tensions, discomfort, or physical symptoms that arise when a situation strains our ability to cope effectively

biopsychosocial perspective

the view that most medical conditions are neither all physical nor all psychological; numerous physical illness depend on the interplay of genes, lifestyle, immunity, social support, everyday stressors, and self-perceptions

Structural family therapy

therapist immerse herself in the family to make changes

empty chair technique

therapist places an empty chair next to the client and asks him to imagine that the object of his emotion actually is sitting in the chair

A common criticism of Adler, Freud, and Jung's theories of personality development is that

they are filled with unfalsifiable claims.

The broaden and build theory suggests that happier people tend to ________.

think more openly

B. F. Skinner's approach is most open to criticism about its neglect of the importance of ________ in personality development.

thinking

PT Barnum effect

this is the tendency to accept certain vague or worthless information as true, like with horoscopes or tarrot cards

While the sequence in which motor skills develops is generally universal, the ________ of the development of those skills tends to be different from child to child.

timing

Strategic family interventions

to remove barriers to effective communication

The two areas of the hypothalamus which appear to be related to eating behavior as a result of controlling the level of glucose in the body are called __________ and __________. Select one: a. ventromedial hypothalamus; lateral hypothalamus b. lateral hypothalamus; basal hypothalamus c. basal hypothalamus; ventrolateral hypothalamus d. none of these

ventromedial hypothalamus; lateral hypothalamus

Moral treatment

was pushed by Reformer Phillippe Pinel and Dorothea Dix -- still no effective treatment

In-group bias

we favor those within our group over those outside it

Need-to-belong theory

we have a biological based need for interpersonal connections