Psychology Final

Ethan is an award-winning swimmer. His desire to compete and win is part of his need for Attention Physical activity Affiliation Achievement

Achievement

In the heat of an argument, a critical thinker is least likely to exclaim: "That is my opinion and nothing is going to change it!" "Haven't you given thought to all the other possibilities?" "That is hard for me to believe, where did you hear it?" "I'm willing to search for a creative solution if you are!"

"That is my opinion and nothing is going to change it!"

Howard Gardner claims that people may have as many as ________ separate mental abilities. 6 8 150 30

8

Periods of REM sleep alternate with periods of non-REM sleep in a cycle that recurs about every _______________ minutes. 30 90 150 210

90

Ashley and Mikhail share their intimate thoughts and emotions, are physically attracted to each other, and agree to support each other. Their love is called ________. fatuous romantic infatuation consummate

Consummate

Carl Jung would agree that: past conflicts provide the only motivation for current behaviors. homosexuality occurs when a male has an "anima" archetype. the notion of a collective unconscious is a "black tide of mud." Darth Vader and dragons represent the shadow archetype.

Darth Vader and dragons represent the shadow archetype.

Which of the following represents classical conditioning? Each trick by the dolphin is followed by a treat Bob develops an aversion to lamb after falling sick. Jim gets food when the lever is pressed down. Tina realizes that pushing the blue button gets her a frozen dessert.

Bob develops an aversion to lamb after falling sick.

Which of the following is the MOST common cause of death in middle adulthood? suicide homicide stroke heart disease

Heart disease

Which of the following statements is correct concerning what hypnosis can do? Hypnosis can be effective for helping you stop smoking Hypnosis can give a person superhuman strength Hypnosis can improve intelligence Hypnosis can improve memory

Hypnosis can be effective for helping you stop smoking

Real psychology differs from popular psychology and its pseudoscientific relatives in that it is based on: The latest scientific theories Popular option Empirical evidence The ideas of prominent psychoanalysis

Empirical evidence

An advertisement for environment friendly cars features people changing the world for better by reducing pollution, planting trees, and fighting the system. In this example, ________ is the conditioned stimulus. people changing the world Positive emotions Stirring music Environment friendly car

Environment friendly car

_______________ psychology spurred the growth of research on topics that had long been ignored in psychology, including motherhood, rape, domestic violence, gender roles, and sexist attitudes. Basic Behavioral Applied Feminist

Feminist

You believe that you can remember where you were and what you were doing when a specific emotionally charged event occurred. This memory is called _____________. Flashbulb memory Semantic memory Flashback memory Serial position memory

Flashbulb memory

After a serious head injury, Tom faced difficulty in doing a series of tasks in the proper sequence. It is most likely that Tom's _______________ was injured. Occipital lobe Frontal lobe Parietal lobe Temporal lobe

Frontal lobe

____________ wanted to know how specific behaviors and mental processes help a person or animal adapt to the environment, so they looked for underlying causes and practical consequences of these behaviors and processes. Structuralists Fundamentalists rationalists Functionalists

Functionalists

_______________ is used to identify which of the 16 personality factors a particular person would belong to. Reciprocal determinism Objective test Factor Analysis Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

The frequency of a sound wave is related to the perceived _____ of a sound. Pitch Loudness Timbre Spectrum

Pitch

The _______________ is often called the body's "master gland" because the hormones it secretes affect many other endocrine glands. Olfactory bulb Endocrine gland Pituitary gland Temporal lobe

Pituitary gland

Dani finds that the more she sleeps on the eve of an exam, the higher are the scores she gets for the exam. There is _______________ correlation between the time for which Dani sleeps and her exam scores. Positive No Perfect Negative

Positive

A _______________ is a medical doctor who diagnoses and treats mental disorders and takes a more biological approach than other psychotherapists. Psychiatrist LCSW MFCC psychoanalyst

Psychiatrist

A person is asked to break down all the different components of taste when biting into an orange. Which of the following schools of psychology is this research most likely a part of? Functionalism Behavioralism Psychoanalysis Structuralism

Psychoanalysis

Which school of thought in psychology evolved into an elaborate theory of personality that emphasized unconscious motives and conflicts? Functionalism Phrenology Structuralism Psychoanalysis

Psychoanalysis

During his lecture on dream theories, Professor Hundt evaluates the dream theories. He points out that the interpretations are often far-fetched in the _______________ theory. Psychoanalytic Problem-focused Cognitive Activation-synthesis

Psychoanalytic

Which school of thought in psychology hoped to analyze sensations, images, and feelings into basic elements? psychoanalysis Structuralism Functionalism Phrenology

Structuralism

Multitasking is possible because some of our cognitive processing is: Conscious Deliberate Subconscious Mindless

Subconscious

Multitasking is possible because some of our cognitive processing is: Mindless Subconscious Conscious Deliberate

Subconscious

A baby's language that consists of repetition of consonant-vowel combinations is called Babbling Telegraphic speech Holophrase Cooling

Telegraphic speech

In psychoanalysis, the part of the personality that represents reason, good sense, and rational self-control is called: the libido. the ego. the id. the superego.

The ego.

Which of the following work conditions is NOT likely to increase work motivation and satisfaction? The company has clear and consistent rules. The task assigned is specialized and monotonous The assigned tasks are varied rather than repetitive. The work feels meaningful and important.

The task assigned is specialized and monotonous

_______________ is a procedure used by researchers as a "virtual" and temporary method to lesion the brain that temporarily inactivates neural circuits. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) Positron-emission tomography (PET) Lesion method

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

The Gestalt principle of _____________ occurs when you see an incomplete figure as complete. Closure Subjunctive contour Law of proximity Figure-ground

closure

The snail-shaped, fluid-filled organ in the inner ear is called _______________. Cochlea Strirrup Basilar membrane Semicircular canal

cochlea

Two teen-aged boys get into a fistfight at school. When several girls start paying attention to the boys, their fight seems to intensify. A psychologist trained in the functionalist perspective would lay emphasis on: finding why the fight intensified when the boys gained attention from girls. whether the boys had experienced childhood traumas that unconsciously cause aggression. the basic elements of the boys' feelings and sensations in the presence of girls. the bumps on the heads of most boys devoted to "aggression."

finding why the fight intensified when the boys gained attention from girls.

According to Carl Jung, part of the legacy of human history is a: liturgical unconscious shared by all human beings containing symbols from each of the major world religions. womb envy shared by all men, consisting of universal symbols of the "Earth Mother." collective unconscious shared by all human beings containing universal memories, symbols, and images. penis envy shared by all women, consisting of universal memories of the "Powerful Father."

collective unconscious shared by all human beings containing universal memories, symbols, and images.

As a result of controversy over the use of deception in research: debriefing is required when deception is used. the APA now does not allow deception. deception is allowed only if the subjects are volunteers. subjects who are deceived must receive therapy free of charge if requested.

debriefing is required when deception is used.

A psychological cause of prejudice is to increase conformity to social norms help people bond with their own ethnic group make official forms of discrimination seem legitimate decreased self-esteem

decreased self-esteem

Erikson saw the major challenge of young adulthood as that of generativity vs stagnation intimacy vs isolation identity vs role confusion integrity vs despair

intimacy vs isolation

Casey, a nine-year-old learns a positive response to the word holiday because of its association with fun trips to warm places and time spent with parents. This would be an example of ________. higher-order conditioning. counterconditioning spontaneous recovery an intrinsic reinforcer

higher-order conditioning.

Beth wants to make sure that her dog Gunner does not beg for food from the table. Every time that Gunner begs, Beth says, "No," in a sharp, scolding voice and she never gives in. Beth is using ________. positive punishement negative punishement stimulus generalization negative reinforcement

positive punishement

Dr. Braun has been treating a child with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. She decides to write a prescription for Ritalin. Given this information, it is most likely that Dr. Braun is a: Clinical psychologist Psychiatrist Psychoanalysis School psychologist

psychiatrist

Professor Ichthyop, who specializes in the study of the Lost River Sucker fish, complains that each semester whenever he learns the name of a new student, he forgets the name of a fish. He is complaining about the problem of ________ in memory. proactive interference Decay cue-dependent forgetting retroactive interference

retroactive interference

The two main forms of long-term memory are: procedural and declarative semantic and episodic recognition and recall encoding and rehearsal

semantic and episodic

The common effects of several drinks of alcohol a time are _______________ slowed reaction time, reduced ability to store new memories or to retrieve old ones, and poor coordination sedation, reduced tension, and reduced anxiety euphoria and relief from pain exhilaration, visions and hallucinations, and insightful experiences

slowed reaction time, reduced ability to store new memories or to retrieve old ones, and poor coordination

Freud believed that dreams stem from unconscious conflicts, memories, and desires are sexual perversions are reflections of consciousness are ways to solve problems

stem from unconscious conflicts, memories, and desires

Matt classically conditions his dog, Wally, to salivate when he strums the G chord on his guitar by providing food after the chord is played. After some time, Matt notices that Wally salivates even when other chords are strummed although the chords were not followed by food. This phenomenon is known as ________. instinctive drift stimulus discrimination higher-order conditioning stimulus generalization

stimulus generalization

When Mitch was learning to drive he couldn't imagine how he could ever remember to steer the wheel, flip on the turn signal, put on the gas, and still manage to turn the car! After driving for three years, Mitch's reactions have become automatic. Now, when he drives a car: convergent thinking is involved. nonconscious processes are involved. subconscious processes are involved divergent thinking is involved.

subconscious processes are involved

The common effects of caffeine are _______________. slowed reaction time, tension, depression, reduced ability to store new memories or to retrieve old ones, poor coordination euphoria, excitation, boost of energy, and suppressed appetite mood variation from alertness to calmness depending on mental set, setting, and prior arousal wakefulness, alertness, and a shortened reaction time

wakefulness, alertness, and a shortened reaction time

Donald, travels to work by bus every day, always sings his favorite song loudly in the public bus. Donald is violating: a norm. a social role. his gender role. a stereotype.

A norm.

A person who needs 9 hours per night of sleep, but is only getting 6 hours per night, would be said to suffer from Insomnia Sleep apnea Hypersomnia A sleep debt

A sleep debt

Talia is looking for her cat by methodically searching each room and then closing the door. She is using what type of problem solving strategy? A means-end strategy Heuristic A hunch Algorithm

Algorithm

The factor of ________ is NOT one of the "Big Five" dimensions underlying personality. openness to experience agreeableness anger consicentiousness

Anger

________ is an eating disorder characterized by a fear of being fat, a distorted body image, radically reduced consumption of food, and emaciation. Binge-eating disorder Bulimia Body-image distortion Anorexia

Anorexia

When Danny feeds his fish, he notices that they swim to the top as soon as he turns on the aquarium light. In this example, the ________ is the conditioned stimulus. Fish swimming to the top Presence of Danny near the aquarium Fish food Aquarium light

Aquarium light

"I really want to believe that my vague recollection of an incident that occurred at Disneyland as a preschooler is true, but that doesn't mean that it is true." Which of the following critical thinking guidelines does this example illustrate? Avoid emotional reasoning Define your terms Examine the evidence Don't oversimplify

Avoid emotional reasoning

John Russell has color blindness. He is most likely to have difficulty doing which of the following? distinguishing red from blue distinguishing blue from yellow distinguishing red from green distinguishing red from yellow

distinguishing red from green

A person who visits a cafeteria to be with his friends would be said to show ________ motivation whereas another person might show ________ motivation because they are only there to get some free pizza. intrinsic; extrinsic peripheral; deferred deferred; peripheral extrinsic; intrinsic

extrinsic; intrinsic

Jet lag is a(n) _______________. internal desynchronization circadian desynchronization Hormonal rhythm External desynchronization

internal desynchronization

The polygraph is based on the assumption that a person who is guilty and fearful will have: decreased flow of norepinephrine. increased activity in the autonomic nervous system. increased activity in the hippocampus. decreased flow of epinephrine.

increased activity in the autonomic nervous system.

Older adults who look back on their lives with regrets, wishing they could relive their lives, have not successfully resolved Erikson's psychosocial crisis of identity vs role confusion integrity vs despair generativity vs stagnation intimacy vs isolation

integrity vs despair

The WAIS, WISC, and WPPSI are tests of ________ that were created by ________. intelligence; David Wechsler mental aptitude; the SAT corporation independence.; Leland Stanford creativity; Howard Gardner

intelligence; David Wechsler

A _______________ is a part of a neuron, receives messages from nerve cells and looks like the branches of a tree. Axon Neurotransmitters Dendrite Cell body

Dendrite

A monthly paycheck best represents a ________ schedule of reinforcement. Variable ratio Variable interval Fixed ratio Fixed interval

Fixed interval

For every 5 times that you go to the gym each week, you reward yourself with a treat. This best illustrates which of the following schedules of reinforcement? Fixed interval Variable ratio Fixed ratio Variable interval

Fixed ratio

I want to know how infants of different ages respond when left with a stranger. The most efficient approach to explore this topic would be to conduct a: Case study Naturalistic observation Laboratory observation Psychological test

Laboratory observation

When you enter a dim room, more light is let into the eyes by the widening of the _______________. Iris Retina Pupil Cornea

Pupil

After greeting her relatives at the airport, Joey's mother leaves him with his grandmother and gets the luggage. Eight-month-old Joey becomes fearful of the stranger holding him and begins to wail. This distress would be an example of: Avoidant attachment Sensorimotor thinking Insecure attachment Separation anxiety

Separation anxiety

A set of implicit rules that specify proper sexual behavior for a person in a given situation is termed ________. Sexual orientation Sexual motive Sexual battery Sexual script

Sexual script

A student take a drug that distorts perception. He holds up his hand right in front of his face. Horrified he yells,"I have a giant hand!" Most likely the drug interfered with Size consistency Shape consistency Brightness consistency Color consistency

Size consistency

The sentence "Ralphie eat cookie full" is an example of babbling telegraphic speech motherese scaffolding

Telegraphic speech

When the lens of the eye focuses light on the retina, the result is a(n) _______________. Upside-down image Colorless image Sideways image Peripheral image

Upside-down image

Which sense is the LEAST functional at birth? Touch Vision Smell Taste

Vision

Animal research cannot be used to: improve human welfare. conduct basic research on a particular species. replace human studies that would require deception. discover practical applications

replace human studies that would require deception.

The ________ is demonstrated by the attack on Kitty Genovese. Asch effect difference between bullying and cyberbullying bystander effect social exchange theory

Bystander effect

Which statement about Sternberg's triangular theory of love is incorrect? Different aspects of love might be more prevalent at different life stages. Different aspects of love are hierarchical. For example, companionate love is much better and longer lasting than consummate love. Healthy relationships will have all three components of love: intimacy, passion, and commitment. Seven types of love can be described from the three components of love.

Different aspects of love are hierarchical. For example, companionate love is much better and longer lasting than consummate love.

Coin-shaped electrodes are pasted onto Miranda's scalp, and they are connected by wire to a machine that translates the electrical energy from her brain into wavy lines on a moving piece of paper. From this description, it is evident that Miranda's brain is being studied with the help of: PET scan fMRI TMS EEG

EEG

Suppose Brian is painting while the sun is setting; once he notices that the room is getting darker, he decides to call it quits for the day. This example illustrates the role of Threshold A just noticeable difference Bia Absolute threshold

A just noticeable difference

Which of the following is NOT a stimulant? Alcohol Nicotine Cocaine Amphetamines

Alcohol

The part of the brain that seems to influence the emotion of fear is the Thyroid gland Thalamus Pons Amygdala

Amygdala

The _______________ perspective is a psychological approach that emphasizes bodily events and changes associated with actions, feelings, and thoughts. Sociocultural Biological Cognitive Learning

Biological

Which of the following is an advantage of case studies? A case study can be used as a representative of other similar studies. Case studies produce a more detailed picture of an individual than other methods. The information produced in a case study is easy to interpret. Methods of collecting information are standardized and uniform in case studies.

Case studies produce a more detailed picture of an individual than other methods.

A researcher studies the history of a child that has faced language deprivation in his early years in order to find out whether children who have missed out on hearing during their early years would catch up later on. This type of research is called a(n): Correlational study Observational study Survey Case study

Case study

Dr. Watson wants to know whether or not the first three years of life are critical for acquiring language. She decides to study children who have been deprived of human language. The appropriate method to use to explore this issue would be a/an: Case study Experiment Survey Correlational study

Case study

Gina jumps with fear as she feels a hand on her shoulder while walking on a deserted path across campus. Her fear evaporates when she hears her boyfriend's voice saying, "What are you doing out so late, Gina?" What brain structure played a key role when Gina's fear evaporated? cerebral cortex Hippocampus Amygdala Medulla

Cerebral cortex

If one wants to increase the capacity of short-term memory, more items can be held through the process of _________. Chunking Rote rehearsal Decoding Data compression

Chunking

Which of the following practitioners typically has a Ph.D. or other doctoral degree in psychology? Psychotherapist Clinical psychologist Psychiatrist Psychoanalyst

Clinical psychologist

The retina is to vision as ________is to hearing Cochlea Semicircular canal Oval window Auditory canal

Cochlea

One of the most important contributions of the _______________ perspective of psychology has been to show how people's thoughts and explanations affect their actions, feelings, and choices. Cognitive Learning Biological Sociocultural

Cognitive

_______________ are discovering what goes on in the mind of an infant, and identifying types of intelligence not measured by conventional IQ tests. Biological psychologists Cultural psychologists Cognitive researchers Learning theorists

Cognitive researchers

How many of the subjects in the Millgram study gave people the highest level of shock? 2/3 3/4 1/2 1/3

2/3

Inhuman being, the brain does not complete its development until about _______ years of age 25 12 18 40

25

It has been determined that at least ________ percent of all children and teenagers in America are now overweight or obese. 75 5 25 50

25

By the end of the twentieth century, biological research was demonstrating that about half of the variation in personality traits was due to: hormones. genetic variation. neurotransmitters. brain differences

Genetic variation

Members of individualist cultures: Correct! give priority to personal goals. tend to explain behaviors through group norms. place responsibilities to the group above personal goals value obligation and security.

Give priority to personal goals

Jeremy is 17 years old. According to Erikson, his chief task will be acquiring a sense of Identity Generativity Autonomy Intimacy

Identity

The pursuit of an activity for its own sake is called Biological drives Intrinsic motivation The need for affiliation Performance goals

Intrinsic motivation

Which type of social influence involves conformity to a group norm prompted by the belief that the group is competent and has the correct information? rational cognitive normative informational

Informational

As Shane stands between the railroad tracks, the rails appear to converge in the distance. This cue to inferring depth and distance is called _______________. Linear perspective Relative size Relative clarity Retinal disparity

Linear perspective

Which memory system has an unlimited capacity and can keep information for hours or decades? Long-term memory Sensory register Implicit memory Short-term memory

Long-term memory

Actor Michael J. Fox announced that he was leaving his hit show Spin City because he had Parkinson's disease and wanted to spend more time with his family. The reason for his disorder is the: Loss of dopamine Loss of acetylcholine Overproduction of dopamine Overproduction of acetylcholine

Loss of dopamine

Social conventions, explicit laws, and implicit cultural standards are examples of: routines roles stereotypes norms

Norms

Which of the following regions in the brain contains the visual cortex? Temporal lobe Parietal lobe Frontal lobe Occipital lobe

Occipital lobe

_______________ describes the extent to which people are imaginative and questioning, or conforming and predictable. Extroversion versus introversion Agreeableness versus antagonism Openness to experience versus resistance to new experience Conscientiousness versus impulsiveness

Openness to experience versus resistance to new experience

________ is the process by which a response becomes more likely to occur or less so, depending on its consequences. Counterconditioning Classical conditioning Higher-order conditioning Operant conditioning

Operant conditioning

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of formal reasoning? There is typically one correct answer. You usually know when the problem is solved. The information needed for drawing a conclusion or reaching a solution is specified clearly. There is often no clearly correct solution.

There is often no clearly correct solution.

"I may never know for sure whether my memory of my first visit to the ocean is accurate." Which of the following critical thinking guidelines does this example illustrate? Correct! Tolerate uncertainty Define your terms Analyze assumptions and biases Ask questions and be willing to wondrr

Tolerate uncertainty

Which of the following is true about the science of psychology? Uncertainty about untested beliefs can be a good thing Evidences gathered by careful observation often turn out to be wrong and mislead Most misconceptions about psychology are actually true. Common sense statements are always based on facts

Uncertainty about untested beliefs can be a good thing

In classical conditioning, a subject starts to salivate when food is placed in their mouth. The salivation is a(n)________. Conditioned stimulus Conditioned response Unconditioned stimulus Unconditioned response

Unconditioned response

Seeing a face is to sensation as recognizing a friend's face is to ______________ Kinesthesia Perception Sensation Olfaction

Perception

The detection of physical energy emitted or reflected by physical objects is called _______________. Functional encoding Specific nerve energy Sensation Perception

Sensation

Ryan, an avid soccer enthusiast, and his mother, who is much less familiar with the game, are watching their favorite college team attempt to score. Which of the following conclusions is most likely? The positions of the players form one chunk in both Ryan's and his mother's STM. The positions of the players form one chunk in Ryan's STM but 11 chunks in his mother's STM. The positions of the players form 11 chunks in both Ryan's and his mother's STM. The positions of the players form 11 chunks in Ryan's STM but one chunk in his mother's STM.

The positions of the players form one chunk in Ryan's STM but 11 chunks in his mother's STM.

Matt has a tendency to take credit for his good actions but he attributes his mistakes to "an off day". This would be an example of the self-serving bias the validity effect the just-world hypothesis the fundamental attribution error

The self-serving bias

Which part of the nervous system produces some behaviors on its own, without any help from the brain? The lymphatic system The lymphatic system The cerebellum The spinal cord

The spinal cord

A major point of difference between basic research and applied research is that: basic research involves experimentation and applied research involves psychiatry basic research is done to acquire knowledge and applied research to solve practical problems basic research studies physical processes and applied research studies mental processes basic research studies only humans while applied research studies both animals and humans

basic research is done to acquire knowledge and applied research to solve practical problems

When one-year-old Olivia is placed on an ambiguous visual cliff, she looks at her mom's reassuring face. Olivia is most likely to: smile back at mom, but refuse to cross. cross the cliff. lift her arms to be held. begin crying.

cross the cliff.

When John worries about getting bit by a shark when swimming at the beach, but doesn't worry about getting cancer from the cigarettes he smokes, he is: exaggerating the improbable. exhibiting hindsight bias. exhibiting confirmation bias. avoiding loss.

exaggerating the improbable.

The day after the election, Josephine says that she knew all along who the winner would be. She is: exhibiting confirmation bias. exaggerating the improbable. avoiding loss exhibiting hindsight bias.

exhibiting hindsight bias.

Which of the following is NOT one of the six factors we talked about for motivations for sex? necessity or obligation Intimacy Peer approval Partner approval

necessity or obligation

The primary reason for initially performing split-brain surgery on humans was to: find out what each half of the brain can do, cut off from the other. reduce the seizures in patients with debilitating, uncontrollable epilepsy. find out whether the two hemispheres would develop an alternate means of communication. reduce the tremors, stiffness, and rigidity of severe Parkinson's disease.

reduce the seizures in patients with debilitating, uncontrollable epilepsy.

The slight difference in lateral separation between two objects as seen by the left eye and the right eye is called _______________. non-visual cues retinal disparity linear disparity monocular

retinal disparity

Which of the following is true of an individualist culture? personality is viewed as being unstable in different situations the independence of the individual takes precedence over the needs of the group the self is defined in the context of relationships group harmony takes precedence over the wishes of the individual

the independence of the individual takes precedence over the needs of the group

Who among the following people is most likely to experience cognitive dissonance? the draftee who hates the army the lawyer who worked hard to complete law school and likes working as a lawyer the smoker who knows that smoking causes lung cancer the teenager who doesn't like the car a parent bought for him

the smoker who knows that smoking causes lung cancer

Widely abused illegal drugs such as cocaine, heroin, and amphetamines are attractive to users because the stimulate the brain's "reward circuits" the helped our ancestors survive and reproduce the suppress REM sleep the slow down mental and physical activity

the stimulate the brain's "reward circuits"

The four basic skin sensations are: roughness, pain, warmth, and cold touch, warmth, cold, and pain pain, pressure, warmth, touch touch, temperature, pain, and burning

touch, warmth, cold, and pain

Narcolepsy involves a(n) _______________. unpredictable daytime attack of sleep inability to breathe while sleeping need for 12 to 14 hours of sleep each night need for only 5 to 6 hours of sleep each night

unpredictable daytime attack of sleep

Catherine's grandmother says that if Catherine follows the family's traditional recipe for Irish soda bread, then she is sure to have very good results. Catherine's grandmother is encouraging her granddaughter to engage in dialectical thinking rely upon a heuristic. use an algorithm. make use of her family's tacit knowledge.

use an algorithm.

When Milgram and his team set up several variations of his original study, they found that people were more likely to disobey under all of the following EXCEPT when the person ordering them to continue was an ordinary man, apparently another volunteer when two experimenters had conflicting demands about the continuation of the experiment when the subject worked with peers who refused to go further in the procedure when the victim was in an adjoining room so the "teacher" heard every sound the victim made

when the victim was in an adjoining room so the "teacher" heard every sound the victim made

Jane, an administrative assistant a San Diego firm, is trying to find reasons for her boss's hostile behavior. She is likely to overestimate her boss's personality traits and underestimate the influence of the situation leap to the attribution that her boss's behavior corresponds to work demands explore her boss's personality traits and the environmental constraints to derive an explanation ignore her boss's dispositional attributions in favor of situational attributions

overestimate her boss's personality traits and underestimate the influence of the situation

While Sue is walking on the road, a bicyclist swerves toward her. Her heart races and sweat breaks out as she jumps out of harm's way. Soon, Sue's heart rate begins to decrease. This calming reaction is due to the action of Sue's: lymphatic system Endocrine system parasympathetic nervous system. sympathetic nervous system.

parasympathetic nervous system

Which of the following is a violation of norms in a society? maintaining physical distance while talking to friends parking vehicles illegally in a non-parking area singing loudly in house parties creating graffiti on one's own bedroom walls at home

parking vehicles illegally in a non-parking area

Which of the following would give the most accurate view of psychology? watching a television talk-show to listen to psychological explanations of abnormal hearing a call-in talk show facilitated by a therapist on radio reading a newspaper article on psychology based on empirical research taking a self-help book off the shelf and reading about human motivation

reading a newspaper article on psychology based on empirical research

Although it weighs only _______________, the brain is the bedrock of all behavior and mental activity. 1 pound 3 pounds 5 pounds 8 pounds

3 pounds

Jessie becomes furious when her favorite hockey player is intentionally hurt by an opponent. According to Freud's model of the mind, her id would unconsciously say "I'm going to tear this program in half!" "What, me angry? I never get angry." "Thou shalt not kill." "I'm so angry I could kill that player."

"I'm so angry I could kill that player."

Estimates of the heritability of personality traits are typically about: .65 .50 .30 .70

0.50

As she studies her physics textbook, Marilyn wants to make sure that she remembers that sound intensity is measured in units called decibels and that each decibel is one-tenth of a bel, which is a unit named after Alexander Graham Bell. Marilyn creates a visual image of 10 little elf-like Bell-figures trying to turn up the volume of a huge stereo. Her strategy is called: Maintenance rehearsal Confabulation A mnemonic Priming

A Mnemonic

Which of the following factors promotes insecure attachment? Sensitive and responsive parenting Physical touching and cuddling between infant and parent Abandonment and deprivation in the first year or two of life Stress free circumstances in the child's family

Abandonment and deprivation in the first year or two of life

When Beth went to her doctor, he gave her a hearing test. During the test, the doctor presented tones to Beth through earphones. The tones started at a low intensity and then became louder. The doctor asked Beth to raise her hand whenever she started to hear a sound. The doctor was testing Beth's Difference threshold Absolute threshold Auditory convergence Refractory threshold

Absolute threshold

In his dream, Andy is an infant crawling through a dark tunnel looking for something he has lost. While Andy was sleeping, neurons in his pons that stimulate leg-muscle movement were active. Which theory would be most receptive to this explanation? Psychoanalytic Problem- focused Mental housekeeping Activation-synthesis

Activation synthesis

The period of life from about age 13 to the early 20's during which a young person is not longer physically a child but is not yet an independent, self-supporting adult, is called adolescence puberty young adulthood tweens

Adolescence

I am looking for my cat by methodically searching each room and then closing the door. I am using what type of problem solving strategy? Algorithm Script Mental set Episodic memory

Algorithm

On the first day of class you are likely to do all of the following: find a desk, sit down, listen to the teacher talk about her syllabus, take out a pen, start taking notes, and not speak very much. These activities are part of your ________ about the first day of class. Episodic memory Mental set Algorithm Script

Algorithm

Samantha jumps with fear as she feels a hand on her shoulder while walking on a deserted path across campus. What brain structure played a key role in Samantha's swift reaction? Hippocampus Medulla Amygdala Cerebral cortex

Amygdala

The emotional bond that forms between an infant and a primary caregiver is called _______ Trust Habituation Temperament Attachment

Attachment

Outgoing neural signals pass along the_______________ of a neuron to terminal branches. Axon Dendrite Cell body Nuerotransmitters

Axon

Tom is a psychologist investigating the contributions of genes in the development of abilities and personality traits in human beings. Tom is most likely a _______________. Cultural perspective Learning theorist Biological perspective Cognitive perspective

Biological perspective

An eating disorder characterized by episodes of excessive eating followed by forced vomiting or the use of laxatives is called Bulimia Self-starvation Anorexia Adonis complex

Builimia

Lucy is a hard-working student in her sophomore year at a large university. Her friends can't understand how Lucy eats so much, yet gains no weight. Her weight is normal, she eats meals, and is generally personable. Her friends do find it weird that she always has to go to the bathroom after a meal, but Lucy just says she has weak bladder. What her friends do not know is that Lucy also eats 4,000-6,000 calories in one sitting at least two times a week. After gorging herself, she then vomits all of it back up. She would best be described as suffering from anorexia nervosa Bulimia nervosa A low blood-sugar level Diabetes

Bulimia nervosa

Caleb is surprised when his girlfriend eats the sugar-coated flower on her dinner plate because he had assumed that the flower was garnish. It is evident that: mental set has influenced the way that Caleb's girlfriend acts to a novel item on her plate. Caleb's girlfriend is exhibiting the concept of mindlessness. Caleb's concept of flowers did not include the quality of being edible. edible flowers would be considered prototypes of Caleb's concept of food.

Caleb's concept of flowers did not include the quality of being edible.

Which is the most likely prototype for the concept "vehicle"? Car Bicycle Scooter Glidre

Car

_______________ said that there is a collective unconscious shared by all human beings, containing universal memories, symbols, and images that are the legacy of human history. Carl Jung Raymond Cattell Karen Horney Sigmund Freud

Carl Jung

Peter's mental representation of Thanksgiving includes associations about turkeys, attitudes toward the holiday, and expectations about the weight he would gain! These are all part of his ________ for the holiday. Heuristic Hindsight bias Algorithm Cognitive schema

Cognitive schema

Don tells Ray he wants to get a new sports car. Ray immediately understands why, because he is familiar with the common characteristics of sports cars and knows what makes them different from family cars. Ray is using mental categories called Concepts Classifications Attributes Classes

Concepts

When an unconditioned response occurs in response to a previously neutral stimulus, it is called a(n) ________. Conditioned response Spontaneous recovery Unconditioned response Conditioned stimulus

Conditioned response

The neutral stimulus when combined with an unconditioned stimulus becomes a(n) ________ in classical conditioning. Conditioned stimulus Spontaneous recovery Conditioned response Unconditioned response

Conditioned stimulus

Chad remembers the feeling of excitement in his house when his mother stepped through the door with his new baby sister. He can still picture the tiny little baby with a stocking cap on her head! His parents can't convince him that he actually stayed with his grandparents for two weeks after his sister was born and that his memory never happened! Chad's memory is an example of: Psychogenic amnesia Repression Confabulation Anterograde amnesia

Confabulation

When six-year-old Sven's parents overhear him describing his third birthday party, they look at each other in surprise. Sven appears to remember the birthday cake his father was baking burned and his aunt had to run out and buy one from a bakery, even though Sven was not present when those events occurred. Sven's memory illustrates the concept of _________. Priming Confabulation Implicit memory Decay

Confabulation

Vivian is a republican supporter. He reads newspapers publishing articles only about the achievements of the Republican party. Vivian is exhibiting a ________. framing effect Mental set Hindsight bias Conformation bias

Confirmation bias

Agatha Harkness-Smythe is determined to ban guns in the United States. This is a controversial topic and social scientists have debated whether the ownership of guns by citizens increases or decreases crime. Agatha could go to the library and look up studies on the linkage between guns and crime rates. Instead, Agatha just reads the local newspaper and only cuts out articles about robberies in which the "bad guy" used a firearm. Agatha is demonstrating Mindlessness Mental set Conformation bias Stereotype threat

Conformation bias

Angela is a participant in an experiment and joins seven other students seated in a room. She is shown a 10-inch test line and must choose the line that matches it in length fro a choice of three lines. The experimenter, Asch, is interested in studying visual perception depth perception conformity absolute threshold

Conformity

The goal of sex for both men and women, biologically speaking, is to Eat until full Achieve organism Create as many offspring as possible Get a consistent amount of nightly sleep

Create as many offspring as possible

Which occupation would be more likely to require emotion work as a job requirement? Accounts Architect Software Analysis Customer service representative

Customer service representative

Dee Dee's parents place a high value on academic achievement, but her peers do not. In this situation: Dee Dee will be strongly influenced by her peers but not her parents. Dee Dee's response will be dictated by her genetic predispositions and intelligence Dee Dee will vacillate between the desire to study and the desire to be popular. the values of Dee Dee's parents are likely to be the strongest influence.

Dee Dee will be strongly influenced by her peers but not her parents.

The junior class at a local high school was stunned when an alcohol-impaired driver missed a turn and caused a fatal accident involving a classmate. The school crisis team noted that many classmates responded in ways that seemed to indicate that they were invulnerable to this kind of tragedy because "They were careful drivers who always wore seatbelts." The crisis team concluded that these students were using the defense mechanism called: displacement. reaction formation. projection. denial.

Denial

A psychologist spends her entire career studying how and why changes occur in people throughout their lives. This psychologist is most likely working in the field of abnormal psychology developmental psychology maturational studies gerontology

Developmental psychology

Roger is sad, but he does not want to cry in front of his friends because of the ________ he has been taught Display rules Emotions Cognitions Emotional intelligence

Display rules

What are the two types of causal attributions that people make? dispositional and situational personality traits and dispositional implicit and explicit environmental and situational

Dispositional and situational

Tameeka is at a point in her pregnancy during which the major organs and structures of her baby are first developing. Which period of prenatal development is Tameeka currently experiencing? Placental Fetal Germinal Embryonic

Embryonic

Janet and her husband are thrilled as they look into Janet's uterus by means of an ultrasound. The physician reports that the pregnancy appears normal, and that their baby's fingers, toes, heart, and circulatory system are developing as expected. The couple is surprised to learn that the baby is only 1½ inches long. Janet's baby is in the: fetal stage stage of the zygote embryonic stage germinal stage

Embryonic stage

Your memory of how much fun you had last spring break is an example of Chunking Procedural Semantic Episodic

Episodic

Arthur switches on an aquarium light just before feeding his fish, and the fish always swim to the top as soon as it comes on. Curious, he decides to go a week without turning on the light at feeding time, and then see if the fish still respond to the light by swimming to the top. Arthur is trying to see if ________ will occur. Extinction instinctive drift counterconditioning Discrimination

Extinction

Which of the following holds true for fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)? FAS can affect the fetus's eyes, ears, and heart. FAS leads to mental retardation, blindness, and other physical disorders. FAS leads to miscarriage, premature birth, an abnormal fetal heartbeat, and an underweight baby. FAS leads to low birth weight, a smaller brain, facial deformities, lack of coordination, and mental retardation.

FAS leads to low birth weight, a smaller brain, facial deformities, lack of coordination, and mental retardation.

Ivan Pavlov studied the reflexive flow of saliva in dogs. He used meat powder or other food to trigger the salivation. It was later observed that the salivation in the dog was triggered even before the food was placed in its mouth. In this experiment, ________ was the unconditioned stimulus. the sight and smell of food Food Salvation Thoughts of anticipation

Food

Shannon is currently a college professor. Which memory from Shannon's fourth grade experience would be an episodic memory? The low-level clouds that look like sheets floating in the air are called stratus clouds. For the last two months of school she shared her NFL mechanical pencil with Nick. To mark its territory, a wild boar scrapes a tree as high as it can with its tusk. Four inches of snow contains the same amount of water as .4 inches of rain.

For the last two months of school she shared her NFL mechanical pencil with Nick.

You believe that a test is going to turn out badly, but then you get an A on that test. If you then tell friends that you knew all along that you would do well on the test, you are showing Anchoring bias Hindsight bias Availability bias Student bias

Hindsight bias

Which structure in the brain has often been called the "gateway to memory"? Amygdala Thalamus Hippocampus Cerebrum

Hippocampus

Which of the following theories of personality would be most likely to emphasize the freedom of individuals to choose to act in particular ways? humanist behaviorist collectivist psychodynamic

Humanist

Jannell solved a crossword puzzle on Thursday and by Saturday she doesn't recall the words in the puzzle. But Saturday night, when she is playing Scrabble with her brother, she unconsciously tends to form words that were in the puzzle. Jannell has ________ memory for some of the words. Implicit Recognition A flashbulb Explicit

Implicit

Ryan discovers ways of solving complex encryption puzzles. He is not able to consciously identify what he is doing and how he learnt to solve the puzzles. Ryan's behavior in the above scenario is an example of ________. Multitasking Automatic processing Implicit learning Mindlessness

Implicit learning

Declarative memories are to _________ memories: as nondeclarative memories are to _________ memories. personal facts: general knowledge general knowledge: personal facts Implicit: explicit Explicit: implicit

Implicit: explicit

In Ana's culture, group harmony takes precedence over the wishes of the individual. It is most likely that Ana defines her "self": in regard to her personality traits in the context of her relationships. in occupational terms in terms of her life goals.

In the context of her relationships

Professor Marshall wants to know whether eating sweets before bedtime makes children active. In his study, a sweet before bedtime is the: Extraneous variable Control variable Dependent variable Independent variable

Independent variable

_______________ psychologists are concerned with group decision making, employee morale, work motivation, productivity, job stress, and many such organizational issues. Industrial Educational Experimental Developmental

Industrial

People who participate in research studies must participate voluntarily and must know enough about the study to make an intelligent decision about participating, a concept known as: Mature minor doctrine Clinical trial Experimental clarification Informed consent

Informed consent

________ is an inferred characteristic of an individual, usually defined as the ability to profit from experience, acquire knowledge, think abstractly, act purposefully, or adapt to changes in the environment. Mental age Intelligence Intelligence quotient Dissonance

Intelligence

Compared to "pop psych" / "psychobabble," psychology: is narrower in the issues it addresses. is based on empirical evidence. addresses only human behavior. Is less complex.

Is based on empirical evidence

Which of the following features is true of the decay theory? It holds that information stored in memory cannot be retrieved unless cues for recall are provided. It holds that forgetting occurs because similar items of information interfere with one another. It holds that new information entering memory can wipe out old information. It holds that memories simply fade with time if they are not accessed now and then.

It holds that information stored in memory cannot be retrieved unless cues for recall are provided.

James has been sleeping for about 90 minutes when his brain shows rapid, irregular waves. His blood pressure rises, his heart rate increases, and his skeletal muscles go limp. Which of the following is the most likely conclusion? James is chronically sleep-deprived and his sleep, like his daytime activities, is abnormal. James is experiencing physiological changes that are normal for the third stage of sleep. James is experiencing unusual sleep because earlier he engaged in strenuous physical activities. James is experiencing physiological changes that are normal during REM sleep.

James is experiencing physiological changes that are normal during REM sleep.

Rachel agrees to sleep in an artificial setting for three nights so that researchers can obtain information about her brain and muscle activity during sleep. She is taking part in a research method called Laboratory observation Naturalistic observation Double-blind study Single-blind study

Laboratory observation

Examine this pattern: XXX XXX XXX XXX You are likely to perceive this as four groups of three X's, rather than six pairs of X's. This is due to the Law of proximity Law of pragnanz Law of common fate Law of similarity

Law of proximity

Violent role models can influence some children to behave aggressively. Which of the following psychological perspectives is this an example of? cognitive Learning Sociocultural Biological

Learning

_______ is any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience or practice. Learning Adaption Muscle memory Memory

Learning

The right side of the body is controlled by the _______________ hemisphere in the brain. Left Right Upper Lower

Left

Which of the following is an example of a self-serving bias? Leonard gets good grades in sociology and psychology, so he sends his professors a card thanking them for what good professors they are. Leonard gets a bad grade in his psychology class and a good grade in his sociology class, so he believes he should study harder to prepare for his next psychology exam. Leonard gets bad grades in sociology and psychology, so he switches his major to biology because he will like it more. Leonard attributes earning a good grade in his psychology class to the fact that he is an exceptionally hard working student who is also incredibly smart. He blames the poor grade he received in his sociology class on having a bad teacher who gave hard exams.

Leonard attributes earning a good grade in his psychology class to the fact that he is an exceptionally hard working student who is also incredibly smart. He blames the poor grade he received in his sociology class on having a bad teacher who gave hard exams.

________ refers to the term for any system that encodes, stores, and retrieves information. Perception Memory Processing Learning

Memory

Mitch emphatically states that he never dreams. If Mitch spent the night in a sleep laboratory, it would be most likely that: Mitch would report a dream if awakened during a period of rapid, irregular brain activity. instead of dreaming, Mitch would engage in sleepwalking during REM sleep. Mitch's sleep cycle would include four stages of non-REM sleep but no stage of REM sleep. Mitch's electroencephalogram would show only slow, rolling eye movements.

Mitch would report a dream if awakened during a period of rapid, irregular brain activity.

In order to help her music students learn the lines of the treble clef in musical notation, Susan has them learn the sentence "Every Good Boy Does Fine," in which the starting letter of each word represents the name of a note. This is an example of: Reconstructive memory Mnemonics Pattern recognition Serial-position effect

Mnemonics

Dr. Littman-Smith is conducting research in Kenya to learn about the ways that mothers and their toddlers interact throughout the day without interfering with the behavior. It is most likely that she is engaged in: Exploratory research Experimental research Naturalistic observation Laboratory observation

Naturalistic observation

Adrianna's parents nag her because she is not living up to her academic potential. She increases her study time to stop the nagging. This is an example of ________. Negative punishment Positive punishment Negative reinforcement Positive reinforcement

Negative reinforcement

Joan begs her father for a frosted cookie at the bakery but he refuses to buy her one. Joan continues to whine and complain until finally he breaks down and gets her the cookie. For her dad, the cessation of Joan's whiny behavior is a ________. Positive punisher Negative reinforcer Positive reinforcer Negative puniser

Negative reinforcer

The function of the _______________ is to gather and process information, produce responses to stimuli, and coordinate the workings of different cells. Cardiovascular system Respiratory system Nervous system Lymphatic system

Nervous system

A witness on the stand swears that he saw someone commit a crime. Must you believe that the testimony is valid when a witness testifies so forcefully? Yes, because eyewitnesses are very confident about their testimony Yes, because seeing is believing No, because eyewitnesses are not usually honest No, because there is a great possibility of a "false positive" identification

No, because there is a great possibility of a "false positive" identification

_______________ are the brain's communication specialists, transmitting information to, from, and within the central nervous system. Neurotransmitters Neurons Glial cells Hormones

Nuerons

Receptor sites on the membrane of a neuron's dendrites receive: Neurotransmitters Synaptic vesicles Action potentials Negative potassium ions

Nuerotransmitters

Ashley has always been drawn to the saying "Absence makes the heart grow fonder." She decides to conduct a research to find out whether the saying is empirically valid. Ashley is trying to define "absence" in such a way that it specifies how it is to be observed and measured. She is attempting to find an appropriate: Theoretical definition Operational definition Hypothesis Corollary

Operational definition

Beth is trying to define "anxiety" in such a way that it specifies how it is to be observed, measured, and empirically tested. She is attempting to find an appropriate: Hypothesis Theoretical definition Operational definition Corollary

Operational definition

You stared for 30 seconds at a red object and then looked away at a blank sheet of white paper and you saw a greenish image of the object. This phenomenon BEST supports the ______ theory of color vision. Hering's vibration Helmholtz trichromatic Grieco trichromatic Opponent - process

Opponent - process

According to Freud, personality develops through a series of psychosexual stages. During infancy (first stage), the psychosexual stage is called the anal phallic latency oral

Oral

Prof. Hirth takes a humanist approach to personality. She would most likely agree that the most influential aspect of human personality is: our genetic makeup. our unconscious conflicts our past learning. our capacity to shape our own futures.

Our capacity to shape our own futures

Kyla wants to make sure that her dog Axel does not beg for food from the table. Every time that Axel begs, Kyla says, "No," in a sharp, scolding voice and she never gives in. Kyla is using ________. negative reinforcement negative punishment stimulus generalization positive punishment

Positive punishment

A grandmother gives her grandchild a cookie because the child cleaned her room. What is the cookie in this example? punishment Positive reinforcement Negative reinforcement Conditioned response

Positive reinforcement

Fear and anger, sadness and joy are generally considered to be _________emotions. Secondary Conditioned Primary Tertiary

Primary

Ted asks Krystal to say the words "hop," "pop," and "mop." Then, Ted asks Krystal, "What do you do at a green light?" Krystal quickly replies, "Stop," (instead of the right answer: "Go") because of recognition Encoding specificity TOT phenomenon Priming

Priming

During his lecture on dream theories, Professor Grant points out that some theorists are skeptical about the ability to resolve concerns during sleep. Which theory's weakness is Professor Grant talking about, in this scenario? Psychoanalytic Problem-focused Cognitive Nothing

Problem-focused

A guitarist uses ________ to recall how to play the notes of a specific song. Flashbulb Semantic Procedural Episodic

Procedural

Tessa agrees to an evaluation designed to tap her unconscious feelings and motives. Tessa will be given a(n): Projective test Objective test Single-blind test Double-blind test

Projective test

As she moves quietly around the restaurant where she is a waitress, Alicia finds herself hearing "in her mind's ear" the song, "Just whistle while you work!" This would be an example of a/an: Proposition Prototype Auditory image Cognitive schema

Proposition

The traditional approach to intelligence, the ________ approach, focuses on how well people perform on standardized aptitude tests. G factor Triarhic Psychometric Factor analysis

Psychometric

When Brett walks out of the theater into the glare of the sun, he squints to let less light into his eyes. In this scenario, which of the following gets smaller, contracting to allow less light? Iris Pupil Cornea Retina

Pupil

A 2-month old infant would be able to do all EXCEPT recognize mom roll from back to side smile socially reason abstractly

Reason abstractly

The two-way interaction between aspects of the environment and aspects of the individual in the shaping of personality traits is called: congruence. reciprocal determinism displacement. classical conditioning

Reciprocal determinism

What is the most common form of color blindness? Red - Blue All colors Red - Green Blue - Yellow

Red - Green

The newborn infant has a number of ________ such as sucking, grasping, and rooting that aid in his or her survival. reflexes traits cognitive skills inborn perceptual abilities

Reflexes

Researchers prefer to select participants who accurately represent the larger population that the researchers are interested in. This type of a group is called a(n): Population Emergent group Representative sample Pseudo-community

Representative sample

During a grade school field trip, Ryan and his friends were running down a hill when he stepped on a snake. He was unharmed but shaken by the experience. When one of his friends mentioned the incident months later, Ryan could not remember running down the hill that day. Freud would say that this is an example of: sublimation. repression. reaction formation. displacement.

Repression

Janie is taking an exam in her history class. On the exam there is a question that asks her to state and discuss the five major causes of the Trans-Caspian War (whatever that was!). Janie remembers four of them. She knows there is a fifth, but time is up. As Janie is walking down the stairs, all of a sudden, she remembers the fifth point, but it is too late. Janie had a problem with Storage Evaluation Retrieval Translation

Retrieval

Shalissa has two exams today. One is in French and the other is in history. Last night she studied French before history. When she gets to her French test, all she can remember is history! Shalissa's memory is suffering from Decay Proactive Cue-dependent Retroactive interference

Retroactive interference

Patients with _______________ hemisphere damage in the brain may have difficulties with reading, identifying objects, making symbolic gestures or pantomimes, and describing events in the correct order. Left Right Frontal Lateral

Right

Patients with _______________ hemisphere damage in the brain may have difficulty identifying faces, interpreting emotional expressions in a face or voice, or understanding music or art. Left Right Frontal Lateral

Right

The Standford prison study demonstrates how a person's ______affects behavior. past experiences values role beliefs

Role

Which of the following people would be most likely to benefit from using cannabis? Wayne, who is trying to remember the name of his second grade teacher Brad, who is driving fome after watching the 11'oclock news Colin, who is trying to lose 50 pounds in the next six months Ryan, who is nauseaous from receiving chemotherapy

Ryan, who is nauseaous from receiving chemotherapy

Ivan Pavlov studied the reflexive flow of saliva in dogs. He used meat powder or other food to trigger the salivation. It was later observed that the salivation in the dog was triggered even before the food was placed in its mouth. In this experiment, ________ was the unconditioned response. the sight and smell of food food Salivation Thoughts of anticipation

Salivation

_______________ is a disorder in which a person experiences depression during the winter and an improvement of mood in the spring. Entrainment Internal desynchronization Seasonal affective disorder Dissociation

Seasonal affective disorder

We are protected in daily life from being overwhelmed, by all the sensory signals impinging on our receptors, by our capacity for _______________. Sensory deprivation Signal detection Anatomical encoding Selective attention

Selective attention

Following an outcome, ________ are those attributions that enable us to see ourselves in favorable light. egocentric bias self-serving bias interpersonal bias fundamental bias

Self-serving bias

Object permanence develops during the _______stage sensorimotor Concrete operations Preoperational Formal operations

Sensorimotor

Suzy looks up from her lunch, realizing that Jacques has just said something to her. What was it? Oh, yes, he has just asked her if she wants to go to the movies. Suzy's ability to retrieve what Jacques said is due to her _________. Sensory Procedural Short-term Long-term

Sensory

When you hear a phone number and are able to recall it for a brief period, the phone number is thought to reside within ________ memory. Procedural Working Sensory Gustatory

Sensory

When she goes into the office, Amelia doesn't know how she is going to make it through the whole morning due to an annoying buzz from an overhead light. But when a coworker complains about the noise an hour later, Amelia realizes that she hadn't been aware of the sound. In this scenario, Amelia has _______________. Sensory adaptation A correct rejection A miss Just noticeable difference

Sensory adaption

Charlie and Charlotte are learning to ski. Every time she falls, Charlotte says, "This is the most humiliating experience I've ever had! Everyone is watching me behave like a clumsy dolt!" When Charlie falls he says, "Well, that sure isn't the way to turn on these things, I better try another way." Why is Charlotte more likely than Charlie to give up? She is focusing on performance goals. She is less competent at skiing than Charlie She is focusing on mastery goals. She is actually clumsy.

She is focusing on performance goals.

As she walks out of the living room, Beth turns off the light. In this example, Beth's _______________ is active. sympathetic nervous system Lymphatic system Endocrine system Somatic nervous syetm

Somatic nervous system

On a hike through the hills, Cameron feels a bug crawling up his leg under his pants. In this example, Cameron's _______________ is active. lymphatic system endocrine system system somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system

Somatic nervous system

Miranda notices that her cat scurries into the kitchen as soon as she starts opening a can of cat food with an electric can opener. In this example, the ________ is the conditioned stimulus. Cat scurrying into the kitchen Sound of the electric can opener Cat food Salivation

Sound of the electric can opener

When Haylie takes a personality test, the researcher gives her detailed instructions and plenty of time to complete it. But Ryan takes the same test and is given only vague instructions and a limited amount of time. This procedural difference shows that the test lacks: Validity Variability Standardization Reliability

Standardization

Sarah says that the color red smells like a rose and the aroma of vanilla pods feels like velvet. Sarah is displaying the symptoms of _______________. Synesthesia Sensation pruning Functional sensation Parapsychology

Synesthesia

What part of the brain acts like a traffic cop sending sensory information to the appropriate areas of the cortex? Hypothalamus Cerebellum Thalamus Medula

Thalamus

Researchers typically stress that a key aspect of intelligence is: Only accurate for males The Y chromosome The ability to reason and acquire knowledge The ability to speak different languages

The ability to reason and acquire knowledge

Which of the following statements is true? The autonomic nervous system collects sensory input and sends commands to skeletal muscles. The autonomic nervous system consists of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The sympathetic nervous system enables the body to conserve and store energy. The parasympathetic nervous system mobilizes the body for action.

The autonomic nervous system consists of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.

____________________, in behavioral genetic research, includes unique aspects of a person's experience, such as winning the lead in the school play. The nonshared environment The shared environment The surface structure The deep structure

The nonshared environment

A _______________ is a habitual way of behaving, thinking, and feeling. trait personality temperament psyche

Trait

Conflicts between teens and their parents tend to be over ___________ moral issues Major things Political issue Trivial everyday things

Trivial everyday things

Regarding the health of your brain as you move through you adult years, which of the following is the best cliche to bear in mind? it's all fun and games until someone loses an amygdala ya win some, ya lose some use it or lose it it's all downhill from here

Use it or lose it

Members of collectivist cultures value duty, obligation, and security value achievement, leadership, and self-fulfillment give priority to personal goals. explain behavior by looking at the person's attitudes and preferences.

Value duty, obligation, and security

If a person says that actors make effective spokespeople for potato chips because they are above average in attractiveness, which approach is that person using to explain attitude change? Asch attitude change Stanford attitude change Yale attitude change Zimbardo attitude change

Yale attitude change

A(n) _____ refers to a fertilized egg that is the result of conception. Embryo Zygote Blastocyst Genome

Zygote

Sleep apnea is a disorder in which _______________. a person suddenly falls asleep without warning during the day a person has difficulty waking from sleep in the morning a person periodically stops breathing during sleep a person experiences bursts of aggressive behavior during sleep

a person periodically stops breathing during sleep

What is the just-world hypothesis? an ideology common in the United States that the rich are bad people who will eventually be punished a belief common in the United States that rejects the idea that people get the outcomes they deserve a belief common in the United States that we will be rewarded in the afterlife an ideology common in the United States that people get the outcomes they deserve

an ideology common in the United States that people get the outcomes they deserve

Which of the following is the best example of peripheral route persuasion? anti-smoking advertisements that rely on celebrity spokespeople advocating for reduction in cigarette use supporting your sister who has decided to go cold turkey in order to quit smoking encouraging your parents to quit smoking by switching to chewing tobacco, then convincing them to chew less tobacco each week anti-smoking advertisements that use charts and graphs to show how many people die from smoking-related causes each year

anti-smoking advertisements that rely on celebrity spokespeople advocating for reduction in cigarette use

Which of the following is the best example of central route persuasion? anti-smoking advertisements that rely on celebrity spokespeople advocating for reduction in cigarette use anti-smoking advertisements that use charts and graphs to show how many people die from smoking-related causes each year supporting your sister who has decided to go cold turkey in order to quit smoking encouraging your parents to quit smoking by switching to chewing tobacco, then convincing them to chew less tobacco each week

anti-smoking advertisements that use charts and graphs to show how many people die from smoking-related causes each year

Psychology is defined as the discipline concerned with: the study of all physical stimuli that affect human sensations and perceptions maladaptive human behaviors and cognitions that are incorporated into a person's self-worth during childhood the study of humankind and the importance of culture in explaining the diversity in human behavior behavior and mental processes and how they are affected by an organism's physical state, mental state, and external environment.

behavior and mental processes and how they are affected by an organism's physical state, mental state, and external environment.

Behavior is a product of both the situation and the person. Which of the following is an example of a situation that might influence behavior? hitting someone in the dark being raised Jewish being in a crowd of bystanders when you witness someone fainting being raised to think that stealing is morally wrong

being in a crowd of bystanders when you witness someone fainting

Which modern psychological perspective focuses on bodily events and their effects on behavior, feelings, and thoughts? psychodynamic perspective biological perspective evolutionary perspective cognitive perspective

biological perspective

The best adjectives associate with the activation-synthesis hypothesis are bizarre, meaningless, and random unconscious, symbolic, and meaningful meaningful, problem oriented, and historical intelligent, free, and neurotic

bizarre, meaningless, and random

Adora, Yvette, and twelve of their closest friends from college, plan to go to Key West during spring break. As members of the anonymous crowd of college students, Adora and Yvette will most likely: become combative because aggressiveness is released in the large group. become uninhibited because mindlessness is increased in a large group. conform to the local norms of the city of Key West conform to the situation's specific norms and say, "Let's party!"

conform to the situation's specific norms and say, "Let's party!"

Maxwas just told that his father has cancer. Max's first response is that there must be a mistake and he demands that the doctor repeat his tests. Which defense mechanism is at work here? undoing reaction formation repression denial

denial

Dr. Barths wants to know about alcohol consumption patterns among college juniors in the United States. He should: draw a representative sample among college juniors. remember that sample size is the most critical factor in survey research. distribute questionnaires among all college juniors in the country. conduct the survey using a suitable convenience sample.

draw a representative sample among college juniors.

According to Sigmund Freud, _______________. dreams are "the royal road into the unconscious" dreams are "children of an idle brain" getting through a crisis or a rough period in life takes "time, good friends, good genes, good luck, and a good dream system" everything in a dream is symbolic

dreams are "the royal road into the unconscious"

A problem-focused explanation of dreaming suggests that _______________. all dreams are attempts to solve our problems dreams are usually about our everyday problems and may even help us to solve those problems although dreams often represent our problems, they do not help us solve them we are more likely to dream about good things that happen to us than about our problems

dreams are usually about our everyday problems and may even help us to solve those problems

Stimulants are: drugs that speed up activity in the central nervous system drugs capable of influencing perception, mood, cognition, or behavior drugs that slow down activity in the central nervous system drugs derived from the opium poppy which relieve pain and produce euphoria

drugs that speed up activity in the central nervous system

The purpose of a single-blind or double-blind study is to: examine the difference between the experimental and control groups. examine the effects of the independent variable on the experimental group. eliminate the effects of expectations on the results of an experiment. compare people blind in one eye with people blind in both eyes.

eliminate the effects of expectations on the results of an experiment.

Which of the following is the best example of the foot-in-the-door technique of persuasion? anti-smoking advertisements that rely on celebrity spokespeople advocating for reduction in cigarette use getting your parents to agree to cut their smoking down by a few cigarettes, then asking them to quit altogether supporting your sister who has decided to go cold turkey in order to quit smoking anti-smoking advertisements that use charts and graphs to show how many people die from smoking-related causes each year

getting your parents to agree to cut their smoking down by a few cigarettes, then asking them to quit altogether

Simon has damaged his amygdala. It is most likely that he: has difficulty recognizing his own fear or the fear of others. feels excessively manic and euphoric feels excessively depressed. has lost the capacity to set aside his fear even when the danger is gone.

has difficulty recognizing his own fear or the fear of others.

In most cases, the pop-psych tests found in magazines and newspapers: have not been evaluated for their reliability but are valid tests. have not been evaluated for their validity or reliability. have not been evaluated for their validity but are reliable tests. have been evaluated for their validity and reliability.

have not been evaluated for their validity or reliability.

Given the current research on recovered memories, one should be skeptical if a person says that: the judge in his court case wouldn't consider his recovered memories as admissible evidence. he now has memories of his experiences as an infant, thanks to therapy. her amnesia resulted from a blow to the head during a car accident. she had psychogenic amnesia after an emotional shock and certain cues led the memory to return.

he now has memories of his experiences as an infant, thanks to therapy.

When Noah complies with instructions to smile and look happy, it is most likely that: he will begin to feel angry. his reaction will depend on his age. his positive feelings will increase. he will begin to feel annoyed.

his positive feelings will increase.

Which of the following is true about hypnosis? the likelihood of being hypnotized depends on the skill of the hypnotists hypnotized people cannot be forced to do something against their will hypnosis increases the accuracy of memory a hypnotized person can do things that they could not do otherwise

hypnotized people cannot be forced to do something against their will

Phrenology: is a theory arguing that the mind works by associating ideas arising from experiences is a theory of the human mind based on anecdotes and individual case studies. is the study of the thought processes and behaviors of criminals. is a pseudoscience relating the bumps on one's head to personality traits.

is a pseudoscience relating the bumps on one's head to personality traits.

When opium and heroin are abused, the resulting effects may include _______________. blackouts, cirrhosis of the liver, mental and neurological impairment, psychosis, and possibly death. impaired motor and sensory function, as well as impaired permanent storage of new information, withdrawal symptoms, and possibly death. psychosis, paranoia, and panic reactions. loss of appetite, nausea, constipation, withdrawal symptoms, and possibly death.

loss of appetite, nausea, constipation, withdrawal symptoms, and possibly death.

What are some of the common consequences to a child whose mom smoked while pregnant? severly deformed limbs and muscle spasms severe hearing loss and heart defects lower birth weight and SIDS increase birth weight and lethargy

lower birth weight and SIDS

Every week, Jade spends her allowance on ½ pound of marshmallow gummy candies that always make her mouth water. As she walks down a street, Jade watches a girl carrying her favorite candy shop bag. This makes her mouth water. In this example, the unconditioned stimulus is the _______________. candy shop bag allowance money marshmallow gummy candy Salivation

marshmallow gummy candy

_________ refers to heredity and ____________ refers to environmental influences. cognition; emotion nurture; behavioral genetics cross-sectional; longitudinal nature; nuture

nature; nuture

_____________ reinforcement occurs when you escape from something unpleasant. Positive Compound Neutral Negative

negative

For over a month, Ruth studies every night for four hours in order to do well in her college courses. However, she is beginning to feel left out of things because she is losing so much fun time with her friends. Ruth then reduces her night studying time. This example illustrates ________. positive reinforcement negative reinforcement positive punishment negative punishment

negative punishment

When Joe thinks about his sorely missed girlfriend he drinks alcohol, which helps dull his feelings. This best illustrates positive reinforcement negative punishment positive punishment negative reinforcement

negative reinforcement

Dawn is systematically recording the behaviors of the kids in a nursery school, taking pains to avoid being obvious about what she is doing. Dawn is engaging in: double-blind study. experimental research. observational study. exploratory research.

observational study.

When Sage takes a personality test she is told that the test is reliable, that is, it: compares its results against established standards of performance. predicts other criteria of the personality trait in question. measures what it is designed to measure. produces the same results from one time to the next.

produces the same results from one time to the next.

Which of the following is NOT one of the Big Five personality traits? psychoticism agreeableness openness to experience neuroticism

psychoticism

Which of the following strategies would effectively prevent groupthink from occurring? seeking outside opinions on group decisions voting publicly in front of group members having the group leader make his position known before discussion begins avoiding the development of any contingency plans

seeking outside opinions on group decisions

Abigail's left prefrontal cortex was damaged as the result of an automobile accident. As a result, her friends have noticed that: she can recognize them by voice but not by sight. she "forgets" to be afraid in situations that should involve fear. she has begun to experience excessive euphoria. she seems to have lost her capacity for joy.

she seems to have lost her capacity for joy.

Which of the following is a key characteristic of an ideal scientist? Virtuosity Reliance on intuition Skepticism Confidentiality

skepticism

Skeletal muscles and sensory organs are connected to the brain and spinal cord by the: somatic nervous system. sympathetic nervous system. lymphatic system. Endocrine system.

somatic nervous system.

Brandon touches a hot iron and immediately pulls his hand away. His quick response occurs because: spinal reflexes are automatic, requiring no conscious effort. the brain registers the pain and responds quickly. his glands have secreted chemical messengers called hormones. neurons in the brain are arranged end to end to increase response speed.

spinal reflexes are automatic, requiring no conscious effort.

The task of a person taking a projective test such as the TAT is to tell stories about an ambiguous picture talk about their future plans have their brain scanned while reading take a paper-and-pencil inventory

tell stories about an ambiguous picture

Seamus is having difficulty organizing the sounds he hears and so he cocks his head to the side. Seamus is actively trying to determine _______________. how far away the source of the sound is the direction from which a sound is coming which sound is figure and which is ground whether a low frequency is within his range

the direction from which a sound is coming

A researcher plans to investigate whether having a cup of hot milk at night helps people fall asleep quickly. In this study: the independent variable is the amount of time it takes the person to fall asleep the control group is likely to consist of the people who drink hot milk at bedtime. the independent variable is the consumption of hot milk at bedtime. the experimenter group is likely to consist of people who fall asleep without having milk.

the independent variable is the consumption of hot milk at bedtime.

When Mary looks at the following display she tends to see horizontal rows rather than vertical columns of faces. This happens because _______________. ☺☺☺☺☺☺☺ ☻☻☻☻☻☻☻ ☺☺☺☺☺☺☺ ☻☻☻☻☻☻☻ ☺☺☺☺☺☺☺ horizontal displays tend to be perceived as figure and vertical displays as ground lines and patterns tend to be perceived as continuing in time and space items that are near each other tend to be grouped together the items that are in horizontal rows share the same internal features

the items that are in horizontal rows share the same internal features

Julian is watching an old comedy film, which makes him laugh and want to watch more of them. What brain structure is probably involved in his reaction? Amygdala the left prefrontal cortex olfactory bulb the right prefrontal cortex

the left prefrontal cortex

Psychologists are referred to as scientists because: they rely upon sophisticated brain-imaging machines. they work with complicated computers and laboratory equipment. psychology is related to human biology which is an important part of science. they base their work on scientific attitudes and procedures.

they base their work on scientific attitudes and procedures.

How did infant rhesus monkeys that were raised with both an artifical "wire mother" and an artifical "cloth mother" respond to these objects? they would not eat or drink and soon died the avoided both mothers except when hungry the became attached to the artificial mother that supplied milk they would cling to the "cloth mother" especially when they were frightened or startled

they would cling to the "cloth mother" especially when they were frightened or startled

The trichromatic theory states that _______________. three types of color feature detectors in the visual cortex are responsible for color perception three types of cones exist, each sensitive to a certain range of wavelengths the visual system treats triads of color as antagonistic to each other species that detect ultraviolet light perceive three colors that are outside of the range of humans

three types of cones exist, each sensitive to a certain range of wavelengths

Retrieving a memory is like: watching unconnected frames of a movie and figuring out what the rest of the scene was like. hearing the soundtrack of a story without access to the visual and other sensory images. reading a short story in which the plot is detailed but mental images must be generated. replaying a videotape of an event and filling in the missing sensory experiences, such as smell.

watching unconnected frames of a movie and figuring out what the rest of the scene was like.

While in the REM phase of sleep your menatl activity focuses on rodinary dail events your are likely to act our your dreams your voluntary muscles are immobilized in "sleep paralysis" your may sleep walk and sleep talk

your voluntary muscles are immobilized in "sleep paralysis"