Psychology Final prep
The term "unconscious" was first coined by the
Friedrich Schelling
Types of Psychotherapy:
Individual therapy, Couples therapy, Family therapy, Group therapy
Basic biological needs, like food and water, are (what type of motivation)
Intrinsic motivation
The pre-operational stage include
Learning language
Tips for Improving EI
Listen, Empathize, Reflect
Five-factor model of Personality: or What are the big five dimensions of personality?
Openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, neuroticism
Sigmund Freud developed a method of psychotherapy known as
Psychoanalysis
According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, when all of the physiological needs are met, people tend to become concerned with which of the following?
Safety needs
Health Psychology is
Specialty area that focuses on how biology, psychology, behavior and social factors influence health and illness
Emotion is a complex psychological state that involves three distinct components:
Subjective experience, Physiological response, Behavioral or expressive response.
Humanism embraces
The concepts of self, self-esteem, self-actualization, and free will
Intrapersonal conflicts:
The mental conflict below the level of conscious awareness.
What is Rage?
Uncontrolled aggression
When did the psychology of health arise?
1970
How many stages of development are there in Jean Piaget's theory?
4
A psychosomatic disorder is
a disease which involves both mind and body.
Emotional conflict
a state of disharmony between incompatible intense emotions
Visualisation
graphs and charts, maps, logos and other communicate messages
Freud concluded that the successful completion of each stage leads to
healthy adult development
The Emotional psychology studies
how emotions manifest in humans.
There are three types of listening:
informational, critical, and empathic
The sensorimotor stage include
simple motor responses
Motivational style
the characteristic manner in which an individual seeks or finds the motivation to perform a task.
Feelings are
the result of emotions.
Psychology as an independent experimental field of study began in
1879
Panic attack is
A sudden onset of intense apprehension and fearfulness in the absence of actual danger
Behaviorists focus on
Behavior-environment relations
Who explained motivation through the satisfaction of needs arranged in a hierarchical order? or The most famous scientist who developed a hierarchical motivation model was:
Abraham Maslow
What are the functions of the Ego?
Acts as both a conduit for and a check on the id, working to meet the id's needs in a socially appropriate way.
The system of psychoanalysis proposed by Carl Jung, in which the psyche is interpreted primarily in terms of philosophical values, primordial images and symbols, and a drive for self-fulfillment.
Analytic psychology
How called are people with slender or slim body?
Asthenic type people
An approach to psychology, formulated in 1913 by John B. Watson
Behaviorism
Biological psychology is the scientific study of the
Biological substrates of behavior and mental states.
Determinants of personality: or Five personality factors that contribute to the formation and development of a human personality is
Biological, Social, Cultural, Physical, Situational
What is personality?
Characteristic patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that make a person unique
In Freudian theory, the human mind is structured into two main parts:
Conscious and unconscious mind
The characteristic attitudes and behaviors of a particular group within society, such as a profession, social class, or age group.
Culture
Areas of conflicts:
Economic, Ideological, Social, Family
Extraversion is
Excitability, sociability, talkativeness, assertiveness, and high amounts of emotional expressiveness
What is a group
Existing in a single space and at a single time association of people interacting in joint activities and entering into certain business and interpersonal relationships
Types of motivation is
External, internal, steadily, unsteadily
We will also be motivated by
Goals, values, and desires.
The word "psychology" comes from the
Greek word
What emotions suggested Paul Eckman in 1972?
Happiness, Sadness, Fear, Disgust, Anger, Contempt and Surprise (Anger, Fear, Disgust, Surprise, Happiness Sadness, Contemp, Interest)
What kind of process is motivation? or Motivation is ...
Internal process
Types of conflicts:
Intrapersonal, Interpersonal, Unconscious Conflicts
What are myths?
Myths are sacred tales that explain the world and man's experience.
What is a social influence?
Norms and rules imposed by society stereotypes
Unconscious Conflict:
Operates at an unconscious level and focuses solely on instinctual drives and desires.
What are the functions of the Id?
Operates at an unconscious level and focuses solely on instinctual drives and desires.
Beginning of psychology is
Philosophy
Self-regulation involves the whole person including 4 aspects:
Physical, Emotional, Mental, Social
Self-regulation methods:
Planning, Monitoring, Reflection
What are the functions of the Superego?
Portion of the mind in which morality and higher principles reside, encouraging us to act in socially and morally acceptable ways.
An approach to the mind, personality, psychological disorders, and psychological treatment originally developed by Sigmund Freud at the beginning of the 20th century.
Psychoanaysis
What is psychology?
Psychology is the study of mind and behavior.
How called are people who are short and having round body?
Pyknic type people
What Is the Unconscious?
Reservoir of feelings, thoughts, urges, and memories that outside of conscious awareness.
What is a Psychologist?
Scientists, researchers, therapists and clinicians whose study of human behavior helps to addresses many contemporary issues related to interpersonal relationships, public health, crime and terrorism, education, the economy, and healthcare.
According to Maslow's theory ______ is the highest in the hierarchy.
Self-actualization needs
Five components of Emotional Intelligence:
Self-awareness, Self-regulation, Motivation, Empathy, Social Skills.
Temperament is
Set of genetically determined psychic qualities a person possesses.
The physiological or psychological response to internal or external stressors.
Stress
Self-regulation is
The ability to monitor and manage your energy states, emotions, thoughts, and behaviors in ways that are acceptable and produce positive results such as well-being, loving relationships, and learning.
What is False positive?
The mistake of doctors or psychologists, in which the patient is not sick, but the doctor diagnosed the disease.
Abnormal psychology is
The study of abnormal behavior and psychopathology
What is Developmental psychology?
The study of physical, mental, and behavioral changes, from conception through old age.
Interpersonal conflicts:
This conflicts is caused between individuals.
What is the psyche?
Totality of the human mind, conscious and unconsciouns
Neuroticism is
Trait characterized by sadness, moodiness, and emotional instability.
A norms often derive from
Values
Categories of communication include:
Verbal, Non-Verbal, Written, Visualizations.
Who opened the first psychological laboratory?
Wilhelm Wundt
Conflict genes:
Words, Deeds, Actions
What is Consciousness?
Your awareness of yourself and the world around you.
Emotional reasoning is
a cognitive process by which an individual concludes that their emotional reaction proves something is true, despite contrary empirical evidence.
What is a communication
a complex act of mental activity common to most sentient beings.
Need
a condition of tension in an organism resulting from deprivation of something required for survival, well-being, or personal fulfillment
A national identity is
a consistent set of attitudes that define who the person is as a citizen of his or her country
Emotional insulation
a defense mechanism characterized by seeming indifference and detachment in response to frustrating situations or disappointing events.
Emotional development
a gradual increase in the capacity to experience, express, and interpret the full range of emotions.
Motive (or motivation) is
a need, want, interest, or desire that propels someone (or an organism) in a certain direction
Social attitude
a person's general outlook on social issues and approach to his or her social responsibilities
Feeling can be defined as
a person's response to the emotion that comes from the perception of a situation
What is a self-perception?
a person's view of his or her self or of any of the mental or physical attributes that constitute the self.
Communication is
a process that allows organisms to exchange information by several methods.
What is a stereotype?
a set of cognitive generalizations (e.g., beliefs, expectations) about the qualities and characteristics of the members of a group or social category
Neurolinguistic programming (NLP)
a set of techniques and strategies designed to improve interpersonal communications and relationships by modifying the "mental programs," or mental models of the world, that individuals develop and use to respond to and interact with the environment and other people.
Ernest Kretschmer's Classification of personality characteristics includes:
a) asthenic (thin, small, weak) b) athletic (muscular, large-boned) c) pyknic (stocky, fat)[4] d) dysplastic (unproportionate body)
The formal operational stage include
abstract thought and skills arise
The activity of using or treating oneself with something that is harmful is known as
abuse
Listening is the
active process of making meaning out of another person's spoken message.
The unconscious mind includes
all of the things outside of our awareness - all of the wishes, desires, hopes, urges, and memories that lie outside of awareness yet continue to influence behavior
The social environment is
all the pieces of our community
The conscious mind includes
all the things we are aware of or can easily bring into awareness.
Melancholia
an archaic name for depression.
Extrinsic motivation
an award or a good grade
Identity is
an describe an individual's comprehension of him or herself as a discrete, separate entity.
Anger
an emotion characterized by tension and hostility arising from frustration.
Happiness
an emotion of joy, gladness, satisfaction, and well-being
Surprise
an emotion typically resulting from the violation of an expectation or the detection of novelty in the environment
Sadness
an emotional state of unhappiness
A norm is
an evaluative belief
Psychologist is
an individual who is professionally trained in one or more branches or subfields of psychology.
Choose appropriate definition of Motivation
an individual's intensity, direction and persistence
What is a reflex?
any of a number of automatic, unlearned, relatively fixed responses to stimuli.
Social behavior
any one of a set of behaviors exhibited by gregarious, communal social species, including cooperation, affiliation, altruism and so on
Motivational factor
any physiological or psychological factor that stimulates, maintains, and directs behavior
Habits
are automatic routines of behavior that are repeated regularly, without thinking
What is are feelings?
are subjective, evaluative, and independent of the sensations, thoughts, or images evoking them.
General psychology is the study of the
basic theories, principles and methods of psychology
Aggression
behavior aimed at harming others physically or psychologically
.A norm indicates the degree to which
behavior is regarded as right versus wrong, allowable versus unallowable
The emotions are
behavioral, cognitive and physiological patterns that occur in response to a given stimulus.
Developmental psychology investigates
biological, genetic, neurological, psychosocial, cultural, and environmental factors of human growth.
Non-verbal communication
body language, gestures, how we dress or act - even our scent
What is a mind?
broadly, all intellectual and psychological phenomena of an organism, encompassing motivational, affective, behavioral, perceptual, and cognitive systems
Psychosomatic
characterizing an approach based on the belief that a psychological component operates in the cause of somatic disturbances.
Freud considered personality to be formed in
childhood
Values and norms involve
cognitive beliefs of approval or disapproval
Needs are
conditions within the individual that are essential and necessary for the maintenance of life and the nurturance of growth and well-being.
EQ
determines how you interact and treat people in your life, it shows how you are going to cope with pressures or face the crises.
IQ
determines your competencies and individual capacities
Darwin conducted one of the first studies on how people recognize _________ in faces.
emotion
Levels of emotional intelligence including
emotional perception, using emotions, understand emotions, manage emotions
What are the norms and values?
evaluative beliefs that synthesize affective and cognitive elements to orient people to the world in which they live
The ability
existing competence or skill to perform a specific physical or mental act
Spoken or verbal communication
face-to-face, telephone, radio or television and other media
6 types of basic emotions:
fear, disgust, anger, surprise, happiness, and sadness
Health psychologists are
focused on educating people about their own health and well-being, so they are perfectly suited to fill this rising demand.
Self-motivation is
generally driven by intrinsic motivation that comes from a sincere wish to achieve and the desire for the inherent rewards associated with it or the force that drives you to do things
Social psychology focuses on
group behavior, social influences on individual behavior, attitudes, prejudice, conformity, aggression, and related topics
Many health psychologists work specifically focusing on
helping people stop health problems before they start.
Motivational psychology is a study of
how biological, psychological, and environmental variables contribute to motivation
What is the psyche?
in psychology, the mind in its totality, as distinguished from the physical organism
Self-motivation
it's a drive that makes you work toward your goals, to put effort into self-development, and to achieve personal fulfillment.
Apathy
lack of motivation or goal directed behavior
Bandura suggested that observation is critical in
learning
Written communication
letters, e-mails, books, magazines, the Internet or via other media
The first and primary mechanism of interpersonal perception is the identification of
man by man
Emotional memory
memory for events that evoke an emotional response
The concrete operational stage include
more logically thoughts about factual events
Group communication is
more than one person communicating to a group or many people interacting together
Herzberg's two-factor theory is
motivation-hygiene theory
Motivation comes from the word
motive
Values are
not goals of behavior
Emotion is
often defined as a complex state of feeling that results in physical and psychological changes which in their turn influence thoughts and behavior
What is a self-concept?
one's description and evaluation of oneself, including psychological and physical characteristics, qualities, skills, roles and so forth
What stages of development did Freud single out?
oral, anal, phallic, latent, and genital
Worldview is
person's perception of his or her relationship with the world
Maslow's hierarchy of needs is arranged in which order?
physiological, safety, social, esteem, and self-actualization
Extrinsic motivation
refers to behavior that is driven by external rewards.
Health psychologists work with
risk factors, improve overall health, and reduce illness
The basic types of temperament are:
sanguine, choleric, melancholic, phlegmatic
The best kind of motivation is
self-motivation
What are the main elements of communication?
sender, a message and a recipient.
Conflict is
situation in which interdependent people express (manifest or latent) differences in satisfying their individual needs and interests, and they experience interference from each other in accomplishing these goals.
Sports psychology is the
study of how psychological factors influence sports, athletic performance, exercise, and physical activity
Emotion regulation
the ability of an individual to modulate an emotion or set of emotions
What is a intelligence?
the ability to derive information, learn from experience, adapt to the environment, understand, and correctly utilize thought and reason
What is Emotional Intelligence
the ability to perceive, control, and evaluate emotions
Emotional cognition
the ability to recognize and interpret the emotions of others
Empathy is
the ability to recognize and interpret the emotions of others
Memory
the ability to retain information or a representation of past experience, based on the mental processe
Nonverbal communication is
the act of conveying information without the use of words
Abnormal psychology
the branch of psychology devoted to the study, assessment, treatment, and prevention of maladaptive behavior
What is an aptitude?
the capacity to acquire competence or skill through training
What is conflict?
the competition between interdependent parties who perceive that they have incompatible needs, goals, desires, or ideas.
What is a focus?
the concentration or centering of attention on a stimulus.
What is a gender?
the condition of being male, female, or neuter
Aspects of the social environment include
the economy, safety and security, arts and culture
Personality is
the enduring configuration of characteristics and behavior that comprises an individual's unique adjustment to life
Personality development
the gradual development of personality in terms of characteristic emotional responses or temperament
What is the greatest motivator?
the most powerful motivator of all is fear
Intrinsic motivation is
the motivation to engage in a behavior arises from within the individual.
Conflict
the occurrence of mutually antagonistic or opposing forces, including events, behaviors, desires, attitudes, and emotions.
The personal idiosyncrasies that separate one person from the next, known as
the personal identity
A conflict situation always includes
the presence of subjects of a probable collision and its object.
What is a socialization?
the process by which individuals acquire social skills, beliefs, values, and behaviors necessary to function effectively in society or in a particular group
Interpersonal communication is
the process of exchanging messages between people whose lives mutually influence one another in unique ways in relation to social and cultural norms.
Interpersonal perception
the process of making meaning from things we experience in people and our relationships
Perception
the process or result of becoming aware of objects, relationships, and events
What is a social role?
the set of attitudes and characteristic behaviors expected of an individual
Social context
the specific circumstance or general environment that serves as a social framework for individual or interpersonal behavior.
Egocentrism
the tendency to emphasize one's own needs, concerns, and outcomes rather than those of others.
Communication
the transmission of information, which may be by verbal (oral or written) or nonverbal means
What is the purpose of the communication process?
to relate and exchange ideas, knowledge, feelings, and experiences and for many other interpersonal and social purposes.
Goals of Health Psychology:
understanding behavioral and contextual factors for health and illness, preventing illness, finding treatments to manage pain.
Personality psychology focuses on
understanding how personality develops as well as the patterns of thoughts, behaviors, and characteristics that make each individual unique.
