Psychology Midterm-McGraw Hill

Dr. Park is conducting research with patients on the autism spectrum. He has included only male participants in his research. Which of the following reasons is Dr. Park most likely to give for not including females in his study?

"Since autism affects more men than women, I am eliminating women from my study to make sure that the results are statistically significant."

Each nueron is connection to about ________ other neurons.

10,000

According to Weber's law, you are more likely to detect a difference in sound between

2 and 4 decibels.

Julia is holding a basket of apples that weighs five pounds. Sammy keeps adding more apples to Julia's basket and asks her to tell him when she notices that the basket is heavier. Julia notices a difference when the basket's weight reaches six pounds. Now Julia is holding a basket of apples weighing 10 pounds. According to Weber's law, how much additional weight in apples must be added for Julia to notice a difference?

2 pounds

Circadian rhythms are biological processes that occur regularly on approximately a

24-hour cycle.

Scientists have been unable to determine how much sleep is required, but most people sleep between ________ a night.

7-8 hours

How does environmental stimulation reach our brain?

All of the answers are correct.

Which of the following statements about Milgram's early research is TRUE?

Although Milgram's research was on obedience, it has come to serve as an all-purpose lightning rod for discussions about the human heart of darkness.

The __________ is the long thin structure which carries the electricity generated by neurons.

Axon

The approach that suggests that observable, measurable behavior should be the focus of study...

Behavioral Perspective

Who performed the first successful split brain surgery to prevent the spread of seizures in the brain?

Bogen

________ are internal bodily processes that occur on a daily cycle.

Circadian rhythms

________ is the term used to describe our understanding of the world external to us, as well as our own internal world.

Consciousness

Electrodes placed around the skull record the electrical signals transmitted through the brain.

EEG

Which of the following statements about Emily Brooks is TRUE?

Emily Brooks believes the medical community has approached the subject of autism with a "male-focused" lens.

_______ is known to occur when a previously conditioned response decreases in frequency and eventually disappears.

Extinction

Why are clinicians more likely to overlook symptoms of autism spectrum disorder in girls?

Girls are frequently on the less disabling end of the autism spectrum.

What did Michael Gazzaniga do with split brain patients?

He tested the first split brain patient.

Leslie repeats a unique sound, known as a ________, when she engages in meditation.

Mantra

Matt believes that one good pair of shoes is all a person really needs. Matt has blond hair and one pair of shoes. Ellen believes that a person needs a good pair of running shoes, a pair of dress shoes, and a pair of slippers. Ellen has black hair and three pair of shoes. Imelda believes that the more shoes you own, the better! Imelda has brown hair and 79 pairs of shoes. In this example, hair darkness and number of shoes a person owns are ___________ correlated.

Not

By locating radiation within the brain, a computer can provide a striking picture of brain activity.

PET

The scientific study of the mind and behavio

Psychology

Dreams occur in ________ sleep.

REM

Tammy wants to attend a concert of her favorite duo, Queen Tunius and the Jake-man. Unfortunately, she does not have a ticket. She has decided to sneak into the concert but is worried she might get caught because a security guard is sitting in the concert hall watching for trespassers. According to Weber's law,

Tammy should wait until most of the audience is in the concert hall before she sneaks in.

______ processing is when we use higher level thinking, experience, and expectations to help guide our perception of what is happening.

Top-down

Which theorist established the first experimental laboratory in 1879?

Wundt

Which one of the following examples demonstrates bottom-up processing?

You viewed an ambiguous stimulus. Although you could not see the whole picture, you could still tell it was a dog.

Replication is

a study being repeated to see if an experiment produces the same results.

The little blips of electricity generated by neurons are called the

action potential.

All experiments must be reviewed by

an institutional review board before being conducted.

Cones

are cells on the retina that detect color, particularly in brightly lit situations.

Stimulants

are drugs that increase concentration and reduce fatigue.

Narcotics

are drugs that increase relaxation and relieve pain and anxiety.

Olfactory cells

are nerve cells in the nasal passages that respond to gas molecules in the air and send impulses to the brain for the interpretation of odors.

Motor (efferent) neurons

are neurons that communicate information to the muscles and glands.

The mirror neurons

are the neurons that react when you do something or when you see someone else do something.

James is studying to be a neuropsychologist and is particularly interested in how the brain helps us move our arms and legs. He is probably very interested in the _____________ and _________________ areas of the brain.

basal ganglia; cerebellum

How do neurons communicate information from involuntary movement?

by way of cranial and peripheral nerves

Depressants impede the nervous system by

causing neurons to fire more slowly.

Nancy is driving to school and all of a sudden sees a McDonald's golden arches. She immediately experiences hunger pangs. What is the cause of Nancy's reaction?

classical conditioning

The spinal cord

connects nerves in your body to your brain

Some interaction in the brain is lateral via a large bridge of connections called the

corpus callosum.

The minimum amount of stimulation required to tell the difference between two stimuli is called the

difference threshold.

Which of the following steps is NOT included in the scientific method?

discover

The peripheral nervous system

encompasses all the parts of the nervous system other than the brain and spinal cord.

In the nature-nurture issue, nature refers to heredity, and nurture refers to the ________.

environment

Perceptual constancy

explains the phenomenon in which physical objects are perceived as unvarying and consistent despite changes in appearance or environment.

Provides a three-dimensional view of the brain by aiming a magnetic field at the body.

fMRI

After meditation people often report

feeling relaxed.

________ is a state of heightened susceptibility to the suggestions of others.

hypnosis

In the scientific method, a prediction or ___________________ is developed.

hypothesis

Psychoactive drugs

influence a person's emotions, perceptions, and behaviors and ultimately lead to an altered state of consciousness.

Once data has been collected, the researchers ______Correct the data

interpret

This summer, Dean took diving lessons. While learning to dive, Dean's brain sent a number of complex signals. Which of the following types of information was his brain sending when it told his body that it was the right time to breathe?

involuntary movements

Visual illusions

involve physical stimuli that consistently produce errors in perception.

One of the most common neurotransmitters is acetylcholine (or ACh, its chemical symbol), which is found throughout the nervous system. ACh is

involved in our every move, because—among other things—it transmits messages relating to our skeletal muscles.

The cochlea

is a coiled tube that looks like a snail and is filled with fluid that vibrates in response to sound.

An action potential

is a positive electrical charge moving down the neuron like a flame along a fuse.

Classical conditioning

is defined as a learned connection between a neutral stimulus and a reward or punishment.

Stage 3 Sleep

is most likely to occur during the early part of the night.

The hammer

is one of three small bones in the middle ear that picks up the vibrations from the eardrum.

Neutral stimulus

is stimulus that does not elicit any particular response.

Cognitive psychology

is the branch of psychology that studies mental processes such as thinking, memory, reasoning, problem solving, judging, decision making, and language.

REM

is the dreaming part of the sleep cycle in which the eyes move back and forth rapidly under the eyelids.

The optic nerve

is the pathway for visual images to travel to the brain that splits behind the retinas at the optic chiasm.

The iris

is the pigmented muscle of the eye that controls the size of the pupil.

Psychology

is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes.

Trichromatic color theory

is the theory that there are three kinds of cones in the retina that respond to a range of wavelengths.

Based on what you have learned about Weber's law and just noticeable differences

it is easier to detect changes in stimulus intensity when the intensities are low.

The structures of the limbic system jointly control a variety of basic functions relating to all of the following EXCEPT

joint movement.

Which part of the brain is essential for speech?

left hemisphere

If you connect the neurons up properly, it is possible for them to represent the object in a distributed way, meaning that

many neurons represent a single object instead of representing a single object in a single location.

________ is a learned technique for refocusing attention to bring about an altered state of consciousness.

meditation

Marta was recently in an automobile accident and she suffered a traumatic brain injury. Since she is having a lot of trouble seeing, the neurologist suspects that she has damage in the _______________ and/or the _____________.

midbrain; occipital lobe

Lily has been training for a marathon for several weeks. When she began her training, she could run a mile in 12 minutes. After 2 weeks of training, she could run a mile in 10 minutes. After 6 weeks of training, she could run a mile in 8 minutes. In this example, a(n) ____________ exists between the number of weeks of training and the time to run a mile

negative correlation

Interneurons are

neurons that connect sensory and motor neurons, carrying messages between the two.

Most recent approaches to hypnosis support the idea that

people cannot be hypnotized against their will.

The human sense of smell (olfaction)

permits us to detect more than 10,000 separate smells.

Maurice has been feeling sad lately so he decided to volunteer at an animal shelter in an attempt to lift his mood. Indeed, the more hours Maurice spends at the animal shelter, the happier he feels. Maurice has noticed a(n) ___________ correlation between the number of hours he spends volunteering and his feelings of happiness.

positive

Neuroplasticity

provides the ability of the brain to change and grow.

Janelle is trying to find her hat and all her classmates are laughing. Can you guess why they are laughing? It's because the hat is on her head! The term psychologists use to describe what has happened is

sensory adaptation.

Which of the following is NOT an involuntary movement?

smelling

A placebo is

something that does not contain an active ingredient, though many believe that it does, as in medicine.

Bottom-up processing

starts with recognizing the smaller pieces and builds up to the whole.

Gary is a drug user and is addicted to the feeling of heightened awareness and increased energy. What type of drug is Gary most likely addicted to?

stimulant

Which of the following is defined as a process in which, after a stimulus has been conditioned to produce a particular response, stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus produce the same response

stimulus generalization

According to the humanistic perspective, individuals

strive to grow, develop, and be in control of their lives and behavior.

Which theoretical approach focuses on identifying the basic elements of mental processes?

structuralism

Randy wants to become a professional musician. He is already very proficient on the guitar and violin. Which brain structure allowed him to hear music?

temporal lobe

What if we decide to give only some female rats caffeine and then we watch to see if those given caffeine reproduce often than those not given caffeine. This would correspond to which step in the scientific method?

test

Activation-Synthesis Theory presents the idea that

the brain produces random electrical energy during REM that stimulates memories.

A control group is

the group that receives no manipulation or treatment within the experiment.

Random Assignment is

the process used to assign people to an experimental group that uses completely random chance, like flipping a coin.

Which of the following would you be most likely to notice?

the scent of flowers when you enter a florist's shop

You are looking at a painting in a museum. You perceive a house in the corner of the painting, although you cannot actually see the entire house because the edge of the frame is blocking part of the image. The fact that you know that what you are seeing is "a house," even though you can only see some parts of it, is due to...

top-down processing.

Processing that involves higher functions such as expectations and motivations is known as ________, whereasprocessing that recognizes the individual components of a stimulus is known as ________.

top-down; bottom-up

Meditation

typically consists of the repetition of a mantra or focusing on specific stimuli.

In perception, bottom-up processing focuses on ______, while top-down processing focuses on ______.

what the stimulus is; the function or meaning of the stimulus

Freud's theory of unconscious ________ states that the actual wishes an individual expresses in dreams aredisguised because they are threatening to the person's conscious awareness.

wish fulfillment

Suppose we have noticed that some rats seem to reproduce more often than others. This would correspond to which step in the scientific method?

•observe