Psychology Quiz #1 Review

In developmental psychology, there is an increasing interest in researching cognitive changes that occur later in life. Why? A.) Populations of developed nations are living longer. B.) People in developed nations revere the elderly. C.) Populations of developing nations are dying sooner. D.) The elderly are contracting more cognitive diseases.

A.) Populations of developed nations are living longer.

Research shows that people who smoke cigarettes are more likely to get lung cancer than those who do not smoke. This research alone demonstrates that ________. A.) is there is a predisposition toward both smoking and lung cancer B.) smoking causes lung cancer C.) there is a relationship between smoking and lung cancer D.) smoking contributes to lung cancer

C.) there is a relationship between smoking and lung cancer

For which concept is Abraham Maslow best known? A.) Proposing a hierarchy of human needs in motivating behavior B.) Studying the influence of reinforcement and punishment on behavior C.) Dream analysis for the latent and manifest content of a dream D.) Classical conditioning of non-human animals

A.) Proposing a hierarchy of human needs in motivating behavior

When studying personality traits, someone who is hardworking, dependable, and organized will score high on the ________ trait. A.) conscientiousness B.) extroversion C.) openness D.) agreeableness

A.) conscientiousness

Lucy wants to study changes in physical attributes, cognitive skills, moral reasoning, and social behavior across the lifespan. Lucy should specialize in ________ psychology. A.) developmental B.) cognitive C.) social D.) personality

A.) developmental

In a ________ study, both the researchers and the participants are unaware of the group assignments. A.) double-blind B.) pilot C.) single-blind D.) randomly assigned

A.) double-blind

Which of the following is not part of obtaining informed consent? A.) explaining the hypothesis to the participants B.) letting participants know that participation is voluntary C.) obtaining the participants signature or a signature from the parent or guardian if the participant is a minor D.) reviewing that data is confidential

A.) explaining the hypothesis to the participants

Which kind of psychologist would be consulted in jury selection and witness preparation? A.) forensic B.) cognitive C.) counseling D.) lega

A.) forensic

Oona wants to conduct research on personnel management, workplace environment, and what type of environment results in high levels of employee productivity and efficiency. Oona should conduct research in the area of ________ psychology. A.) industrial-organizational B.) clinical C.) theoretical D.) existential-phenomenological

A.) industrial-organizational

The empirical method of study is based on ________. A.) observation of phenomena. B.) logical positivism. C.) statistical validation. D.) practice of skills or procedures.

A.) observation of phenomena.

A(n) ________ is a description of how the researchers will measure the variables of interest. A.) operational definition B.) hypothesis C.) experimental plan D.) theory

A.) operational definition

Dr. Singh has just completed her PhD program and is now applying for a year-long program at a nationally-recognized hospital. If accepted, she will greatly advance her knowledge of behavioral neuroscience. Dr. Singh is applying for a(n) ________ training program. A.) postdoctoral B.) applied C.) psychiatric D.) fellows

A.) postdoctoral

The fact that some well-known studies have been repeated without finding results consistent with those in the initial report describes a(n) ________ that is currently affecting research in psychology and other fields A.) replication crisis B.) reliability enigma C.) repeatability emergency D.) validity conundrum

A.) replication crisis

Behaviorism focuses on making psychology an objective science by ________. A.) studying overt behavior and deemphasizing the importance of unobservable mental processes B.) studying implicit motivations for behavior through the use of implicit association tests C.) studying the genetic basis for behavior and theorizing how instincts influence behavior D.) studying how emotional responses influence behavior while deemphasizing the importance of the subconscious

A.) studying overt behavior and deemphasizing the importance of unobservable mental processes

Who was the first African American to receive a PhD in psychology in the United States? A.)Francis Cecil Sumner B.) Naomi Weisstein C.) Noam Chomsky D.) Carl Rogers

A.)Francis Cecil Sumner

Which perspective within psychology that emphasizes the potential for good that is innate to all humans. A.)Humanism B.)Structuralism C.)Gestalt psychology D.) Behaviorism

A.)Humanism

When studying personality traits, someone who is hardworking, dependable, and organized will score high on the ________ trait. A.)conscientiousness B.)extroversion C.)openness D.) agreeableness

A.)conscientiousness

Which of the following exemplifies the empirical method? A.) A student in a psychology class writes his term paper on whether or not fish feel pain. B.) Dr. Sarkeesian observes and records how watching cartoons influences heart rates. C.) Dr. Hysock-Witham decides to start her course later because so many students arrive late D.) A student writes a letter to his professor requesting a change in course policy

B.) Dr. Sarkeesian observes and records how watching cartoons influences heart rates.

The first woman to earn the PhD degree in psychology was ________. A.) Mary Whiton Calkins B.) Margaret Floy Washburn C.) Inez Prosser D.) Mamie Clark

B.) Margaret Floy Washburn

Which famous female psychologist completed all of the requirements for a doctorate in psychology but was denied that degree because of her sex? A.) Mary Ainsworth B.) Mary Whiton Calkins C.) Inez Prosser D.) Margaret Floy Washburn

B.) Mary Whiton Calkins

A(n) ________ , also known as an operant chamber, is an instrument that isolates an animal from the external environment and allows a researcher to control that animalâ s rewards and punishments A.) Watson manipulator B.) Skinner box C.) isolation chamber D.) Gestalt room

B.) Skinner box

Which individual wrote Principles of Physiological Psychology and is credited with establishing a scientific laboratory of Psychology at the University of Leipzig? A.) Sigmund Freud B.) Wilhelm Wundt C.) William James D.) Wolfgang Köhler

B.) Wilhelm Wundt

Which word is the most appropriate synonym for the term validity? A.) consistency B.) accuracy C.) applicability D.) repetition

B.) accuracy

________ is a reduction in the number of research participants as some drop out of the study over time A.) single blinding B.) attrition C.) generalizability D.) experimenter bias

B.) attrition

Krista and Tatiana Hogan are participants in a(n) ________ of conjoined twins who are joined at the head. A.) naturalistic observation B.) case study C.) experiment D.) survey

B.) case study

Sandra strongly believes that attending daycare is detrimental to childrenâ s development so she decides to write her psychology term paper on this topic. She does a literature search and finds several sources supporting her opinion, but she finds that the majority of research indicates that children attending daycare experience healthy development. She writes a paper using the sources that find negative associations with daycare attendance. This is an example of ________. A.) correlational research B.) confirmation bias C.) confounding variable D.) observer bia

B.) confirmation bias

Which of the following is an example of an objective measure used by functionalists? A.) the use of introspection of ones own experiences B.) examination of anatomy and physiology C.) examination of existing archives and records D.) interviews with research participants

B.) examination of anatomy and physiology

Dr. Guttierez is examining a research question and has posted a hypothesis, but his student points out, â Dr. G., the assumption that you have made cannot be disproven no matter what data we gather!â This research study suffers from an absence of ________. A.) operational definition B.) falsifiability C.) circularity D.) alternate explanations

B.) falsifiability

Which of the following is not part of feminist psychology? A.) discovering the contributions of women to psychology B.) favoring women over men C.) questioning the practice of science itself when it is male biased D.) studying psychological gender differences

B.) favoring women over men

Psychological knowledge is advanced through a process known as ________, which involves a prescribed series of steps designed to achieve the desired knowledge. A.) deductive reasoning B.) the scientific method C.) the experiment D.) inductive reasoning

B.) the scientific method

Cognitive psychology focuses on studying ________. A.) the effect of gender, race, and class on behavior B.) thoughts and their relationship to our experiences and our actions C.) genetics and the effect of genetics on behavior D.) sensation and the effect of culture on perception

B.) thoughts and their relationship to our experiences and our actions

In looking at the area of multicultural psychology, what is a recognized deficit of this particular area of study? A.)It ignores the relative importance of White psychologists to the larger field. B.)It can describe what happens between cultures, but not explain why those differences occur C.)It is biased by serious political agendas among its researchers. D.)There are not enough non-White researchers engaged in data collection.

B.)It can describe what happens between cultures, but not explain why those differences occur

According to William James, what was the true purpose of psychology? A.)Examining the structure and characteristics of the mind B.)Studying the function of behavior in the world C.)The manipulation human behavior to the betterment of society D.)To interpret dreams for their unconscious messages

B.)Studying the function of behavior in the world

The scientific process is ________, involving both inductive and deductive reasoning. A.)iterative B.)circular C.)iatrogenic D.)correlational

B.)circular

Which correlation coefficient best represents a moderate relationship showing fewer anxiety symptoms in people who report higher life satisfaction? A.) 0.78 B.) +0.13 C.) -0.53 D.) -0.21

C.) -0.53

Which of the following exemplifies the empirical method? A.) A student writes a letter to his professor requesting a change in course policy. B.) Dr. Hysock-Witham decides to start her course later because so many students arrive late. C.) Dr. Sarkeesian observes and records how watching cartoons influences heart rates. D.) A student in a psychology class writes his term paper on whether or not fish feel pain.

C.) Dr. Sarkeesian observes and records how watching cartoons influences heart rates.

In the study of personality, the ________ model includes different traits that are believed to underlie each individualâ s basic tendencies. A.) Either-Or B.) H.O.P.E.S. C.) Five Factor D.) Fifth Dimension

C.) Five Factor

Which kind of psychologist would be consulted in jury selection and witness preparation? A.) Legal B.) Cognitive C.) Forensic D.) Counseling

C.) Forensic

_______ (IRB) reviews research that is involves the use of human participants. A.) Institutional Research Board B.) Institutional Research Bureau C.) Institutional Review Board D.) Institutional Review Bureau

C.) Institutional Review Board

_______ assesses the consistency of observations by different observers. A.) Validity B.) A control group C.) Inter-rater reliability D.) Attrition

C.) Inter-rater reliability

In looking at the area of multicultural psychology, what is a recognized deficit of this particular area of study? A.) It is biased by serious political agendas among its researchers. B.) There are not enough non-White researchers engaged in data collection. C.) It can describe what happens between cultures, but not explain why those differences occur. D.) It ignores the relative importance of White psychologists to the larger field.

C.) It can describe what happens between cultures, but not explain why those differences occur.

________ is an anthropologist who contributed to our understanding of chimpanzee behavior in the wild, using naturalistic observation. A.)Sigmund Freud B.) Tatiana Hogan C.) Jane Goodall D.) Suzanne Fanger

C.) Jane Goodall

In developmental psychology, there is an increasing interest in researching cognitive changes that occur later in life. Why? A.) People in developed nations revere the elderly. B.) Populations of developing nations are dying sooner. C.) Populations of developed nations are living longer D.) The elderly are contracting more cognitive diseases

C.) Populations of developed nations are living longer

For which concept is Abraham Maslow best known? A.) Studying the influence of reinforcement and punishment on behavior B.) Classical conditioning of non-human animals C.) Proposing a hierarchy of human needs in motivating behavior D.) Dream analysis for the latent and manifest content of a dream

C.) Proposing a hierarchy of human needs in motivating behavior

What do structuralism, Gestalt psychology, and Sigmund Freud all have in common? A.) They were all concerned with describing and understanding animal behavior. B.) They were all concerned with the nature of evil during the Nazi regime. C.) They were all concerned with describing and understanding the inner experience. D.) They were all concerned with diagnosing and treating female psychosis

C.) They were all concerned with describing and understanding the inner experience.

Ashya wants to focus on the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and other problematic patterns of behavior. What area of psychology should she work in? A.) social psychology B.) cognitive psychology C.) clinical psychology D.) counseling psychology

C.) clinical psychology

Lucy wants to study changes in physical attributes, cognitive skills, moral reasoning, and social behavior across the lifespan. Lucy should specialize in ________ psychology. A.) personality B.) cognitive C.) developmental D.) social

C.) developmental

Which of the following is not part of feminist psychology? A.) questioning the practice of science itself when it is male biased B.) discovering the contributions of women too psychology C.) favoring women over men D.) studying psychological gender differences

C.) favoring women over men

The belief that strange behavior is linked to the occurrence of a full moon is an example of a(n) ________. A.)factual assertion B.) internal attribution C.) illusory correlation D.) theory

C.) illusory correlation

Stan and Jenny are in a psychology course that requires them to repeat an experiment that researchers have conducted in the past, in order to determine whether they produce the same results. This is called ________. A.) validity B.) standardization C.) replication D.) inter-rater reliability

C.) replication

Which of the following choices refers to a broad explanation or group of explanations for some aspect of the natural world that is consistently supported by evidence over time? A.) statistical validation B.) hypothesis C.) scientific theory D.) critical thinking

C.) scientific theory

Which of the following choices refers to a broad explanation or group of explanations for some aspect of the natural world that is consistently supported by evidence over time? A.)statistical validation B.)hypothesis C.)scientific theory D.) critical thinking

C.) scientific theory

Which of the following is an example of research someone might conduct in the area of health psychology? A.) what personality traits are present more often in men compared to women B.) how the age of a leader affects the productivity of the group C.) whether people working at a desk are more likely to be obese D.) whether culture influences perception

C.) whether people working at a desk are more likely to be obese

Which of the following exemplifies the unconditional positive regard component of client-centered therapy? A.) Natasha is late for her therapy session and her therapist believes she did this because she unconsciously dislikes therapy. B.) Boris tells his therapist that that he needs stronger medication and his therapist prescribes it. C.) Xavier receives a hug from the doctor when he arrives on time; he does not get a hug when he arrives late. D.) Abby tells her therapist that she tripped a small child who got in her way, and her therapist accepts this information without judgment.

D.) Abby tells her therapist that she tripped a small child who got in her way, and her therapist accepts this information without judgment.

In the study of personality, the ________ model includes different traits that are believed to underlie each individualâ s basic tendencies. A.) Fifth Dimension B.)H.O.P.E.S. C.)Either-or D.) Five Factor

D.) Five Factor

Who was the first African American to receive a PhD in psychology in the United States? A.) Carl Rogers B.) Naomi Weisstein C.) Noam Chomsky D.) Francis Cecil Sumner

D.) Francis Cecil Sumner

A series of dots arranged in the shape of a face will be perceived as a face, not a series of dots. A psychologist studying this phenomenon is applying the principals of ________. A.) structuralism B.) psychoanalytic theory C.) humanism D.) Gestalt psychology

D.) Gestalt psychology

In order to assess whether viewpoints on decriminalization of marijuana for medical purposes change with age, four groups of participants, ages 20, 30, 40, and 50, are asked whether they support this issue. What is one flaw of this design? A.) Longitudinal research is time consuming. B.) Recruitment could be a challenge because people of different ages are difficult to sample. C.) Marijuana has already been decriminalized in some places. D.) Social or cultural factors may influence the results, not age.

D.) Social or cultural factors may influence the results, not age

According to William James, what was the true purpose of psychology? A.) To interpret dreams for their unconscious messages B.) Examining the structure and characteristics of the mind C.) The manipulation human behavior to the betterment of society D.) Studying the function of behavior in the world

D.) Studying the function of behavior in the world

What should be changed to make the following statement true? Jean Piaget is famous for his theories regarding changes in emotional ability that occur as we move from infancy to adulthood A.) The word "infancy" should be changed to the word "adolescence." B.) The word "famous" should be changed to the word "infamous." C.) The name "Jean Piaget" should be changed to "Abraham Maslow." D.) The word "emotional" should be changed to the word "cognitive."

D.) The word "emotional" should be changed to the word "cognitive."

What should be changed to make the following statement true? Jean Piaget is famous for his theories regarding changes in emotional ability that occur as we move from infancy to adulthood. A.)The word "infancy" should be changed to the word "adolescence." B.) The word "famous" should be changed to the word "infamous." C.) The name "Jean Piaget" should be changed to "Abraham Maslow." D.) The word "emotional" should be changed to the word "cognitive."

D.) The word "emotional" should be changed to the word "cognitive."

Which of the following research designs will allow cause-and-effect conclusions? A.) quasi-experimental B.) archival research C.) correlational studies D.) experimental

D.) experimental

Introspection refers to a process by which someone examines ________ as objectively as possible. A.) her own unconscious wishes B.) the social construction of consciousness C.) another person's consciousness D.) her own conscious experience

D.) her own conscious experience

Introspection refers to a process by which someone examines ________ as objectively as possible. A.) the social construction of consciousness B.) her own unconscious wishes C.) another person's consciousness D.) her own conscious experience

D.) her own conscious experience

Guillermo spends some time each day applying the principles of structuralism to examine his own conscious experience as carefully as possible. Guillermo is engaged in ________. A.) client-centered therapy B.) psychoanalysis C.) behaviorism D.) introspection

D.) introspection

The ability of a research study or psychological instrument to consistently produce a given result is called ________. A.) standardization B.) validity C.) operationalization D.) reliability

D.) reliability

Psychology refers to the ________. A.) empirical study of humanity B.) experimental study of individuals C.) systematic study of human interaction D.)scientific study of the mind and behavior.

D.) scientific study of the mind and behavior.

Susan wants to study prejudice, attraction, how we explain our own behavior versus how we explain the behavior of others, and how we resolve interpersonal conflicts. Susan should conduct research in the area of ________. A.)psychoanalysis B.)personality C.)Gestalt psychology D.)social psychology

D.) social psychology

Select the correctly ordered list of psychological perspectives, with the earliest perspective listed first. A.) structuralism, functionalism, humanism, behaviorism B.) humanism, structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism C.) humanism, behaviorism, structuralism, functionalism D.) structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism, humanism

D.) structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism, humanism

Behaviorism focuses on making psychology an objective science by ________. A.) studying implicit motivations for behavior through the use of implicit association tests B.) studying how emotional responses influence behavior while deemphasizing the importance of the subconscious C.) studying the genetic basis for behavior and theorizing how instincts influence behavior D.) studying overt behavior and deemphasizing the importance of unobservable mental processes

D.) studying overt behavior and deemphasizing the importance of unobservable mental processes

A(n) ________ is a well-developed set of ideas that proposes an explanation for observed phenomena. A.) conclusion B.) operational definition C.) hypothesis D.) theory

D.) theory

Which of the following is an example of research someone might conduct in the area of health psychology? A.) what personality traits are present more often in men compared to women B.) whether culture influences perception C.) how the age of a leader affects the productivity of the group D.) whether people working at a desk are more likely to be obese

D.) whether people working at a desk are more likely to be obese

Which of the following is one of the reasons that Gestalt psychology did not become more popular in the United States? A.)European psychology is not as rigorous as American psychology. B.)The proponents were supported and funded by the Nazi party. C.) The theories were not based on measurable data. D.)The rise of behaviorism overshadowed Gestalt psychology

D.)The rise of behaviorism overshadowed Gestalt psychology

Simplicity of conducting the study is to ________ as ability to test large numbers of participants is to ________. experiments; surveys case studies; naturalistic A.) observation B.) archival research; naturalistic C.)observation D.)archival research; surveys

D.)archival research; surveys

What do structuralism, Gestalt psychology, and Sigmund Freud all have in common? A.) They were all concerned with describing and understanding animal behavior. B.) They were all concerned with the nature of evil during the Nazi regime. C.) They were all concerned with describing and understanding the inner experience. D.) They were all concerned with diagnosing and treating female psychosis.

They were all concerned with describing and understanding the inner experience.

Ashya wants to focus on the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and other problematic patterns of behavior. What area of psychology should she work in? A.) social psychology B.) clinical psychology C.) cognitive psychology D.) counseling psychology

clinical psychology