Psychology - Study Guide # 6

13.One strategy to increase the amount of information that can be held in short-term memory is to group related items together into a single unit. This strategy is called: A)the self-referencing technique. B)chunking. C)clustering. D)long-term potentiation.

B)chunking.

16.Rather than simply repeating key terms and concepts, Jeremy focused on the meaning of the information in the chapter and tried to generate examples of concepts from his own experiences. Jeremy was using _____ to help encode information into his long-term memory. A)contextual cues B)elaborative rehearsal C)the serial position effect D)maintenance rehearsal

B)elaborative rehearsal

31.The inability to recall information that was previously available to memory is called: A)encoding failure. B)forgetting. C)the misinformation effect. D)source confusion.

B)forgetting.

9.Auditory sensory memory: A)can last for up to thirty seconds. B)lasts longer than visual sensory memory. C)is often referred to as iconic memory. D)processes episodic information.

B)lasts longer than visual sensory memory.

43.If its amygdala is removed, a monkey: A)loses the ability to encode new long-term memories. B)loses its fear of snakes and other natural predators. C)has complete amnesia for previously learned classically conditioned responses. D)shows the classic symptoms of Alzheimer's disease.

B)loses its fear of snakes and other natural predators.

18.Although she had not made one in years, Evelyn carefully folded the paper to make a paper airplane for her grandson. Evelyn's ability to perform this task is an example of which type of long-term memory? A)semantic memory B)procedural memory C)episodic memory D)prospective memory

B)procedural memory

30.Richard can recall very specific and vivid details of the day his son was born. Richard's memory of this very emotional, personal event in his life is an example of what is called: A)an implicit memory. B)prospective memory. C)a flashbulb memory. D)iconic memory.

B)prospective memory.

24.Brenda's Aunt Shelby got to the point where she just couldn't recall any more details. "Honestly, that's all I can remember about being in the same first-grade class as Bruce Springsteen. It was just too long ago," Shelby explained to her disappointed niece. That Shelby was unable to recall her other long-term memories about attending elementary school with Bruce Springsteen is most likely an example of: A)absentmindedness. B)retrieval cue failure. C)source confusion. D)anterograde amnesia

B)retrieval cue failure.

40.Justin was involved in an automobile accident and sustained a serious injury to his head. When asked about the accident, Justin could not remember what happened or how the accident occurred. Justin seems to be suffering from: A)hypermnesia. B)retrograde amnesia. C)temporary dementia. D)anterograde amnesia.

B)retrograde amnesia.

17.The amount of information that can be held in long-term memory: A)depends on the amount of maintenance rehearsal performed on the information. B)seems to be limitless. C)is seven items or bits of information, plus or minus two. D)is four items or bits of information, plus or minus one.

B)seems to be limitless.

5.Selecting just a few aspects of all the environmental information that's being very briefly registered is a process that initially occurs in: A)short-term memory. B)sensory memory. C)long-term memory. D)working memory.

B)sensory memory.

27.While trying to recall a list of items in correct order, the tendency to remember the first items in the list is called _____ while the tendency to remember the last items in the list is called _____. A)source monitoring; source confusion B)the primacy effect; the recency effect C)proactive recall; retroactive recall D)the recency effect; the primacy effect

B)the primacy effect; the recency effect

3._____ is the process of retaining information in memory so that it can be used at a later time. A) Feedback B) Encoding C) Storage D) Retrieval

C) Storage

36.Ned's parents got divorced when he was seven years old. Ned's older sister vividly remembers the frequent, loud screaming matches between her mother and father in the weeks prior to the divorce, but Ned claims that he has no memories of his parents ever fighting. If Ned has unconsciously blocked awareness of those painful memories, it would be an example of: A) suppression. B) proactive interference. C) repression. D) memory decay.

C) repression.

41.Which brain region is involved in retrieving and organizing information that is associated with episodic and autobiographical memories? A) the amygdala B) the cerebellum C) the frontal lobes D) the hypothalamus

C) the frontal lobes

7.Information is stored in short-term memory for about: A) two or three seconds. B) thirty minutes. C) thirty seconds. D) a day.

C) thirty seconds.

12.When short-term memory is filled to capacity, new information will: A)be ignored. B)be temporarily stored in sensory memory. C)displace currently held information. D)be temporarily stored in long-term memory.

C)displace currently held information.

38.Lisa went to a wedding where folk music was played rather than the traditional wedding march when the bride walked down the aisle. Later, Lisa distinctly remembers humming along to "Here Comes the Bride." Lisa's memory distortion is most probably due to: A)inattentional blindness. B)the context effect. C)her script for a typical wedding. D)anterograde amnesia.

C)her script for a typical wedding.

35.Whenever Yvonne tried to recall her new cell phone number, she kept getting it mixed up with an old phone number. Yvonne's failure to remember her new phone number is probably due to: A)encoding failure. B)the misinformation effect. C)proactive interference. D)retroactive interference.

C)proactive interference.

19.Knowledge of how to perform different skills and actions is called _____ memory while knowledge of facts, concepts, and ideas is called _____ memory. A)semantic; episodic B)episodic; procedural C)procedural; semantic D)procedural; episodic

C)procedural; semantic

22.The semantic network model suggests that: A)semantic information is organized in a network, but episodic information is organized chronologically. B)when the conditions of information retrieval are similar to the conditions of information encoding, retrieval is more likely. C)distortions in memory can occur when the true source of the memory is forgotten. D)information in long-term memory is organized in a complex system of associations.

D)information in long-term memory is organized in a complex system of associations.

11.Maintenance rehearsal: A)keeps information in long-term memory organized so that important links in the semantic network don't get broken. B)helps encode information for storage in long-term memory. C)is a common strategy for holding information in sensory memory. D)is a common strategy for holding information in short-term memory.

D)is a common strategy for holding information in short-term memory.

14.Merely repeating information over and over is called _____ while focusing on the meaning of the information is called _____. A)clustering; chunking B)chunking; clustering C)elaborative rehearsal; maintenance rehearsal D)maintenance rehearsal; elaborative rehearsal

D)maintenance rehearsal; elaborative rehearsal

4.According to the stage model of memory: A)the capacity to remember changes with each age and stage of the lifespan. B)memory consists of the stages of maintenance rehearsal, elaborative rehearsal, and clustering. C)memories evolve in stages from simple memories to complex memories. D)memory involves the stages of sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.

D)memory involves the stages of sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.

33.Of the following factors, which is the most likely to cause the greatest interference? A)amount of information B)under what conditions the information was memorized C)when different bits of information are memorized within ninety minutes or less D)similarity of information

D)similarity of information

28.When the conditions of information retrieval are similar to the conditions of information encoding, memory retrieval is more likely to be successful. That statement reflects the basic idea of: A)source monitoring. B)prospective memory. C)memory consolidation. D)the encoding specificity principle.

D)the encoding specificity principle.

26.While Aaron was waiting for a prescription to be filled, he called Kate to see if she wanted him to pick up anything while he was at the grocery store. To his surprise, Kate rattled off ten different items she wanted him to buy. Aaron forgot two items in the middle of the list. Aaron's pattern of forgetting illustrates: A)absentmindedness. B)the tip-of-the-tongue experience. C)retrograde amnesia. D)the serial position effect.

D)the serial position effect.

23._____ is the process of accessing information stored in long-term memory. A) Retrieval B) Encoding C) Storage D) Consolidation

A) Retrieval

42.The brain structure called the _____ seems to be involved in encoding the emotional aspects of memories. A) amygdala B) hippocampus C) cerebellum D) hypothalamus

A) amygdala

32.According to _____ theory, we forget memories because we don't use them and they simply fade away over time as a matter of normal brain processes. A) decay B) interference C) semantic network D) psychoanalytic

A) decay

2.We transfer information into a form that can be entered and retained by the memory system. This process is known as: A) encoding. B) retrieval. C) storage. D) prospective remembering.

A) encoding.

29.When she studies for her humanities tests, Kelly always goes to the classroom where the humanities class is held. By studying in the same setting where she'll take the test, Kelly is trying to use _____ to her advantage. A) the context effect B) déjà vu C) implicit memory D) mood congruence

A) the context effect

6.Short-term memory is often referred to as _____ memory. A) working B) sensory C) episodic D) source

A) working

10.While auditory sensory memory can last for about _____, visual sensory memory lasts for about _____. A)3 to 4 seconds; half a second B)3 to 4 minutes; half a minute C)30 to 40 seconds; half a second D)half a second; 3 to 4 seconds

A)3 to 4 seconds; half a second

25.Janette was absolutely certain that she knew the name of the fundamentalist religious group that was involved in the standoff with the FBI in Waco, Texas, several years ago, but she could not think of the name of the group. This is an example of: A)a tip-of-the-tongue experience. B)the misinformation effect. C)source confusion. D)imagination inflation.

A)a tip-of-the-tongue experience.

37.The term schema refers to: A)an organized cluster of knowledge and information about an object, an event, a situation, or a concept. B)an organized plan to accomplish a specific goal. C)a group of neurons that link two or more memory areas in the brain. D)a memory-enhancing technique that is used during hypnosis to aid in the retrieval of repressed memories.

A)an organized cluster of knowledge and information about an object, an event, a situation, or a concept.

8.From another room, Jenny called out to Leonard to ask where he had put the car keys. At first, Leonard thought he hadn't heard what Jenny had asked, but a few seconds later, the question registered in his mind and he answered, "On the coffee table." Which type of sensory memory can explain this phenomenon? A)echoic memory B)iconic memory C)contextual memory D)semantic memory

A)echoic memory

20.As you are taking this quiz, you are actively retrieving information that you have learned and stored in your long-term memory. The information that you are able to consciously recall is an example of which subsystem of long-term memory? A)explicit memory B)implicit memory C)procedural memory D)nondeclarative memory

A)explicit memory

21.Implicit memory is: A)memory that cannot be consciously recollected. B)a category of long-term memory that includes memories of particular events. C)memory that can be consciously recollected. D)a category of long-term memory that includes memories of general knowledge of facts, names, and concepts.

A)memory that cannot be consciously recollected.

34.After switching departments at work and getting a new phone number, Anne found that it was harder to remember her previous department's phone number. Anne was experiencing _____, which occurs when forming a new memory makes it harder to recall a previous memory. A)retroactive interference B)encoding failure C)proactive interference D)long-term potentiation failure

A)retroactive interference

1.Memory is formally defined as: A)the mental processes that enable us to acquire, retain, and retrieve information. B)a relatively permanent change in behavior as a result of past experience. C)a mental category that is formed by learning the rules or features that define it. D)the global capacity to think rationally, act purposefully, and deal effectively with the environment.

A)the mental processes that enable us to acquire, retain, and retrieve information.

15.As she was reading the suggestions in the textbook on how to improve memory, Tanika thought of different ways she could apply the suggestions to herself. By applying the information to herself, Tanika was using _____ to help her encode and remember the information. A)the self-reference effect B)contextual cues C)the serial position effect D)Clustering

A)the self-reference effect

39.Imagination inflation is a memory phenomenon in which: A)more and more details get added to a lie each time the lie is told. B)over time, people "inflate" the importance of their own behavior in determining the course of events over their lifetime. C)vividly imagining an event that never occurred greatly increases a person's confidence that the event actually did occur. D)the recall of very specific images or details surrounding a rare or significant event makes those memories immune to forgetting.

C)vividly imagining an event that never occurred greatly increases a person's confidence that the event actually did occur.