Psychology Test 2: 6 Memories and Storage

Finn meets a woman at a party. She gives Finn her telephone number so he can call her. Finn has about _____ to write down the number before his short-term memory store is depleted.

15 to 20 seconds

Information in sensory memory lasts for _____ seconds.

5 to 10 Sensory memories are short-lived.

Jessica is trying to memorize all 26 definitions in her chemistry booklet in the last two minutes before the exam. She believes that she can store all the definitions in her short-term memory. In fact, her short-term memory is able to hold approximately _____ of the definitions.

7

Danny looks up a number in the phone book, pushes the book away, and then begins to dial the number. Why does Danny discourage an interruption during this process?

Information lasts less than a minute in short-term memory.

According to the text, how is using the hippocampal-region index like learning a recipe?

Once a memory has been in existence for a while, one does not have to rely on the hippocampus as much; in the same way, one does not have to rely on a printed recipe for a dish that one makes frequently.

According to the text, K.C. was a patient with amnesia who could not recall episodes from his past. When he was asked to think about what he might do tomorrow, he reported:

a complete blank.

As Levi is doing his homework while he is on the phone with his friend, his pencil snaps. He goes to get a new one in the attic where his family keeps school supplies. When he gets up to the attic, Levi forgets why he came. He is probably experiencing _____.

absentmindedness

Oliver returns home after work and hears the phone ringing. He rushes for the phone while attempting to keep the dog from getting outside. Later he cannot remember where he put his car keys when he got home from work. His forgetfulness is MOST likely caused by _____.

absentmindedness

One day while gardening, Rosalie tripped over a rake and fell face first on the pavement. She suffered damage to her hippocampal region, and while recovering in the hospital, she consistently greeted his friends and family as though she was seeing them for the first time in long time. Rosalie often forgot what she was doing during the day. However, she could still recall, without effort, adventures from her childhood. Rosalie MOST likely has _____ amnesia.

anterograde

Rhonda cannot remember anything about the first several minutes immediately following a car crash in which she was injured. Rhonda is experiencing _____ amnesia.

anterograde

One day while gardening, Greg tripped over a coil of wound-up hose and fell face first on the pavement. He suffered damage to his hippocampal region, and while recovering in the hospital, he consistently greeted his friends and family as though he was seeing them again for the first time in a long time. Greg often forgot what he was doing during the day. However, he could still recall, without effort, his adventures from his teenage years. Greg MOST likely has:

anterograde amnesia.

When Monique tells an acquaintance her telephone number, she does not recite the digits one by one at a constant rate, as in "3, 3, 7, 2, 3, 4, 9, 4, 2, 3." Instead, Monique might say, "3, 3, 7 . . . 2, 3, 4 . . . 94, 23." This exemplifies _____, a strategy to enhance short-term memory.

chunking

When Tomas tells an acquaintance his telephone number, he does not recite the digits one-by-one at a constant rate, as in "3, 3, 7, 2, 3, 4, 8, 3, 9, 2." Instead, Tomas says, "3, 3, 7 . . . 2, 3, 4 . . . 83, 92." This exemplifies _____, a strategy to enhance _____ memory.

chunking; short-term

"What is your social security number?" the associate asks over the phone. "One, six, four," Serena begins. After a brief pause, Serena continues, "seventy-two...sixteen thirty-eight." To ease the burden on the associate's short-term memory, Serena is giving the number in _____ rather than as individual digits.

chunks

If memories are not _____, they will not remain in the long-term memory system.

consolidated

Zinovy was in a car accident and suffered a head injury. He cannot remember anything that happened immediately before the accident. Zinovy's injury prevented the _____ of the events.

consolidation

People are LESS likely to experience blocking on names that are _____.

descriptive

People are LESS likely to experience blocking on names that are:

descriptive

Aurora tells her roommate about her physics exam, and he does not seem to be listening. Aurora accuses him of not paying attention, so he repeats back the last three words of her story. This does not excuse him, because Aurora knows that he may be relying on his _____ memory.

echoic

Charlene may be able to repeat the last few words that someone spoke even if she was not paying attention. This is because the information is still available in Charlene's _____ memory.

echoic

Lin tells her roommate about her accounting exam, but she does not seem to be listening. Lin accuses her of not paying attention, so her roommate repeats back the last three words of her story. This does not excuse her because Lin knows that she may be relying on her _____ memory.

echoic

Micah may be able to repeat the last few words that someone spoke even if he was not paying attention. Because this is auditory information, it is still available in Micah's _____ memory.

echoic

Kareem vividly remembers his first day of high school. This event in his life is different from other people's experiences, so it is a(n) _____ memory.

episodic

In 1994, singer Madonna released a ballad called "I'll Remember." Lyrics such as "I'll remember the love that you gave me" MOST likely refer to _____ memories.

explicit

Tori says that she can vividly remember the day her baby brother was born 15 years ago. This is an example of a(n) _____ memory.

explicit

Landon's _____ becomes active when he tries to recall what he received for his birthday when he was ten years old. Successful remembering of this information, however, requires the activity of his hippocampus.

frontal lobe

Krissy's _____ becomes active when she tries to recall what she received for her birthday when she was 11 years old. Successful remembering of this information, however, requires the activity of her _____.

frontal lobe; hippocampus

The problem for people like HM who cannot make new memories, but can remember old ones, can be explained by the brain's _____ index.

hippocampal-region

While driving in a new city, Aiko briefly sees a road sign that she thinks marked the exit she is looking for, but after a few seconds, she cannot remember the words on the sign. This illustrates the quick decay of _____ memory.

iconic

While driving in a new city, Liam briefly sees a road sign that he thinks marked the exit he is looking for, but after a few seconds, he cannot remember the words on the sign. This illustrates the quick decay of _____ memory.

iconic

The negative effect of group recall on memory is called collaborative:

inhibition.

Echoic memory

is a fast-decaying store of auditory information. When you have difficulty understanding what someone has just said, you probably find yourself replaying the last few words—listening to them echo in your "mind's ear," so to speak

Iconic memory

is a fast-decaying store of visual information. A similar storage area serves as a temporary warehouse for sounds.

The hallmark of both the iconic and echoic memory stores

is that they hold information for a very short time. Iconic memories usually decay in about 1 second or less, and echoic memories usually decay in about 5 seconds (Darwin, Turvey, & Crowder, 1972).

Clarice's grandfather can still remember his first day of school when he was 6 years old. Her grandfather has stored this information in his _____ memory.

long-term

Aiden is participating in a study in which he has to find his way through an indoor maze. After he successfully navigates his way, a researcher injects him with a drug. Subsequently, Aiden cannot find his way out of the labyrinth. The researcher has probably given him a drug that blocks _____.

long-term potentiation

Sabrina is participating in a study where she has to learn how to navigate an indoor labyrinth. Once she successfully navigates it, a researcher injects her with a drug and now she cannot find her way out of the labyrinth. The researcher has probably given Sabrina a drug that blocks:

long-term potentiation.

Priming is a technique that makes certain memories:

more accessible.

Asaka was in a car accident and suffered a head injury. The information regarding the accident was not consolidated in Asaka's long-term memory. This means that Asaka will:

never be able to recall the events of the accident.

Absentmindedness occurs because:

one's attention is divided.

An elementary school class took a spelling test immediately after reading a passage about the Great Plains of the United States. Even though the teacher used the vocabulary word "plane" in a sentence, he noticed that many of the students spelled the word "plain" instead of the spelling word "plane." This illustrates the memory concept called _____.

priming

Knowing how to serve a badminton birdie is an example of a(n) _____ memory.

procedural

The brain research on retrieval-induced forgetting shows that once the frontal lobe has done its job of suppressing competing information, it frees up resources for _____ the target information.

recalling

After a memory is recalled, it may be vulnerable to distortion or forgetting, unless it is _____.

reconsolidated

Hans is almost killed in a parasailing accident and when he recalls the event, he becomes extremely fearful, almost as if he is reliving the experience. Hans goes to see a psychologist who asks him to recall the event in detail. As Hans does so, he becomes fearful retelling the story. The doctor asks Hans to think about how the event must also have been exhilarating because he was flying, if only for a short period of time. In the future when Hans recalls the event, he does so without fear. Hans's doctor may have influenced Hans's _____ of the event.

reconsolidation

Jan is almost killed in a parachuting accident. When she recalls the event, she becomes extremely fearful as if she is reliving the experience. Jan goes to see a psychologist who asks her to recall the event in detail. Jan does so and becomes fearful as she retells the story. The doctor asks Jan to think about how the event must also have been exhilarating because she was flying, if only for a short period of time. In the future, when Jan recalls the event, she does so without fear. Jan's doctor may have influenced Jan's _____ of the event.

reconsolidation

Devan and Ava are studying for their test in U.S. history. Devan asks Ava, "Who was the fourth President of the United States?" Ava pauses for a few seconds and then answers, "James Madison." As soon as she answers, her cell phone rings. It is her friend Carla, and Ava talks to her for about ten minutes. When she gets off the phone, Devan says, "Ava, I didn't hear you. Who was the fourth President?" Ava thinks for a few moments, and then realizes that she has forgotten. This illustrates the importance of memory:

reconsolidation.

Compared to unprimed tasks, procedural memories and priming are associated with _____ activity in various brain regions, such as parts of the occipital and frontal lobes involved in visual processing and word retrieval.

reduced

Retrograde amnesia

refers to a failure to remember previously known information.

Nate is going to the grocery store to pick up a few things. He refuses to write a list, but instead repeats the eight items he intends to buy over and over in his head on the way to the store. This is an example of:

rehearsal

Penelope is going to the grocery store to pick up a few things. She refuses to write a list and instead repeats the eight items she intends to buy over and over in her mind on the way to the store. Penelope is using _____ to remember the items.

rehearsal

Nate is going to the grocery store to pick up a few things. He refuses to write a list, but instead repeats the eight items he intends to buy over and over in his head on the way to the store. This is an example of:

rehearsal.

If Xavier used rehearsal to remember a grocery list, he would:

repeat the items over and over.

The idea that information in memory may be available but inaccessible is supported by the effectiveness of:

retrieval cues.

Chata suffered brain damage to her medial temporal lobe in a bicycle accident. Now she can no longer remember things that occurred prior to her injury. Chata probably has:

retrograde amnesia.

When one remembers a well-known fact, one is using _____ memory.

semantic

When one remembers the things that one knows, one is using _____ memory. When one remembers the circumstances under which one first heard this information, one is using _____ memory.

semantic; episodic

Information in the _____ store lasts for a few seconds or less.

sensory

Before information can be transferred to short-term memory, it must first be a part of:

sensory memory.

Alejandro is trying to memorize all 26 definitions in a physics book in the two minutes before the exam. He believes that he can store all the definitions in his short-term memory. However, his short-term memory is able to hold only about _____ of the definitions.

seven

The process of chunking is limited to remembering:

seven pieces of meaningful information.

Dakota heard a phone number but did not attempt to encode it and so he could not remember it later. More than likely, the phone number never made it past his _____ memory.

short-term

Magnus meets a woman at a party. She gives Magnus her telephone number so he can call her. Magnus must enter the number into his phone right away; he has about 15 to 20 seconds before his _____ store is depleted.

short-term

Rihanna heard a phone number but did not attempt to encode it and so she could not remember it later. More than likely, the phone number never made it past her _____ memory.

short-term

Susan meets a man at a party. He gives Susan his telephone number so she can call him. Susan must enter the number into her phone right away because she has about 15 to 20 seconds before her _____ memory store is depleted.

short-term

When Harla tells an acquaintance her telephone number, she does not recite the digits one by one at a constant rate, as in "4, 4, 8, 2, 3, 4, 8, 3, 9, 2." Instead, Harla might say, "4, 4, 8 . . . 2, 3, 4 . . . 83, 92." This exemplifies chunking, a strategy to enhance _____ memory.

short-term

Roberto has a final exam tomorrow and has been studying for several hours. Some of his friends plan to pull an all-nighter. Roberto remembers what he learned about memory in his psychology course and decides that his best course of action is to:

sleep.

Diane was having lunch with her mother, and they were talking about a popular movie. They could not remember the name of the actor who starred in the movie, but Diane's mother said she thought it began with the letter "'T," and she felt like she almost "had it." Diane's mother was experiencing the _____ phenomenon.

tip-of-the-tongue

Abeer had lunch with her mother, and they talked about a popular song on the radio. They could not remember the name of the singer, but Abeer said she thought it began with the letter "J,"' and she felt like she almost "had it." Abeer was experiencing the _____ phenomenon.

tip-of-the-tongue: blocking

Phoebe's psychology professor schedules an exam for the next class but does not describe the format of the test. Phoebe studies for the exam using a multiple-choice practice test, while her friend studies using a practice test with true-or-false questions. According to the _____ principle, if the questions are true/false, Phoebe's friend should perform better on the exam than will Phoebe.

transfer - appropriate processing

Norman's psychology professor schedules an exam for the next class but does not describe the format of the test. Norman studies for the exam using a multiple-choice practice test, while his friend studies using a practice test with true-or-false questions. According to the _____ principle, if the test is a multiple-choice test, Norman should perform better on the exam than will his friend.

transfer-appropriate processing

Amberly took four years of Spanish in high school and two years of Spanish in college. Nevertheless, only a year after she graduated from college, she realizes that she remembers very little of the Spanish language. This illustrates:

transience

Yul attends his fortieth college reunion and realizes that he would have great difficulty with names if people were not wearing nametags. His inability to remember the names of people he spent so much time with 40 years earlier is MOST likely caused by _____.

transience

On a brain scan, when a woman _____ information, her left frontal lobe shows increased activity; when she _____ information, her hippocampal region shows increased activity.

tries to retrieve; successfully retrieves