Psychology Test 3
What is the advantage of applying learning approaches to the study of personality?
They can be scientifically tested.
Specific normative events are also called ________.
developmental milestones
Carl Jung referred to the ________ as the mask we adopt.
persona
In order to remember his lines for the play, Guy repeats his lines over and over again. This process is called ________.
rehearsal
Remembering ________ is a good example of episodic memory.
your first day of school
A(an) ________ begins as a one-cell structure that is created when a sperm and egg merge.
zygote
Who developed the psychosocial theory of development?
Erik Erikson
How are the principles of reciprocal determinism present in observational learning?
Personal factors determine which behaviors in the environment a person chooses to imitate.
If I am looking at a snake and processing the fear caused by the snake, what part of my brain am I using?
amygdala
The continuous development approach views development as a ________.
cumulative process
What is episodic memory?
information about events we have personally experienced
Ingrid is energized by being alone, speaks slowly and softly, and avoids attention. Carl Jung would call her a(an) ________.
introvert
When Imogene feels anxiety, she clings to her mother and father for affection and reassurance. What coping strategy is Imogene using?
moving toward people
________ development involves emotions, personality, and social relationships.
psychosocial
________ theorists attempt to explain our personality by identifying our stable characteristics and ways of behaving.
trait
Who developed social-cognitive theory?
Albert Bandura
Which of the following statements about eyewitness testimony is correct?
Eyewitness testimony is vulnerable to the power of suggestion.
The traits openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism are key components of the ________.
Five Factor Model
Who believed that our personality traits are influenced by our genetic inheritance?
Hans and Sybil Eysenck
How did Lashley develop the equipotentiality hypothesis?
He trained rats in the correct route through a maze, then deliberately damaged their brains and observed that this did not inhibit their progress through the maze.
What was the primary finding of the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart?
Identical twins, whether raised together or apart, have very similar personalities.
Who proposed the locus of control concept?
Julian Rotter
Who suggested that men have womb envy because they cannot give birth?
Karen Horney
Who believed that moral development, like cognitive development, follows a series of stages?
Lawrence Kohlberg
The ________ is composed of a series of true and false questions in order to establish an individual's clinical profile.
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI
Carl Jung's view of extroverted and introverted types serves as a basis of the ________.
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
What is the main difference between Sigmund Freud and the neo-Freudians?
Neo-Freudians reduced the emphasis on sex.
Which statement summarizes the main idea of reciprocal determinism?
Our behavior, cognitive processes, and situational context all influence each other.
Who called the stages of development psychosexual stages?
Sigmund Freud
Who developed the first comprehensive theory of personality?
Sigmund Freud
What is the main idea of the Stroop effect?
The brain's reaction time slows when it must deal with conflicting information.
Pan finds it difficult to learn the alphabet, until he hears the alphabet song. Then he can easily remember it. This is an example of ________ encoding.
acoustic
Jessica believes that she succeeds in high school because she works hard, earned a place on the basketball team because she practices constantly, and cooks well because she takes cooking classes. Julian Rotter would say that Jessica has ________.
an internal locus of control
In Albert Bandura's social-cognitive theory, behavior refers to ________.
anything an individual does that can be punished or rewarded
Many cultures have stories about a hero who goes on a quest, such as Hercules, King Arthur, and Gilgamesh. What would Carl Jung say this exemplified?
archetype
Which theory/hypothesis suggests that strong emotions trigger the formation of strong memories, and weak emotional experiences form weak memories?
arousal theory
________ is a long-standing connection or bond with others.
attachment
Which parenting style is most encouraged in modern America?
authoritative
Encoding information occurs through ________.
automatic processing and effortful processing
Marcy is 15 months old, and her father is insensitive and inattentive her needs. Marcy reacts to him the same way she reacts to a stranger—she doesn't care if he leaves the room and when he returns she is slow to notice or react. What kind of attachment is this?
avoidant
Which part of the brain is most involved in creating implicit memories?
cerebellum
Elena finds it very difficult to remember a long string of numbers, so she tries to memorize three numbers at a time. Later, she is able to repeat the numbers correctly because she grouped the numbers into more manageable groups of three. This is an example of ________.
chunking
Which of the following clearly influenced Sigmund Freud's theory of development?
climate of sexual repression
________ development involves learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity.
cognitive
The ________ refers to the common psychological tendencies that have been passed down from one generation to the next.
collective unconscious
During the ________ stage, children understand events and analogies logically, and they can perform simple mathematical operations.
concrete operational
________ is a state of being in which our thoughts about our real and ideal selves are very similar.
congruence
The formulation of new memories is sometimes called ________, and the process of bringing up old memories is called ________.
construction; reconstruction
Ina can no longer read the street signs, but she refuses to admit she needs glasses to drive. Which defense mechanism does this exemplify?
denial
Theorists who view development as ________ believe that development takes place in unique stages.
discontinuous
The ________ personality is anxious, self-conscious, artistic, thoughtful, quiet, and private.
ectomorph
Jory, a six year old, is picking out a card for his mother's birthday. He picks the card with a picture of Lightning McQueen, reasoning that since he loves Cars his mother does to. What does this exemplify?
egocentrism
Lisa puts five quarters into the parking meter every time she goes downtown. However, when asked, Lisa cannot say if the head on a quarter is facing left or right. This may be an example of ________, because Lisa never paid attention to the picture in the first place.
encoding failure
What type of memories do we consciously try to remember and recall?
explicit memories
A(an) ________ locus of control is the belief that our outcomes are outside of our control; an ________ locus of control is the belief that we control our own outcomes.
external; internal
Eli seeks attention, acts first while thinking later, and prefers verbal communication. Carl Jung would describe him as a(an) ________.
extrovert
Grasping a toy, writing with a pencil, and using a spoon are all examples of ________ motor skills.
fine
Children in the ________ stage can use abstract thinking to problem solve, look at alternative solutions, and test these solutions.
formal operational
What does nature refer to in the nature vs. nurture debate?
genes and biology
Balancing, running, and jumping are all examples of ________ motor skills.
gross
________ describes a proportion of difference among people that is attributed to genetics.
heritability
A public opinion poll was administered to 50 people before the election of President Barack Obama. Polls taken before election night showed 50% of the people polled believed Barack Obama would be elected president. After the election results, the same people were asked if they believed Barack Obama would be elected president, and this time 75% of the people said yes. This may be an example of ________ bias.
hindsight
Which part of my brain is probably damaged if I am unable to recognize basic objects around my house?
hippocampus
As the "third force" in psychology, ________ is touted as a reaction both to the pessimistic determinism of psychoanalysis and to the behaviorists' view of humans passively reacting to the environment.
humanism
Adolescents (ages 12-18) experiment with and develop a sense of who they are and what roles they want to play. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?
identity vs. confusion
When people say you never forget how to ride a bike, they are referring to ________ memory, also called non-declarative memory.
implicit
A(an) ________ complex refers to the feeling that one lacks worth and doesn't measure up to the standards of others or of society.
inferiority
Once children reach the preschool stage (ages 3-6 years), they are capable of originating activities and asserting control over their world through social interactions and play. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?
initiative vs. guilt
After age 65, most people are attempting to assess their lives and make sense of life and the meaning of their contributions. What is the primary developmental task of this stage
integrity vs. despair
Chuck was in a car accident. He wishes he could put it behind him, but every night he has dreams about it, and every time he sees a car he remembers how he felt that day. Which category of memory failure associated with the seven sins of memory is exemplified?
intrusion
People may not intend to distort facts, but ________.
it can happen in the process of retrieving old memories and combining them with new memories
During which period are sexual feelings dormant as children focus on other pursuits, such as school, friendships, hobbies, and sports?
latency
In order for a memory to go into storage (i.e., long-term memory), it has to pass through three distinct stages: sensory memory, short-term memory, and ________ memory
long-term
Dan avoids applying to college because he doubts he can succeed. He is working a retail job, but he tends to focus on the things he does wrong. In fact, he has almost no confidence in his abilities, and when he experiences a setback at work he is ready to quit. Albert Bandura would say Dan has ________.
low self-efficacy
According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model, ________.
memories are processed the same way that a computer processes information
What is the set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time?
memory
Which of the following is a way police have changed their interrogation techniques to lower the risk of false memory syndrome? Police have ________.
modified the way witnesses are questioned
When Marcos is unhappy, he is mean to other children; he calls them names and behaves aggressively toward them. He often manipulates his peers into doing what he wants. What coping strategy is Marcos using?
moving against people
According to Sigmund Freud, an adult who smokes, drinks, overeats, or bites her nails is fixated in the ________ stage of her psychosexual development.
oral
Self-efficacy is ________.
our level of confidence in our own abilities
An archetype is a ________.
pattern that exists in our collective unconscious across cultures and societies
Carissa's parents let her stay up as late as she wants. She is allowed to pick out her own clothes and decide when and what she wants to eat. Her parents act more like her friends than authority figures. What kind of parenting style is this?
permissive
________ development involves growth and changes in the body and brain, the senses, motor skills, and health and wellness.
physical
Engram refers to the ________.
physical trace of a memory
In ________ thinking, decisions are made based on situations and circumstances, and logic is integrated with emotion as adults develop principles that depend on contexts.
postformal
Elroy decided not to cheat on the exam because he would fail the class if he was caught. What stage of moral development does this exemplify?
pre-conventional
In the ________ stage, children use words and images to represent things, but they lack logical reasoning.
preoperational
When you take a multiple-choice test, you are relying on ________, a means of retrieving information out of your long-term memory storage system that helps you choose the correct answer.
recognition
After Mike does not get the job he interviewed for, he moves back in with his parents and spends his days playing video games. Which defense mechanism does this exemplify?
regression
Kenethia enjoys knitting. When she begins college, she has less time for knitting and finally stops altogether. After graduation, she wants to knit again, so she practices with her needles until she is good at it again. This is an example of ________, a means of retrieving information out of your long-term memory storage system.
relearning
Which of the following is a good example of semantic encoding?
remembering the colors of the rainbow with the acronym ROY-G-BIV
The act of getting information out of memory storage and back into conscious awareness is known as ________.
retrieval
Jason studies Spanish for three years, and then switches to Pashto. When asked to remember Spanish vocabulary he can't, instead he can only remember Pashto vocabulary. This is an example of ________ interference.
retroactive
When experiencing ________ amnesia, you experience loss of memory for events that occurred prior to the trauma. When experiencing ________ amnesia, you cannot remember new information.
retrograde; anterograde
Umberto is a one year old, and his mother is sensitive and responsive to his needs. He is distressed when his mother leaves him, and he is happy to see her when she returns. What kind of attachment is this?
secure
According to Abraham Maslow, the highest need is ________.
self-actualization
What is the tendency for an individual to have better memory for information that relates to oneself in comparison to material that has less personal relevance?
self-reference effect
Ben is asked to memorize the words canine, feline, and avian. He remembers the words by associating them with their synonyms: dog, cat, and bird. This is an example of ________ encoding.
semantic
What are the two components of declarative memory?
semantic and episodic
During Jean Piaget's ________ stage, the world is experienced through senses and actions.
sensorimotor
What kind of memory involves storage of brief events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes?
sensory
Which of the following is not a way you can use what you know about memory to help you remember the names of all 50 states?
stay up the night before your exam to maximize the amount of time you have to study
Francis takes his six-month-old daughter to daycare. A substitute provider is there, and his daughter begins crying. She clings to her father and hides her face. What does this exemplify?
stranger anxiety
Dozens of people witness a purse snatching. One of the eyewitnesses loudly yells "the man with the blue shirt did it." Later, when questioned by police, several other eyewitnesses remember the purse snatcher wearing a blue shirt, even though the purse snatcher was a woman in flowered dress. This is an example of ________: the effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories.
suggestibility
Which concept describes the effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories?
suggestibility
Which of the following was one of Alfred Adler's main contributions to personality theory?
suggesting that our birth order shapes our personality
A ________ is any environmental agent—biological, chemical, or physical—that causes damage.
teratogen
Between birth and one year, infants are dependent on their caregivers; therefore, caregivers who are responsive and sensitive to their infant's needs help their baby to develop a sense of the world as a safe, predictable place. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?
trust vs. mistrust
What is procedural memory?
type of implicit memory that stores information about how to do things
Stage theories hold that the sequence of development is ________.
universal
Felipe looks over his presentation, and he notices that some of the words are written in bold and some are written in italic. His ability to remember these differences is an example of ________ encoding.
visual
In Hippocrates theory of personality, what bodily humor was associated with choleric temperament?
yellow bile from the liver
