Public Health 203 Final
What is true about DDT's role in malaria control?
DDT is still used in some developing countries for mosquito control.
All of the following are true for hexavalent chromium except:
Does not cause respiratory problems
The creation of aerosol particles denotes
Dust, soot, and other finely divided solid and liquid particles
An example of in vitro testing for toxicology is
Experiments with cells derived from human sources
Persistent organic pollutants are typically generated in the Arctic where they are commonly found in human populations.
False
True or False? A relative risk of less than 1 means that there is no association between exposure and outcome.
False
True or False? About 51% of the world lacks safe drinking water.
False
Phthalates are added to plastics to make them more:
Flexible
A temperature inversion causes a(an)
Greater concentration of pollutants close to the earth's surface
All of the following are true about atrazine except:
Has been linked with abnormalities in humans
Identify the historical figure who was among the first to expound on the role of environmental factors in causing diseases
Hippocrates
A case-control study identified an odds ratio of 8.56. The study examined whether asthma was related to the presence of cockroach allergens in the home of individuals with asthma. What conclusion does the odds ratio in this study suggest?
Individuals exposed to cockroach allergens in their homes were more likely to have asthma
Hemochromatosis is associated with excessive buildup of
Iron
What problem may be encountered in the policy implementation stage?
Lack of government support
What problem may be encountered in the assessment/evaluation stage?
Lack of sound scientific data
In dry climates in the western U.S., the major use of water is for
Landscapes
Compared to ionizing radiation, non-ionizing radiation has:
Longer wavelengths and lower frequency
The term waste denotes
Materials that are perceived to be of negative value
Minimata disease was associated with ingestion of
Mercury
The "Golden Age of Discovery" of insecticides generally refers to what time period?
Mid 1900s
All sewage treatment plants discharging into surface waters in the United States must have what kind of permit?
National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES)
Most common effect of nickel is
Nickel allergy
If I passed through a radiation detector carrying Polonium 210 stored in a glass vial in my pocket, would the detector alarm go off?
No - Polonium 210 emits alpha radiation.
Pesticides are
None of the above - Always highly toxic to humans - All synthetic chemicals - Always the best weapon against insect pests
Landfills are the most common choice for handling municipal solid waste in all of the following regions except:
Northeast
The Texas Sharpshooter Effect illustrates
One cause of spurious or chance clustering
All of the following are true about the Air Quality Index except:
Only used to describe ozone concentrations
One of the founders of toxicology was
Paracelsus
In the U.S., disinfection of drinking water with chlorine or other methods is done to remove
Pathogenic microorganisms
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are
Persistent in the environment
Potential water hazards that are not controlled by standard drinking water treatment methods are
Pharmaceuticals
What problem may be encountered in the problem definition stage?
Poorly defined problems
Identify the correct fact about rabies
Post-exposure prophylaxis has prevented human rabies successfully.
When one chemical that is not toxic causes another chemical to become more toxic this is called:
Potentiation
Which of the following is not classified as an arboviral disease?
Rabies
According to the EPA's hazardous waste description, characteristic wastes are defined by having any of the following characteristics except:
Radioactivity
In order to decrease man-made carbon monoxide pollution we would need to
Reduce emissions from mobile sources of air pollution
Drinking water treatment involves all the following except
Removel of all dissolved chemicals
The primary stage of sewage processing involves
Settlement of suspended solids
The amount of exposure to radiation that a person receives is not affected by
Size or weight of the radioactive source
Which of the following is untrue? Chemical disease agents are
Solely the product of humankind's actions in the biosphere
The most favored method for waste management is
Source reduction
Which of the following is not likely to characterize the approach of toxicology
Studies of disease occurrence in populations according to person variables
Which of the following activities characterizes the epidemiologic approach (as opposed to the clinical approach)?
Study of cancer occurrence in populations
In class we discussed the story of Woburn, MA. What was contaminating the groundwater wells?
TCE, a organic solvent in the tanning industry
Leishmaniasis is endemic to
The Middle East
All of the following are true regarding guinea worm disease EXCEPT:
The distribution of the guinea worm vaccine led to the decline of the disease
Which of the following statements about anthrax is untrue?
The inhalational form is untreatable.
Which of the following statements is inaccurate in view of research on the association between exposure to EMF and cancer
The long-term effects are clear and definitive
The hydrological cycle is defined as
The natural cycle by which water evaporates from water bodies
Those members of the population who are capable of developing a disease or condition are known as
The population at risk
Acid rain is
The precipitation of acidic compounds formed when components of air pollution interact with other components in the air
Which of the following statements about heavy metals is true?
Their specific gravity exceeds that of water by five or more times.
Bodily injury from radiation depends on
All of the above - Exposure dose (rems) - The cumulative effects of exposure - Whether the whole body or part of the body is exposed - Individual susceptibility
The growing solid waste problem is characterized by
All of the above - Increasing amounts of MSW - Sending electronic waste to developing countries - Filling up and closing landfills in some areas of the U.S. - More garbage produced by developing countries
Methods for the control of mosquito-borne diseases include
All of the above - Monitoring the presence of viruses in sentinel chickens and birds - Removing standing water around the home - Use of mosquito-eating fish - None of the above
Lead exposure can arise from
All of the above - Paint used in toys - Certain art supplies - Gasoline sold in some countries - Household dust
The Love Canal site
All of the above - Was a notorious toxic waste site in New York State - Led to the creation of the Superfund - Was repopulated in the 1990s - Generated concerns about the health of residents who lived in the area
The existence of a dose-response relationship may be used to establish the following kinds of information
All of the above -Causal association between a toxin and biological effects -Minimum dosages needed to produce a biological effect -Rate of accumulation of harmful effects)
The concentration and toxicity of a chemical in the body are affected by
All of the above -Route of entry into the body -Received dose of the chemical -Duration of exposure -Individual sensitivity
Hill's criteria of causality include
All of the above (Strength, Consistency, Temporality, Biological Gradient)
The effects of ionizing radiation include
All of the above - damage to bodily tissues - damage to DNA - formation of ion pairs in exposed atoms - removal of orbital electrons from neutral atoms
Itai-itai disease was a form of poisoning related with
Cadmium
The symptoms of long-term exposure to lower levels of toxic metals include
Cancer
A major concern of exposure to extremely low frequency radiation has been
Childhood leukemia and brain cancers
Two countries are the largest contributors to global greenhouse gas emissions. Which two countries?
China and the United States
Which of the following statements about incineration is untrue?
Combustion removes all carcinogens and heavy metals.
Which of the following forms of radiation can penetrate up to a 2-cm layer of skin tissue?
beta particles
What is required of a person/group conducting a Health Impact Assessment?
none of the above
Factors contributing to increases in the occurrence of emerging zoonoses include
All of the above - Changes in agriculture - Environmental changes - Mass food processing technology - Urbanization
Mechanical devices for the control of industrial emissions of particulate matter do not include
CO afterburners
A community in Texas reported 92 cases of H1N1 associated influenza in 2009. Ultimately, 11 fatal cases of H1N1 occurred during this same month. There were 353 other fatalities. The CFR associated with H1N1 during April was:
11/92 × 100
During 2005, 1000 people in the town of Smoking Loon had a clinical diagnosis of lung cancer. Of these 1000 people, 200 were newly documented cases of lung cancer. What is the incidence of lung cancer during 2005 in the town of Smoking Loon?
200/total population of Smoking Loon
As of 2010, according to the National Ambient Air Quality Standards, the standard for carbon monoxide levels during an 8-hour period is
9 ppm
Smog is
A mixture of pollutants, principally ground-level ozon
The polluter-pays principle states that
A polluter should bear the expense of carrying out pollution prevention and control measures.
The microbial agent for hepatitis A is an example of
A viral pathogen
The average particle concentration in downtown Amherst is approximately 10 µg/m3. What do you think the particle concentration would be during rush hour right next to North Pleasant Street downtown?
About the same (approximately 10 µg/m3)
The love of my life
Aleksy Zofia Golemo and our 12 dogs I will reluctantly agree to get but it makes her happy so I guess I'll go get the leashes
Which of the following is not covered under the Endangered Species Act?
All are covered (Mammals, Crustaceans, Insects, Trees)
All of the following statements are true regarding hydraulic fracturing EXCEPT:
All chemicals used in fracking fluid are disclosed to the public
If grapefruit juice diminishes the effectiveness of prescription medicine, then what kind of interaction is occurring?
Antagonism
All of the following are disadvantages of hazardous chemicals except:
Are essential to the functioning of modern society
Which heavy metal caused the largest mass poisining of the population in history?
Arsenic
A scientist was recently awarded the Nobel Prize for Medicine and credited with saving over 3 million lives from malaria since 2000. What drug did she identify?
Artemisinin
In comparison with the general population, workers may receive exposures to toxic chemicals that are
At higher concentrations for longer time periods
How can the built environment encourage healthy lifestyles
B through D -By encouraging people to walk or bike more -By building rooftop and community gardens -By co-locating businesses and residences
The infectious agent for plague is a
Bacterium
The research of Muzaffer Aksoy in shoemakers showed an association between leukemia and
Benzene
The Superfund was provided for by which of the following acts
CERCLA
The most dangerous health effect linked to cell phone use is
Traffic Crashes
A state can choose to have air quality standards that are more stringent than the federal air quality standards.
True
True or False? In a case-control study, cases are those who have the outcome of interest and the controls are those who do not.
True
The portion of the optical spectrum that has been most closely associated with adverse human health effects is
UVB
The most frequently recycled materials is
Used automobile batteries
The agency responsible for environmental regulation at the international level is the
WHO
Chose the incorrect statement below. Thalidomide is an example of a drug that
Was associated with heart problems among adults
The cities of Boston and New York rely on which strategy for protecting drinking water for their communities:
Watershed protection
Risk characterization refers to the question of
What is the estimated occurrence of the adverse effect in a given population?
What is not an example of a zoonotic disease?
Whooping cough
One of the most frequent methods of exposure to beryllium is
Workers' inhalation of beryllium in metal processing industries
