Public Health 203 Final

What is true about DDT's role in malaria control?

DDT is still used in some developing countries for mosquito control.

All of the following are true for hexavalent chromium except:

Does not cause respiratory problems

The creation of aerosol particles denotes

Dust, soot, and other finely divided solid and liquid particles

An example of in vitro testing for toxicology is

Experiments with cells derived from human sources

Persistent organic pollutants are typically generated in the Arctic where they are commonly found in human populations.

False

True or False? A relative risk of less than 1 means that there is no association between exposure and outcome.

False

True or False? About 51% of the world lacks safe drinking water.

False

Phthalates are added to plastics to make them more:

Flexible

A temperature inversion causes a(an)

Greater concentration of pollutants close to the earth's surface

All of the following are true about atrazine except:

Has been linked with abnormalities in humans

Identify the historical figure who was among the first to expound on the role of environmental factors in causing diseases

Hippocrates

A case-control study identified an odds ratio of 8.56. The study examined whether asthma was related to the presence of cockroach allergens in the home of individuals with asthma. What conclusion does the odds ratio in this study suggest?

Individuals exposed to cockroach allergens in their homes were more likely to have asthma

Hemochromatosis is associated with excessive buildup of

Iron

What problem may be encountered in the policy implementation stage?

Lack of government support

What problem may be encountered in the assessment/evaluation stage?

Lack of sound scientific data

In dry climates in the western U.S., the major use of water is for

Landscapes

Compared to ionizing radiation, non-ionizing radiation has:

Longer wavelengths and lower frequency

The term waste denotes

Materials that are perceived to be of negative value

Minimata disease was associated with ingestion of

Mercury

The "Golden Age of Discovery" of insecticides generally refers to what time period?

Mid 1900s

All sewage treatment plants discharging into surface waters in the United States must have what kind of permit?

National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES)

Most common effect of nickel is

Nickel allergy

If I passed through a radiation detector carrying Polonium 210 stored in a glass vial in my pocket, would the detector alarm go off?

No - Polonium 210 emits alpha radiation.

Pesticides are

None of the above - Always highly toxic to humans - All synthetic chemicals - Always the best weapon against insect pests

Landfills are the most common choice for handling municipal solid waste in all of the following regions except:

Northeast

The Texas Sharpshooter Effect illustrates

One cause of spurious or chance clustering

All of the following are true about the Air Quality Index except:

Only used to describe ozone concentrations

One of the founders of toxicology was

Paracelsus

In the U.S., disinfection of drinking water with chlorine or other methods is done to remove

Pathogenic microorganisms

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are

Persistent in the environment

Potential water hazards that are not controlled by standard drinking water treatment methods are

Pharmaceuticals

What problem may be encountered in the problem definition stage?

Poorly defined problems

Identify the correct fact about rabies

Post-exposure prophylaxis has prevented human rabies successfully.

When one chemical that is not toxic causes another chemical to become more toxic this is called:

Potentiation

Which of the following is not classified as an arboviral disease?

Rabies

According to the EPA's hazardous waste description, characteristic wastes are defined by having any of the following characteristics except:

Radioactivity

In order to decrease man-made carbon monoxide pollution we would need to

Reduce emissions from mobile sources of air pollution

Drinking water treatment involves all the following except

Removel of all dissolved chemicals

The primary stage of sewage processing involves

Settlement of suspended solids

The amount of exposure to radiation that a person receives is not affected by

Size or weight of the radioactive source

Which of the following is untrue? Chemical disease agents are

Solely the product of humankind's actions in the biosphere

The most favored method for waste management is

Source reduction

Which of the following is not likely to characterize the approach of toxicology

Studies of disease occurrence in populations according to person variables

Which of the following activities characterizes the epidemiologic approach (as opposed to the clinical approach)?

Study of cancer occurrence in populations

In class we discussed the story of Woburn, MA. What was contaminating the groundwater wells?

TCE, a organic solvent in the tanning industry

Leishmaniasis is endemic to

The Middle East

All of the following are true regarding guinea worm disease EXCEPT:

The distribution of the guinea worm vaccine led to the decline of the disease

Which of the following statements about anthrax is untrue?

The inhalational form is untreatable.

Which of the following statements is inaccurate in view of research on the association between exposure to EMF and cancer

The long-term effects are clear and definitive

The hydrological cycle is defined as

The natural cycle by which water evaporates from water bodies

Those members of the population who are capable of developing a disease or condition are known as

The population at risk

Acid rain is

The precipitation of acidic compounds formed when components of air pollution interact with other components in the air

Which of the following statements about heavy metals is true?

Their specific gravity exceeds that of water by five or more times.

Bodily injury from radiation depends on

All of the above - Exposure dose (rems) - The cumulative effects of exposure - Whether the whole body or part of the body is exposed - Individual susceptibility

The growing solid waste problem is characterized by

All of the above - Increasing amounts of MSW - Sending electronic waste to developing countries - Filling up and closing landfills in some areas of the U.S. - More garbage produced by developing countries

Methods for the control of mosquito-borne diseases include

All of the above - Monitoring the presence of viruses in sentinel chickens and birds - Removing standing water around the home - Use of mosquito-eating fish - None of the above

Lead exposure can arise from

All of the above - Paint used in toys - Certain art supplies - Gasoline sold in some countries - Household dust

The Love Canal site

All of the above - Was a notorious toxic waste site in New York State - Led to the creation of the Superfund - Was repopulated in the 1990s - Generated concerns about the health of residents who lived in the area

The existence of a dose-response relationship may be used to establish the following kinds of information

All of the above -Causal association between a toxin and biological effects -Minimum dosages needed to produce a biological effect -Rate of accumulation of harmful effects)

The concentration and toxicity of a chemical in the body are affected by

All of the above -Route of entry into the body -Received dose of the chemical -Duration of exposure -Individual sensitivity

Hill's criteria of causality include

All of the above (Strength, Consistency, Temporality, Biological Gradient)

The effects of ionizing radiation include

All of the above - damage to bodily tissues - damage to DNA - formation of ion pairs in exposed atoms - removal of orbital electrons from neutral atoms

Itai-itai disease was a form of poisoning related with

Cadmium

The symptoms of long-term exposure to lower levels of toxic metals include

Cancer

A major concern of exposure to extremely low frequency radiation has been

Childhood leukemia and brain cancers

Two countries are the largest contributors to global greenhouse gas emissions. Which two countries?

China and the United States

Which of the following statements about incineration is untrue?

Combustion removes all carcinogens and heavy metals.

Which of the following forms of radiation can penetrate up to a 2-cm layer of skin tissue?

beta particles

What is required of a person/group conducting a Health Impact Assessment?

none of the above

Factors contributing to increases in the occurrence of emerging zoonoses include

All of the above - Changes in agriculture - Environmental changes - Mass food processing technology - Urbanization

Mechanical devices for the control of industrial emissions of particulate matter do not include

CO afterburners

A community in Texas reported 92 cases of H1N1 associated influenza in 2009. Ultimately, 11 fatal cases of H1N1 occurred during this same month. There were 353 other fatalities. The CFR associated with H1N1 during April was:

11/92 × 100

During 2005, 1000 people in the town of Smoking Loon had a clinical diagnosis of lung cancer. Of these 1000 people, 200 were newly documented cases of lung cancer. What is the incidence of lung cancer during 2005 in the town of Smoking Loon?

200/total population of Smoking Loon

As of 2010, according to the National Ambient Air Quality Standards, the standard for carbon monoxide levels during an 8-hour period is

9 ppm

Smog is

A mixture of pollutants, principally ground-level ozon

The polluter-pays principle states that

A polluter should bear the expense of carrying out pollution prevention and control measures.

The microbial agent for hepatitis A is an example of

A viral pathogen

The average particle concentration in downtown Amherst is approximately 10 µg/m3. What do you think the particle concentration would be during rush hour right next to North Pleasant Street downtown?

About the same (approximately 10 µg/m3)

The love of my life

Aleksy Zofia Golemo and our 12 dogs I will reluctantly agree to get but it makes her happy so I guess I'll go get the leashes

Which of the following is not covered under the Endangered Species Act?

All are covered (Mammals, Crustaceans, Insects, Trees)

All of the following statements are true regarding hydraulic fracturing EXCEPT:

All chemicals used in fracking fluid are disclosed to the public

If grapefruit juice diminishes the effectiveness of prescription medicine, then what kind of interaction is occurring?

Antagonism

All of the following are disadvantages of hazardous chemicals except:

Are essential to the functioning of modern society

Which heavy metal caused the largest mass poisining of the population in history?

Arsenic

A scientist was recently awarded the Nobel Prize for Medicine and credited with saving over 3 million lives from malaria since 2000. What drug did she identify?

Artemisinin

In comparison with the general population, workers may receive exposures to toxic chemicals that are

At higher concentrations for longer time periods

How can the built environment encourage healthy lifestyles

B through D -By encouraging people to walk or bike more -By building rooftop and community gardens -By co-locating businesses and residences

The infectious agent for plague is a

Bacterium

The research of Muzaffer Aksoy in shoemakers showed an association between leukemia and

Benzene

The Superfund was provided for by which of the following acts

CERCLA

The most dangerous health effect linked to cell phone use is

Traffic Crashes

A state can choose to have air quality standards that are more stringent than the federal air quality standards.

True

True or False? In a case-control study, cases are those who have the outcome of interest and the controls are those who do not.

True

The portion of the optical spectrum that has been most closely associated with adverse human health effects is

UVB

The most frequently recycled materials is

Used automobile batteries

The agency responsible for environmental regulation at the international level is the

WHO

Chose the incorrect statement below. Thalidomide is an example of a drug that

Was associated with heart problems among adults

The cities of Boston and New York rely on which strategy for protecting drinking water for their communities:

Watershed protection

Risk characterization refers to the question of

What is the estimated occurrence of the adverse effect in a given population?

What is not an example of a zoonotic disease?

Whooping cough

One of the most frequent methods of exposure to beryllium is

Workers' inhalation of beryllium in metal processing industries