Public Speaking

Patterns of Organizing Main Points

1. Chronological Order: main points follow time of pattern. 2. Spacial Order: Follow a directional Pattern. 3. Casual Order: Show a cause-effect relationship. 4. Problem-Solution Order: First deals with existence of a problem, second presents a solution to the problem. 5. Topical Order: Divide topic into logical and consistent subtopics.

Specific Purpose

A single infinitive phrase that states precisely what a speaker hopes to accomplish in his or her speech.

Example

A specific cased used to illustrate or represent a group of people, ideas, conditions, experiences, or the like.

Connective

A word or phrase that connects the ideas of a speech and indicates the relationship among them.

Question of Policy Examples

Arise daily in almost everything we do. What to do during spring vacation, whether to buy a new laptop or not. Deal with specific courses of action.

Methods of Questioning Your Audience

Ask a rhetorical question. In some cases you may want to pose a series of questions that draws the audience deeper and deeper into the speech. Making sure to pause for a moment after each question.

Demographic Audience Analysis

Audience analysis that focuses on demographic factors such as age, gender, religion, sexual orientation, group membership, and racial, ethnic, or cultural background.

Situational Audience Analysis

Audience analysis that focuses on situational factors such as the size of the audience, physical setting, and the disposition of the audience toward the topic, the speaker, and the occasion.

Aristotle's Three Modes of Persuasion

Building credibility, using evidence, reasoning.

Lucas' 2 Components of Credibility

Competence - how the audience regards a speaker's intelligence and expertise of the subject. Character - How the audience regard's a speaker's sincerity, trustworthiness, and concern for well-bring of the audience.

Stereotypes

Creating an oversimplified image of a particular group of people, usually by assuming that all members of the group are alike.

Guidelines for Speaking to Inform

Don't overestimate what the audience nows, relate the subject directly to the audience, Don't be to technical, avoid abstractions, personalize your ideas, be creative.

Where do we find commemorative speeches?

Eulogies, Fourth of July Speeches, dedications.

Guidelines for creating tribute speeches

Express feelings, stir sentiments, anticipation and good wishes at a commencement celebration, amen and consolation at a funeral, admiration and respect at a testimonial dinner. (?)

Functions/objectives of an introduction.

Get the attention and interest of your audience, reveal the topic of your speech, establish your credibility, preview the body of the speech.

Functions of a conclusion

Let the audience know you are ending the speech, reinforce the audience's understanding of the central idea.

Preparing/Selecting Main Points

Main points may be obvious from specific purpose. May come in the form of basic steps. May also emerge through research and evaluating findings.

Statistics

Numerical Data.

Types of Informative Speeches

Objects, concepts, processes, and events.

Commemorative Speech Purpose

Pays tribute to a person, a group of people, an institution, or an idea. To arouse and heighten the audiences appreciation of or admiration for the person.

Similarities and Differences between speaking and preparation outlines.

Preparation outline states specific purpose and central ideas, labels intro, body, conclusion, and gives transitions. Identifies main points and subpoints Speaking outline should contain key words or phrases to jog memory, and also give essential statistics and quotations.

Preview/Summary

Provide a smooth lead in to the body of the speech. Can give definitions or background the audience would need to know in listening to the rest of the speech. Preview the main points.

Benefits of Organized Messages/Speeches

Provides coherence for listeners. Is closely connected to critical thinking.

Three types of persuasive speeches

Question of fact, question of value, question of policy.

Testimony

Questions or paraphrases used to support a point.

Four Methods of Delivery

Reading from manuscript, reciting from memory, speaking impromptu, speaking extemporaneously.

Attention-Getting Methods/Vivid Endings

Relate the topic to the audience, state the importance you your topic, startle the audience, arouse curiosity, question the audience, begin with a quote, tell a story. Make a dramatic statement.

Credibility

The audience's perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic. A matter of being (perceived) qualified to speak on a given topic.

Goodwill

The audience's perception of whether the speaker has the best interests of the audience in mind. Important outside the classroom where speakers have a reputation.

General Purpose

The broad goal of a speech.

Supporting Materials

The materials used to support a speaker's ideas. The three major kinds of supporting materials are examples, statistics, and testimony.

Persuasion

The process of creating, reinforcing, or changing people's beliefs or actions.

Frame of Reference

The some of a person's knowledge, experience, goals, values and attitudes. No two people can have exactly there same frame of reference.

Egocentrism

The tendency of people to be concerned above all with their own values, beliefs, and well-being.

Structuring the body of a speech

Three Main Points?

Circular Conclusion

Tie back to introduction.

Importance of language in commemorative speeches

Use language imaginatively to invest the occasion with dignity, meaning and honest emotion. Metaphor, simile, parallelism...

Guidelines for Using Statistics

Use statistics to quantify your ideas, use statistics sparingly, identify the sources of your statistics, explain your statistics, round off complicated statistics, and use visual aids to clarify statistical trends.

Vocal Delivery Elements

Volume, pitch, inflections, rate, pauses, vocal variety, pronunciation, dialect, articulation.

Question of Fact examples

What college basketball team has won the most games since 2000? Who was the first African American to sit on the US supreme court? Will the economy be better or worse next year? IS there intelligent life in other parts of the solar system?

Question of Value Examples

What is the best movie of all time? What are the ethical responsibilities of journalists?

Reasons for Outlining

You make sure that related ideas are together, that thoughts flow from one to another, and that the structure of the speech is coherent.

Partition Statement

central idea/thesis statement.