Public Speaking Final Review

Dimensions of a speaking situation Audience def: audience analysis includes:

*audience analysis: an assesment of members of the audience's identities, interests, and beliefs that can help the speaker shape their message 1. Prior survey: demographic survey (a written document that asks the audience to provide the speaker with information about the audience's race, class, gender identity, sexual orientation, or other similar information 2. Prior survey: informant survey (reaching out to the speech organizer and asking that person for their assessment of the likely audience makeup) 3. During speech: visual survey (quickly judging for him or herself purely on what they can see, what kinds of people are in attendance at his speech) 4. During speech: hand survey (speaker asks the audience to raise their hand if they fall into a particular category or have had a particular experience

things needed for siting sources: (4)

-In-text citation: written indication in a speech text of who is the original source of an idea, paraphrase, or quotation -Parenthetical references: describe reference information placed inside parentheses at the end of a quote, idea, paraphrase, or paragraph -Works cited: a page or a few pages at the end of your outline that lists all your sources used through the speech and how to locate them -Verbal citations: vocalized cues given to an audience to inform them where a statement or idea in a speech originated

Using Speaking aids safely and ethically

-Timely use of speaking aids -Space and occasion appropriate -Distraction-free speaking aids -Safe and legal speaking aids

commemorative speaking

a speech that praises a person or action as exemplary of a community value

Myths about Public Speaking (8)

1. Everybody is naturally a good communicator 2. Either you have it or you don't: we all can become better speakers 3. Public speaking is just reading aloud 4. Substance without style or style over substance: need both 5. Speed solves everything 6. Procrastination 7. "Wing it" 8. Picturing the audience naked

Effective strategies for managing public speaking anxiety: Anticipate and relieve stress

1. Be well rested 2. Eat healthy, consistently, and strategically 3. Provide an outlet for existing stress

Effective strategies for managing public speaking anxiety

1. Being confident in what you're going to say 2. Be as in control as possible 3. get to know the audience and environment 4. anticipate and relieve stress 5. Introduce comfort items 6. Be realistic

Things that can aggravate the policy speaking process: (5)

1. Confirmation bias: people's tendency to take evidence that confirms their existing views at face value while being highly critical and suspicious of information that challenges their existing view of an issue 2. Partisanship: knee-jerk belief that the best policy is whatever policy is advocated for those who share my political affiliation 3. Policy as identity: people process information about the world so that it confirms their own ideas about who they are 4. Intolerance and security: people's psychological tendency to demand strict traditionalism, security, and limitations or permissiveness and change in the face of perceived risk to themselves and their values 5. The "backfire effect": correcting a person's misperceptions about a policy actually leads them to believe that misperception more deeply

public speaking as cultural

1. Cultures: socially created practices and values for understanding the world 2. Differences: how we use our hands, eye contact, structures

Dimensions of Delivery (8)

1. Eye contact: visual connection we make with individual audience members in order to enrich our verbal messaging 2. Facial Expressions: the ways in which we contort, shape, or keep at ease our faces to convey contextual cues to our audience 3. Articulation, Pronunciation, Rate -Articulation: the ability to harness our tongues, throats, and mouths in different ways to make crip, clean words that are understandable to our audiences -Pronunciation: the proper saying of a word or words according to the established norms of a given language -Rate: the speed with which a speaker delivers their speech 4. Vocal variety: pleasing modulation of tone in a speaker's voice during the delivery of a speech 5. Posture: manner in which we arrange our upper body in a communication situation 6. Breathing and volume: the capacity to speak with increasing and decreasing projection during a speech 7. Gestures: meaningful and often intentional arrangements of the hands, arms, and fingers in the course of a speech to add value to the words with which they correspond -Emphatic: benign use of hand -Illustrative: gesture has a meaning for speech 8. Proxemics: the ways in which speakers use space to advance their speaking situation

things to consider on the manuscript

1. Font size 2. Numbered pages 3. Phonetic spellings 4. Delivery notes 5. Identify stylistic devices 6. Teleprompters: screens positioned near a speaker but out of sight of the audience that scroll through the speech text as the speaker delivers their address

Mistakes in speaking across difference (8)

1. Generalizing our experience: we assume our own experience in the world has been the same as everyone else's experiences. (consciously or subconsciously) 2. Bias: the interpretation of the world in a way that only reflects our own limited experiences 3. Stereotyping: projection of a bias onto a category or group of people so that we assume all people in a group act, think or believe in the same way 4. Ethnocentrism: the belief that one's own culture is superior to others 5. Speaking for others: treating people like objects rather than subjects (mindful, thoughtful people in the world who can act, think, and speak on their own) 6. Only seeing one side of a person: when we place people in one of two categories, we risk only seeing a small faction of many complex parts of a person's life 7. Defensive speaking and listening: when a speaker or audience feels they will be met with hostility they become defensive 8. Disengagement: an attempt to flee difference and to keep ourselves from having to acknowledge or consider other people in the world

Effective strategies for managing public speaking anxiety: Get to know the audience and environment

1. Get to know the audience 2. Visit your speech site in advance

types of plagiarism

1. Global: taking of another person's complete work and attempting to pass it off as your own 2. Incremental: taking of a short line or small amount of information from another person's work without appropriately quoting or citing that material 3. Patchwork: taking the statements or ideas from any different people's work and combining them into your own without properly citing them 4. Self-plagiarism: unauthorized reuse of one's own work in multiple places or publication outlets

warrent types

1. Induction: reasoning that uses a number of specific causes to draw a general conclusion or claim -Connecting a good quantity of examples and draws them from a single, overarching take away 2. Deduction: uses a general principle to reason what happened in a particular case 3. Cause: showing that a person, event or object reasonably produced a change in the world -Warrant by drawing a connection between the evidence of certain conditions in the world and what they produced 4. Analogy: a form of reasoning that works by identifying the same kind of relationship between multiple kinds of persons, objects, events or items 5. Sign: by pointing to something that signifies the presence of something else -"Where there's smoke there's fire"

6 basic form of communication

1. Intrapersonal communication: communication that takes place within a person's own mind, primarily through thinking and internal dialogue 2. Interpersonal communication: communication that takes place between 2 or 3 people and typically concerns the creation, maintenance of delusion of personal relationships 3. Group communication: communication that takes place among a small group of people (teams) and is often focused on the completion of a task 4. Organizational communication: communication that takes place within and between large institutions and their members 5. Mass communication: communication that takes place through media of many kinds, including TV, film, social or print media, and is transmitted to large audiences 6. Public communication: communication that takes place between a speaker and an audience with the aim of engaging that audience on a topic of shared concern about the public interest

Structure of a speech

1. Introduction: relatively short opening to a speech in which the speaker prepares the audience to listen to and be engaged with the speech -Attention getter: statement at the beginning of a speech to end audience distraction and draw their focus -Thesis statement -Relevance statement: tells the audience that the topic under discussion will have consequence for their lives -Credibility statement: a way for the speaker to show the audience that she knows about the topic she will speak on through research or experience -Preview statement: tells the audience what the speaker will be talking about in the next few minutes to give them both a sense of what is to come and to get the audience excited about what follows 2. Body of the Speech: bulk of a speech in which the speaker makes arguments, presents evidence, and develops claims to move the audience -Main points -Subpoints -Transitions: words or phrases that connect one main point to the next main point in a fluid and clear way 3. Conclusion: intentional ending of a speech that prepares the audience to think about the speech one last time before it is complete -Final signpost: rhetorical tools that let the audience know where we are in the course of speech -Summary: short reminder of your thesis and main points -Strong finish: lays out what the speaker wants the audience to do at the end of the speech

Strategies for speaking across difference (7)

1. Listen to criticism, admit mistakes, and grow 2. Use inclusive language: use terms and phrases that include, invited and represent the widest number of people possible 3. Speak for YOURSELF and invite others to speak 4. Take up less time and space 5. Be open-minded: the willingness of a speaker or listener to hear views, perspectives, and beliefs that are different from their own and fully consider them before accepting or dismissing them 6. Be self-reflective: ability of a speaker or listener to recognize when they are acting uncritically in communication situation and to investigate why that is. 7. Ask questions but do your work first: it is not the responsibility of those different from you to educate you

public speaking as goal oriented includes (4 parts)

1. Major goals: small, targeted tasks that the speaker hopes to achieve over the course of a speech in order to improve its effectiveness 2. Primary goal: single, focused overarching achievement the speaker hopes to attain with her audience by the end of the speech in order to be successful 3. Persuade: encourage the audience to think about an issue or see the world in a way advocated by the speaker 4. *Thesis statement: single, declarative sentence in which speaker makes the central, overarching argument of their entire speech

Need/Plan/Practicality

1. Need: a public problem that currently exists, needs fixing and relates to the specific audience at hand -Parts: problem, population affected, severity, dangers involved if problem not solved 2. Plan: must advocate a particular plan -Plan must be Explained clearly and plainly State who will enforce the plan Discuss funding, if necessary 3. Practicality: whether or not the plan is feasible given the current situation -Parts: Describe how or to what extent the plan cures the need Weight advantages and disadvantages Address counterarguments

Effective strategies for managing public speaking anxiety: Being confident in what you're going to say

1. Pick a topic you know and care about 2. Prepare in advance 3. Practice, practice, practice 4. Give yourself flexibility in your speech

Need to avoid rejecting political correctness and demanding safe space

1. Political correctness: refers to the belief that language and behaviors that offend marginalized communities in given society should be curtailed and replaced with statements and acts that affirm these communities' place in that society 2. Safe spaces to brave spaces: Safe spaces: locations, places, and sites in the world in which individuals and communities can take refuge from opinions, expectations, and assumptions other people make about them *Public speaking situations are not safe spaces but brave spaces Brave spaces: sites in which "we emphasize the need for courage rather than the illusion of safety" in public discourse

Tips for facilitating a dialogue

1. Prepare dialogue questions in advance 2. Ask open-ended questions: questions that can be answered with complete sentences and thoughts 3. Pause for participation 4. Encourage wide participation 5. Encourage the audience to use the language of the speech 6. Actively ask for opposing viewpoints 7. Actively seek out values that you did not mention

Organizing for persuasion (4)

1. Problem-solution 2. Problem-cause-solution 3. Comparative Advantage 4. Monroe's Motivated Sequence -Attention step -Need step -Satisfaction step -Visualization step -Action step

Why minimize public speaking anxiety?

1. Public speaking remains a highly sought-after skill in today's workforce 2. You can actually scare yourself into doing worse in a speech if you let your anxieties get out of control 3. If people don't take steps to manage their public speaking anxiety, they can start to actively avoid public speaking situations in the future

Strategies for persuasion

1. Relevance and engagement 2. Repetition 3. Empathy and perspective-taking 4. Moral reframing: using the audience's moral perspectives to persuade them to adopt a different policy position 5. Anticipation counterarguments and disadvantages: preemptive admission and refutation of limitations to our policy

Effective strategies for managing public speaking anxiety: Be as in control as possible

1. Select the date and time of your speech 2. Select the order of your speech 3. Know your speech requirements

Standard model of communication parts

1. Sender: a person or institution that initiates a communication interaction 2. Message: a form of symbolic representation (a statement, question, exclamation) that contains info of an inquiry from the sender to another party 3. Encoding: the work that a sender does to a message to put it into a format appropriate for communication in a particular situation 4. Channels: forms and media in which messages travel through Receiver: person, persons, or institution for which the sender prepares a message and from whom the sender expects a response 5. Decoding: the work the receiver or receivers do to translate the speakers encoding into a format they can interpret and understand 6. Feedback: verbal and nonverbal signals a receiver provides a sender in the course of communication 7. Noise: anything that interferes with the successful transmission of a message

Impromptu speaking def what is needed

1. Speak on the basics for a general audience 2. Speak about your experience 3. Speak from the heart 4. Use common topoi

Why use a speaker aid?

1. Speaking aids amplify your message to the whole person 2. Orality does not convey all messages equally well 3. Speaking aids can emphasize key points 4. Speaking aids can facilitate action beyond your speech 5. Speaking aids create a more inclusive experience

Dimensions of a speaking situation Occasion

1. The event or moment that a speech is meant to mark 2. Decorum: a degree of style and formality that a speech should have to be considered appropriate for a certain situation

Dimensions of a speaker situation Time

1. Time of day 2. Time of year 3. Time during the program 4. Time allotted

Real world commemorative speech examples

1. Toast: a very brief speech made with a raised beverage in which the speaker celebrates an accomplishment or gathering 2. Introductory remarks: short speech that introduces and celebrates the main speaker of an event 3. Acceptance speech 4. Commencement address: longer speeches that celebrate the educational attainment of a group of students 5. Eulogy: speech in celebration of the life of the deceased 6. Dedication: an address that names a memorial, site, or space in honor of someone else

public speaking anxiety can cause:

1. Trait anxiety: produce anxiousness around general categories of human experience because of our distinct personalities or experiences 2. State anxieties: anxiety about communication that is linked to a particular situation, circumstance, or moment

Things that can make an argument poor, weak or ineffective (4)

1. Unclear arguments: arguments that should fail because the speaker does not clearly state their case in a manner the audience can follow 2. Unsupported arguments: speaker has not provided any or enough good-quality support to make their claim successful 3. Unethical arguments: the speaker's argument calls for or is done via unethical or immoral behavior 4. Arguments made on the wrong terms: speaker made a strong case but in the wrong context

Kinds of speaking aids

1. Visual aids: aid that appeals to the audience in visual forms in order to convey, emphasize, or amplify the verbal message of a speech -Not every speech or speech situation benefits from these tools -Does not mean that the screen is the only visual format we should consider -Other forms Tour Sight of original objects 2. Audio aids: speaking aids that appeal to the audience's sense of hearing in ways beyond the speaker's voice 3. Haptic aids: speaking aids that rely on touch, textures, and the ability to encounter the authentic and genuine 4. Olfactory aid: a speaking aid that relies on the audience's sense of smell to advance the speaker's message 5. Environmental aids: kinds of speaking aids that can be pointed to or invoked in the space a speech is delivered in 5. Digital aids: speaking aids that call upon the power, resources, and interconnectivity of the internet to advance a message or position in public speaking -Can gain attention and participation, illustrate and connect

Things to do with notecards

1. Write on your notecards clearly and legibly 2. Number your cards in the proper order 3. Use smaller cards 4. Use keywords 5. Keep notecards out of your face

things to keep in mind with research

1. You and your network 2. Unrestricted online research: online research through a generic search tool that gives the researcher access to free content on the internet Checks: -Checking the URL -Watching out for advertisements -Checking out the quality of the web design -Checking for an "about" section 3. Restricted online research: online research conducted through libraries and databases that are not accessible to the general public for free 4. The news media -Political bias: general slant in reporting that favors either the political right or left in implicit ways -Infotainment: describes online and TV personalities that use the news to produce content to entertain, enrage, or work up audiences for profit -INFOTAINMERS ARE NOT JOURNALISTS

dimensions of a speaking situation (six)

1. speaker 2. audience 3. occasion 4. time 5. place 6. immediacy

sites for effective researching: academic vs. non-academic sources

Academic Sources: research that is produced by professional scholars and published in peer-reviewed academic outlets Non-academic sources: ideas, reporting, and opinions from writes, critics, leaders, and community members that express their viewpoint or experience

Logical Fallacies

Ad hominem bandwagon slippery slope what-about-ism false dilemma false cause hasty generalization red herring strawman

Claims def types

Def: a statement that conveys a person's sense of how the world is or how it should be Types 1. Thesis statement: single, declarative sentence in which the speaker makes the central, overarching argument for their entire speech 2. Main points: the claims that undergird and support our thesis statement 3. Subpoints: the smaller claims we make about the world in support of our main point

Plagiarism and citing sources

Citing sources: crediting the original ideas and expression of a speaker or author to that person Plagiarism: the act of representing the work of another person, persons, or institution as your own

Common Topois with impromptu speaking topoi definition (3)

Common Topoi's : common lines of argument that a good speaker can go to that are applicable for almost any topic or subject matter 1.Possible/impossible: is the policy or event under discussion possible to do? Or is it impossible? 2. Cause and effect: what caused this topic of discussion? Or what effect might it have if implemented or constrained 3. Past fact/future fact: does our past experience with the topic of conversation tell us something about its current experience? About how we should handle these issues in the future

Speaking for Eloquence def Tropes

Def: a style of speaking in which the speaker uses beautiful, poetic, and complex, language in order to inspire the audience to action Tropes: 1. Metaphor: comparisons between two things with similar qualities in order to explain or simplify one of those things 2. Simile: another form of comparison between two distinct things, this time with the explicit use of the words "like" or "as" 3. Alliteration: repetition of an initial sound across a set of words in a sentence 4. Parallelism: repetition of a particular wording across multiple, adjacent sentence

Speaking for Clarity def Tropes

Def: a style of speech in which the speaker uses simple words, basic sentence structure, and ample definitions in order to teach the audience about something they do not know Tropes: 1. Definition: the act of explaining each significant term in the course of a speech in order to make sure it is understood in the same way 2. Directness: speaking to the point at hand without evasion or digression 3. Simplicity: keep things simple

Public speaking as a form of free expression definition exceptions

Def: exercise of the human right to share ideas and opinions with others without interference from governments or other forms of authority Exceptions: Incitement: speech that advocates the use of force in a lawless, and immediate way defamation : a knowingly false statement made in public that harms the reputation of another person or entity Slander: defamation in speech Libel: defamation in print or visual media

Speaking for Inclusion and Affirmation def Parts

Def: speaking in a way that makes all the members of our diverse, pluralistic audience feel acknowledged, welcomed and valued by the speaker Parts: 1. Avoid offensive terms, names, and phrases 2. Avoid social justice elitism: in our efforts to show how open-minded and committed to justice we are, speakers can pack their speeches with highly selective, overly-complex, and unexplained terms about social justice 3. Use gender-neutral language: speaker intentionally uses a diverse set of differently gendered or gender-less pronouns, phrases, and examples to make their claims 4. Use ability-inclusive language: words and phrases that do not discriminate on the basis of ability 5. Use community-preferred terminology: referring to people or communities that may be different from you by the names or terms that that community has identified as acceptable or preferred 6. Use preferred names and pronouns

Speaking for entertainment def Tropes

Def: speaking style that uses complex word play and ambiguity in order to given an audience a sense of joy Tropes: 1. Ambiguity: undefined, unclear, a vague description of a situation 2. Irony: trope in which the speaker implies a meaning different or opposite of the literal meaning 3. Self-deprecation: the mocking or poking fun at oneself in order to make a larger entertaining commentary about the world

Getting defensive about difference

Defensive positions: *either people assume that any and all words and actions by someone different from them is meant to harm them OR *people assume that all concern about difference is pointless, whiny, or unsubstantiated

Delivering a speech The body and public speaking

First, delivery is a full-body experience Second, we are more than are bodies Third, different bodies love different approaches to delivery

language def key concepts

Language: should be understood as one of the most prevalent symbolic systems human beings use to create and share meaning about their world and ultimately to change it Key concepts with language: 1. Languages are systems 2. Languages are symbolic systems 3. Language is used to create and share meaning about our world 4. Language is used to change the world

moral and ethical speakers...

Reject hate speech Reject demagoguery Reject baseless claims

What is public deliberation?

Public deliberation: a form of communication that features open spaces for citizens to come together, good and fair information to help structure the conversation, and skilled facilitators to guide the process Deliberation: mindful and thorough investigation of public problems and policy solutions through speech

Public speaking as moral and ethical morals ethics values

Morals: personal and consistent principles that individuals use to determine what is good and bad Ethics: socially-defined expectation of good and bad behavior, which are almost always variable by context Values: Accuracy honesty Transparency Empathy Vulnerability Accountability Authenticity Consistency

ordering of a speech ordering patterns

Ordering patterns: prefabricated methods of ordering points that are applied to the entirety of a speech 1. Chronological pattern: ordering your main points by time, step or process I.e. in order to counteract foreign meddling we need to first admit the problem, and second identify our weakness 2. Spatial pattern: ordering main points by location juxtaposition, or hierarchy I.e. to better explain how the new corporate policy affects employees, I will talk about its effects for upper, middle, and lower management 3. Circular pattern: ordering your main points as proceeding through a cycle or by returning to the beginning I.e. in today's speech, I will discuss how smart micro-lending policies can not only empower women in rural communities but also prompt broader and more inclusive micro-lending in the years that follow initial investment 4. Narrative pattern: ordering your main points as a story

ordering of a speech ordering principles

Ordering principles: general rules about order that are shaped by human psychology and experience 1. The primary principle: whichever point or idea in your speech is the strongest or most important should go first 2. The recency principle: whichever point or idea in your speech is the strongest or most important should go last

Outlines def what it needs 2 types things to keep in mind

Outlines: a written page-sized document that organizes information and ideas for the delivery of an extemporaneous speech What it needs: -Section headers -Points and sub-points -Coordinating numbers and letters -In-text citations and a works cited 2 types 1. Preparation outline: an outline that includes a complete accounting of all the information the speaker wants to provide in his or her speech, in full and complete sentences 2. Keyword outline: an abbreviated version of the preparation outline that includes key words, phrases, ideas, and evidence that can jog the speaker's mind and facilitates a truly extemporaneous speech marking delivery Things to keep in mind 1. Use a large, readable font 2. Keep your pages unstapled 3. Number your pages 4. Keep the outline on the podium 5. Don't fiddle with the page

memory tools with manuscript speaking

Preparation in writing Practice, practice, practice Oral style

What is public speaking?

Speech by, in, and for the public

organizational elements

Structure: parts of a speech that do particular tasks and work together to achieve the goal of the speech Order: the manner in which the component structures of a speech are arranged to achieve a particular speech's goal

Language and Style Symbols def Semantic Triangle of Meaning

Symbols: written, spoken or visual representations that stand in for or represent something else *Semantic triangle of meaning: -Shows meaning is actually made in language when one person uses a word (symbol) that represents a thought about a thing that exist in the world (referent)

Logical Fallacies: Strawman

a speaker intentionally mischaracterizes the position of their opponent and then attacks their opponent for that position i.e. "Politician A: I believe that abortion should be safe, legal, and rare" "Politician B: So you admit that you want unfettered access to abortion to everyone at the drop of a hat with no moral or ethical limitations and no concern for the health and safety of moth or child? Shame on you for your callous disregard for human life and decency"

extemporaneous speaking

a speech delivered with preparation from a loose set of notes and ideas

Policy speaking:

a speech in which the speaker identifies a problem of public concern and advocated a particular course of action or minimize that problem -Advocating for a particular position

Communication apprehension:

a broad term for the man types of anxieties people have about communication generally

warrent definition

a form of reasoning that connects evidence to a claim

Standard model of communication definition

a holistic attempt to account for the major attributes that are at work in most

speaking aids

a wide array of artifacts and tools at the disposal of the speaker to aid her in amplifying the message(s) of her speech.

Effective strategies for managing public speaking anxiety: Be realistic (visualization)

an exercise in which the speaker imagines himself or herself succeeding in the act of giving a speech

Logical Fallacies: Ad Hominem

attacks the person instead of challenging the person's argument i.e. Why would you ever elect someone with a face like that?

Logical Fallacies: False Cause

claims that just because one event happened prior to another event, the first event must have directly caused the second event i.e. Ever since we elected the new major four years ago, my job prospects have become worse and worse

Logical Fallacies: Slippery Slope

claim that a small and reasonable step will inevitably lead to the most severe and outlandish outcome i.e. If we don't win this election, it will be the end of U.S. society as we know it

Logical Fallacies: Bandwagon

claims something should be done just because it's popular In the last few years, dozens of nations have taken an increasingly aggressive stance to closing borders and rejecting refugees. i.e. Why shouldn't we do the same?

Public speaking anxiety (glossophobia)

common form of nervousness people feel before, during, and/or after speaking before groups of people in a public setting

Evidence definition

credible information about the world that can be used to support a claim

Evidence artistic forms of proof def forms

def: evidence that the speaker can create in the course of giving a speech to support their own claims Forms: 1. Logos: presents their information in a clear and logical manner 2. Ethos: credibility of a speaker: particularly their ethics, character, and experiences 3. Pathos: use of emotional appeals by the speaker

Evidence Inartistic forms of proof def forms

def: types of evidence that exist in the world that the speaker can point to in their speech as support for their claims Forms: 1. Definition: established meaning and interpretation of a term 2. Testimony: public statement made by a witness to describe and event, idea or situation Quoted: precise words of a witness's statement Expert: from a person trained in and/or credible to speak on the subject or situation at hand sworn : statements given by a witness in the court of law under oath 3. Statistics: scientifically significant sets of data on a subject of public concern 4. Laws, contracts, and oaths: binding agreements and documents affirmed through the law or the word of another person 5. Precedent: use of previous successful findings or occurrence to justify how we should think of a similar contemporary event 6. Narratives: story that sheds light on an issue or exemplifies a point Narrative coherence: how well the story hangs together at the structural level Narrative fidelity: degree to which the story fits into how the audience currently understand the world

manuscript speaking:

delivering a speech from a text that is written out word for word in advance

Delivering a speech: Delivery

how a speaker uses their body to emphasize or enhance the words of their speech

organization definition

inclusion and arrangement of key elements of a speech

Dimensions of a speaking situation Speaker

person giving the speech can affect how the speech will go

Logical Fallacies: Hasty generalization

pervert the logic of induction to advance an unethical claim i.e. The gang member who was apprehended by the U.S. Border Patrol crossing the border illegally just shows that no one who crosses the border can be trusted

Logical Fallacies: False Dilemma

present two options to the audience as their only possible choices when, in reality, there are many actual choices audience could make i.e. The people of Colorado must make a choice: we either adopt 100% renewable energy in the next decade or submit to another century of nothing but dirty energy

Effective strategies for managing public speaking anxiety: Introduce comfort items

small unnoticeable objects that a speaker can bring with them to a speaking situation that give them a sense of calm, confidence, and support

Logical Fallacies: Red Herring

speaker introduces information or ideas into an argument to confuse or distract from the information that actually matters i.e. You might trust the county's food safety rating, but did they ever stop and think about how the color of the restaurant's walls might impact where people want to eat

dimensions of a speaking situation place

the environment

dimensions of a speaking situation immediacy

we should be concerned with exactly how close or proximate are we the speaker to our audience

quote indicators: def types

written and spoken cues to the audience that you are moving back and forth between your own original ideas and statements and those of another person types: 1. Quotation marks: an internationally recognized text symbol that the writer has moved from their own ideas to someone else's 2. Quotation notes: vocalized call outs to inform the audience that we are moving from our own original ideas to the ideas on another person 3. Paraphrasing: restatement of another person or institutions' idea in the speaker's own words 4. Paraphrase notes: vocalized statement that tells the audience that the speaker is restating the ideas of another in their own words