pyschology exam 3

What is true of people with a more reactive than average amygdala?

They report many unpleasant experiences and they react strongly to stress

what is true of people with a more reactive than average amygdala?

They report many unpleasant experiences and they react strongly to stress

What is a lucid dream?

a case when the dreamer is aware of having a dream

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, you satisfy your lower needs

before moving on to your higher needs

Of the following, which one is NOT positively correlated with job satisfaction?

being young

A company that wants to increase the productivity of its workers should set which kind of goal?

challenging but realistic goal

IQ tests were originally devised to help identify

children who belonged in special classes

Research indicates that the most common emotion in dreams of adults is?

fear or apprehension

People suffering from narcolepsy

get sleepy in the middle of the day

Which of the following does NOT happen under hypnosis?

greater than normal strength

A motivation to engage in an act for its own sake is called?

intrinsic motivation.

An advantage of Raven's Progressive Matrices is that it

is fairer to people who do not speak English.

If a test has high content validity, then

its questions fairly represent the material the test is supposed to cover.

Monozygotic ("identical") twins tend to resemble each other in job satisfaction, more than dizygotic twins do. What conclusion do psychologists draw?

job satisfaction depends on people's personality or temperament.

The guiding assumption of scientific-management or Theory X is that

jobs should be simple and foolproof

Circadian rhythms are those that:

last about a day

Which of the following characterizes someone in a coma?

low brain activity with no response to any stimulation

Homeostasis refers to:

maintenance of an optimum level of biological conditions

One type of evidence supporting the James-Lange theory of emotions is that

molding someone's face into a smile or frown enhances the relevant emotion.

Unlike young people, most people over the age of sixty-five are

morning people

Descriptions of the frequencies at which particular scores in an IQ test occur are called

norms

The excessive accumulation of body fat is called

obesity

According to the James-Lange theory,

our perceptions of our body changes contribute to the experience of emotion

The main assumption of Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences is that

people have a number of unrelated forms of intelligence

One way of stating the over-justification effect is that

people who have done something because of extrinsic motivations no longer do them because of intrinsic motivations.

The reliability of a psychological test is practically the same thing as its

repeatability

An evolutionary theory of sleep, supported by the sleeping habits of different animals, would propose that sleep evolved to complement

their natural ways of life, including eating, migrating, and staying out of danger

People with which of the following disorders have trouble breathing while they are asleep?

sleep apnea

If a person goes without sleep for a prolonged period of time,

sleepiness decreases at the end of a sleepless night, as morning arrives

Which part of the autonomic nervous system, if any, prepares the body for "fight or flight"?

sympathetic nervous system

The term "gender identity" refers to a person's

tendency to identify himself as a man or herself as a woman

What percentage of people would we expect to score more than two standard deviations above the mean on an IQ test?

2%

Psychologists have proposed which of the following as an alternative to the idea of six basic emotions?

Emotions vary along two or more dimensions, such as pleasure to misery

What effect, if any, does exercise have on stress?

Exercise reduces stress by working off excess energy and promoting relaxation.

Which of the following theories holds that intelligence includes unrelated (or poorly correlated) abilities such as language, music, logic, body movement, and social sensitivity?

Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences

A new personality test claims to measure how much two people love each other. How could you measure the reliability of the test?

Have couples take the test repeatedly and see whether they keep getting the same score

What did Alfred Kinsey discover?

Human sexual behavior varies more than most people realize

Which of the following is true about the use of hypnosis for the control of pain?

Hypnosis reduces the emotional aspect of pain

How does the guilty-knowledge test differ from the more usual lie-detector test?

In the guilty-knowledge test, innocent people should be no more nervous about the crime-related questions than about other questions

Which of the following demonstrates a set point in body weight?

Most people maintain a nearly steady body weight over a long time.

How does a voluntary smile typically differ from a full, spontaneous, Duchenne smile?

Only Duchenne smiles include contractions of the muscles around the eyes.

What does it mean if you wake up and find yourself temporarily unable to move?

Part of your brain is awake and another part is asleep

During which stage of sleep are the major postural muscles most relaxed?

REM SLEEP

Which of the following was an attempt to devise an IQ test that makes minimal use of language and is more fair to people with various cultural and language backgrounds?

Raven's Progressive Matrices

Why would it be unlikely for anyone to engage in sleepwalking during REM sleep?

The muscles are too relaxed.

What does it mean to say that a particular test has high predictive validity?

The scores enable us to predict performance on some other task

Which of the following generally increases how much food people eat?

They eat more when someone puts more food on their plate

Following damage to the prefrontal cortex, patients such as "Elliot" have experienced impairments of emotional feeling. How did that impairment affect their reasoning?

They had trouble making decisions and following plans.

On average, married people rate themselves happier than unmarried people. What conclusion can we draw, if any?

We can draw none of these conclusions

In order to measure happiness, most researchers use

a measure of subjective well-being

Someone who stays in a cave with no light alternates between sleepiness and wakefulness on about a 24 hour cycle. Why?

a rhythm generated within the person's own brain

Workers show the highest level of productivity when they set which type of goal?

a specific, challenging goal

Suppose astronauts are on a flight to another planet. The temperature and lighting of the spacecraft remain constant at all times. When will the astronauts become sleepy?

about once every 24-25 hours

In response to prolonged stress, higher amounts of cortisol are released from the __________.

adrenal glands

in which of these does a person have the LEAST amount of brain activity and responsiveness?

brain death

Investigators distinguish among stages 1, 2, 3, and 4 of sleep by observing

brain waves

Your sympathetic nervous system has just been activated. What are you most likely to do?

breathe harder and perspire

People who alternate between excessive eating and self-starvation suffer from a condition known as

bulimia

Which of the following is NOT a means of reducing the harmful effects of stress?

concentrating on the stressful event

If a psychologist wanted to determine whether Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences is correct, as opposed to Spearman's theory of the "g" factor, what type of information would the psychologist probably collect?

correlations between people's performances on many unrelated types of intelligent abilities

During a period of prolonged stress

cortisol levels remain at a high level

Raven's Progressive Matrices represent one attempt to construct a

culture-reduced IQ test

Which of the following often produces spatial neglect for half of the body?

damage in the right hemisphere of the brain

Which of the following is NOT associated with a stress response?

decreased metabolism

Someone with an IQ score of 130 is in the 98th percentile. This means he or she

did better than 98% of the people his or her age who took the test.

When would insulin levels be highest, for an average person?

during the middle of the day, when people tend to be hungry

The Type B personality is characterized by being

easy going

The results of the experiment by Schachter and Singer suggest that

emotion is an interpretation of a physiological condition based on information about the situation.

According to Masters and Johnson, the stage of sexual arousal in which a man's penis first becomes erect and a woman's vagina first becomes lubricated is the __________ stage

excitement

The Type A personality, characterized by hostility and impatience, is associated with an increased probability of

heart disease

Which characteristic is most closely associated with an increased probability of heart disease?

hostility

What do psychologists mean by "subjective well-being"?

how highly someone evaluates his/her whole life

An area of the brain that is especially important in determining when to start and stop eating is the

hypothalamus

One of the most effective ways to cope with stress is to

increase your perceived ability to predict or control the situation

One hypothesis for why many people have gained weight in recent decades is that

portion sizes have increased

The term "sexual orientation" refers to a person's

preference for male or female sexual partners

One advantage of the Wechsler intelligence tests, such as the WAIS-III and WISC-IV, is that they

provide separate scores representing a number of separate abilities.

Psychologists sometimes use the term "gifted" to describe someone who

scores more than two standard deviations above the mean on an IQ test.

At the apex of Maslow's hierarchy is the need for

self-actualization

The term "coping" refers to

the process of learning to decrease the negative effects of stressors

The greatest difficulty with Freud's theory of dreams is that

the accuracy of the therapist's interpretations cannot be tested.

In human development, what determines whether the external genitals appear male or female?

the amount of testosterone and other androgens

Most (though not all) researchers believe that observed variations in IQ scores are due to

the combined effects of both heredity and environmental factors

Which of the following is an example of motivation as described in drive reduction theory?

the desire to remove a painful splinter

Some psychologists study positive psychology, which is the study of

the features that enrich life, such as hope, creativity, and responsibility

People note the moment when they decide to flex their wrist, and they report it later. Researchers record the time of the movement, the time of the reported decision, and the time when activity began to increase in the premotor cortex of the person's brain. Which comes FIRST?

the increase in brain activity

A motivation is regarded as homeostatic if

the individual maintains some variable around a constant value

Clearly the amount of money an employee is paid is related to job satisfaction. In addition to the amount of pay, what other factor plays an important role in satisfaction?

the pay scale is perceived to be fair

When a normal, healthy person falls asleep, REM sleep is least likely when

the person has been asleep less than an hour

Which of the following is the strongest evidence supporting the belief that differences among people in their IQ scores are related in part to differences in heredity?

there is a high correlation in IQ between identical twins who have been adopted by different parents and reared in different environments

New research on the influence of wealth on happiness has led researchers to conclude that

there is little or no relationship between wealth and subjective well-being.

Since the invention of IQ tests, psychologists have periodically rewritten the tests and intentionally made the test more difficult. Why?

to keep the mean score from rising above 100

Murphy, an executive at ACME, articulates a vision to his employees for what ACME can become, if only they can use their imagination and intellect to raise the company to a new level. Murphy could be described as which type of leader?

transformational

Harriet has just taken a new IQ test. She answered 88 questions correctly. However, this test has not yet been standardized. Therefore,

we do not know how her score compares to that of other people

When does a psychologist who is administering the Stanford-Binet end the test for an 8-year-old child?

when the child begins to consistently miss items

A health psychologist is most likely to be interested in studying which of the following?

whether a particular method of coping with stress is effective

Psychologist Dinah Moe asks each individual to take several tests of specialized intellectual abilities, such as arithmetic, mechanical ability, logical reasoning, and spatial reasoning. Then she measures the correlation between performance on one test and performance on another test. What is she probably trying to determine?

whether or not Spearman's concept of a "g" factor is correct

In order to measure the reliability of a test, an investigator determines

whether the people who score high on the test one time will also score high the next time they take the test

In order to measure the reliability of a test, an investigator determines

whether the people who score high on the test one time will also score high the next time they take the test.

According to the activation-synthesis theory, dreaming is

your brain's effort to make sense of spontaneous sensory activity