pys/soc blueprint

Erikson's Stages of Development

1. Trust vs. mistrust (Birth to 12-18 months) 2. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (12-18 months to 3 years) 3. Initiative vs. Guilt (3 years to 5-6 years 4. Industry vs. Inferiority (5-6 years to adolescence) 5. Identity vs. role diffusion (Adolescence) 6. Intimacy vs. Isolation (Early adulthood) 7. Generativity vs. Stagnation (Middle adulthood) 8. Ego-Integrity vs. Despair (Late adulthood)

Cialdini's 6 principles of persuasion

1. friendship/liking 2. commitment/consistency 3. scarcity 4. reciprocity 5. social validation 6. authority

Piaget's Stages of Development

1. sensorimotor (0-2 yo) 2. preoperational (2-7 yo) 3. concrete operational (7-11 yo) 4. formal operational (12+ yo)

Pearson correlation coefficient

A Pearson correlation coefficient is calculated to compare the association between two variables. It would not identify the unique effect of each characteristic.

What is a kinship of affinity?

A kinship of affinity is one in which individuals are related by choice, such as through marriage, rather than through blood, such as the other choices. (ie husband and wife merging their childern from previous marriages)

Amygdala

A limbic system structure involved in memory and emotion, particularly fear and aggression.

occipital lobe

A region of the cerebral cortex that processes visual information

Paired samples t-test

A test used to compare two means for a within-groups design, a situation in which every participant is in both samples; also called a dependent-samples t test

Schachter-Singer Theory

A theory of emotion that states that both physiological arousal and cognitive appraisal must occur before an emotion is consciously experienced.

corpus callosum

A thick band of axons that connects the two cerebral hemispheres and acts as a communication link between them.

If researchers added a new sleep-deprived group to the study, in which participants slept for 3 hours the night before the test, approximately how many sleep cycles would each participant in this group have? A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 5

A. 2 The typical sleep cycle for adults lasts 90 minutes, so 3 hours represents 2 sleep cycles.

What type of cultural norm is most directly involved in health behaviors? A. Folkways B. Mores C. Taboos D. Laws .

A. Folkways Folkways are norms that govern everyday behavior (like holding a door open). B. Mores Mores are norms that are deemed highly necessary to the welfare of a society and have consequences if violated. Health behaviors (like seeking help for an acute medical illness) are standards of behavior that are necessary for the well-being of everyone; if a person does not seek help, they may be shunned by family members or friends. C. Taboos Taboos are considered unacceptable by almost every culture (like cannibalism or incest). D. Laws Laws are established standards of behavior that are written down and have very clear consequences. answer is mores

It has been shown that pheromones induce the body to secrete sex hormones more readily. All of the following are expected effects of sex hormones EXCEPT: A. testosterone causes the Leydig cells in the seminiferous tubules to produce sperm. B. estrogen causes the endometrial lining to thicken. C. estrogen inhibits bone resorption. D. testosterone causes the development of secondary sex characteristics in boys.

A. testosterone causes the Leydig cells in the seminiferous tubules to produce sperm. Sperm is produced by the Sertoli cells of the seminiferous tubules, not the Leydig cells.

Globalization

Actions or processes that involve the entire world and result in making something worldwide in scope.

Independent samples t-test

An independent samples t-test is conducted when researchers wish to compare mean values of two unrelated groups, and there are not two distinct groups in this study.

self-efficacy

An individual's belief that he or she is capable of performing a task.

What best describes the relationship between attribution theory and fundamental attribution error?

Attribution theory relates to an attempt by an individual to interpret actions by assigning causes to them; fundamental attribution error is when an individual interprets another's actions incorrectly by overemphasizing internal characteristics instead of external events.

The tendency of bystanders to avoid intervening in conflict, even though they would want others to intervene on their behalf, can be best explained by: A. opponent-process theory. B. cognitive dissonance theory. C. drive reduction theory. D. expectancy-value theory.

B is the correct answer A. opponent-process theory. Opponent-process theory explains self-destructive behaviors like drug addiction, and would not be relevant in this instance. B. cognitive dissonance theory. Cognitive dissonance theory holds that people desire consistency between their thoughts, values, and actions, and seeks to explain the justifications people use for actions that do not align with their values and evoke cognitive dissonance. This would apply to instances of bystanders not intervening (an action), even though they would want others to intervene for them (a value). C. drive reduction theory. Drive reduction theory examines the actions we take to fulfill (reduce) basic biological drives, like hunger, thirst, or reproduction. D. expectancy-value theory. Expectancy-value theory holds that the amount of motivation required to achieve a goal is affected both by a person's expectation of reaching the goal and how much that person values reaching that goal. So, if someone expects to reach a goal and values reaching that goal highly, she will need less motivation to achieve it, and vice-versa.

By blocking norepinephrine reuptake, duloxetine could cause which of the following side effects? A. Increased frequency of urination B. High blood pressure C. Reduced heart rate D. Heartburn

B. High blood pressure Blocking norepinephrine reuptake would potentiate its effects. Because norepinephrine is a mediator of the sympathetic nervous system response (commonly known as the fight-or-flight response), it may lead to side effects associated with sympathetic activation. High blood pressure, as a consequence of the fight-or-flight response, is a possible outcome.

Based on the information from the passage, what conformity process or factor most likely impacts the behavior of Internet users who decide to engage in harassment without examining evidence for themselves? A. Normative influence B. Informational influence C. Compliance D. Ingratiation

B. Informational influence Informational influence is an influence to accept information from others as evidence about reality, and can come into play when we are uncertain about information or what might be correct. The Internet users relied on the information from the vigilantes when making a decision to conform with the group and harass the supposed subject.

According to the discussion of adaptation in the passage, which of the following is an act of cultural assimilation an Arab Muslim IMG would most likely take? A. Taking the U.S. Board Exam B. Becoming more comfortable interacting with mid-level providers who report to them C. Arranging regularly scheduled breaks for the daily Muslim prayers D. Using intense memorization sessions to assimilate medical knowledge from their specialty

B.Becoming more comfortable interacting with mid-level providers who report to them We can infer from paragraph 3 that Arab IMGs sometimes have different cultural ideas about interacting with subordinates, and B could be an area where they may assimilate by adopting the American norm.

Ethnocentrism

Belief in the superiority of one's nation or ethnic group.

ethnocentrism

Belief in the superiority of one's nation or ethnic group.

Devic's syndrome is a condition involving the demyelination of the optic nerve and the spinal cord. Which of the following neuronal effects is NOT a direct result of Devic's syndrome? A. Decreased protection of the neuron B. Decreased velocity of impulse propagation C. Decreased strength of the action potential D. Decreased electrical insulation

C

Which group would advertisers want to target and with what type of advertisement immediately before a holiday, as opposed to during a non-holiday time? A. Present a visually appealing advertisement to consumers with high knowledge about the product and high motivation to buy the product. B. Present an advertisement listing the product's relative advantages to consumers with high knowledge about the product and high motivation to buy the product. C. Present a visually appealing advertisement to consumers with low knowledge about the product and low motivation to buy the product. D. Present an advertisement listing the product's relative advantages to consumers with low knowledge about the product and low motivation to buy the product.

C Those with low knowledge and low motivation will be most persuaded by an appealing argument and, because they only tend to be persuaded for a short time, would need the advertisement right before its target date.

A group of researchers is interested in learning more about the public's attitudes toward Internet vigilantes. They organize focus groups for adults who frequently use the Internet and ask them to talk about their experiences online and with Internet vigilantism. What kind of research are they performing? A. Case studies B. Quantitative research C. Qualitative research D. Naturalistic observational research

C is the correct answer A. Case studies Case studies are typically extensive interviews or reports about the experience of one specific person, like someone who was accused by Internet vigilantes but later proven innocent. B. Quantitative research Quantitative research involves the use of tests or questionnaires to produce numerical scores that can be evaluated statistically. C. Qualitative research Qualitative research is used to gather in-depth information about a specific research question, and often involves the use of focus groups or other small samples to better understand phenomena. D. Naturalistic observational research Naturalistic observational research involves observing participants in their everyday lives. For example, researchers could monitor a chat room after a violent event and see how people respond (there is no manipulation of variables in this type of research).

It was discovered that in those whose stress levels are significantly elevated by traumatic events, the incidence of bedwetting was increased. During which stage of sleep is bedwetting most likely to occur? A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. REM

C. 3 Typically, sleepers pass through 4 stages: 1, 2, 3, and REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Stage 3 is referred to as Delta sleep because of the delta waves that occur during this stage. Stage 3 is a deep sleep that typically lasts about 30 minutes. Sleepwalking and bed-wetting typically occur at the end of Stage 3. During this "deep sleep," there is no eye movement or muscle activity. This is when some children may also experience sleepwalking or night terrors.

Steve is instructed by his boss to forge a document. Steve knows that this action is against company policy and possibly against the law, but he is afraid he may lose his job if he doesn't comply. In Kohlberg's stages of moral development, what stage is Steve most likely in if he decides to forge the document? A. Preoperational B. Postconventional C. Preconventional D. Concrete operational

C. Preconventional The preconventional stage in Kohlberg's stages of moral development is characterized by more concern for rewards and punishments than social rules and laws.

According to Cialdini's 6 principles of persuasion, which of the following would NOT be a way that a minority juror could increase the likelihood of persuading a majority juror? A. Providing a favor to the other juror B. Being likeable C. Conveying the impression of scarcity of one's opinion D. Obtaining a written commitment of agreement from a juror

C. Conveying the impression of scarcity of one's opinion In general, conveying scarcity can influence others, but in the case of an opinion, the more people that agree, the more likely others are to follow. Here, then, scarcity is not desirable.

Compared to being off medication, a patient on a parasympathetic agonist is most likely to exhibit what symptom? A. Increased blood pressure B. Increased heart rate C. Dilated bronchioles D. Increased salivation

D

An individual with Wernicke's aphasia would likely have difficulty with what part of communication? A. Producing sound B. Constructing words C. Forming sentences D. Expressing meaning

D people with wenicke's aphasia have difficulty connecting meaning to language

Which of the following objections to this study would NOT likely be raised by an ethics committee? I. Potentially harmful medication should not be given to otherwise healthy subjects. II. Necessary medication should not be denied to patients for the sake of research. III. All patients suffering from schizophrenia were unable to provide informed consent for this experimental protocol.

D. I, II, and III Administering potentially harmful medication to healthy volunteers is a common practice in research, and is only unacceptable if the patient does not give informed consent, or if the danger of the medicine clearly outweighs the potential benefits of the study (I). Likewise, necessary medication is often denied to sick patients during clinical trials, and is only unacceptable if the patient has not given informed consent, or if the danger of withholding the medication outweighs the potential benefits of the study (II). Roman numeral III may seem like a more tempting objection, but we cannot necessarily assume that all, or even most patients, suffering from schizophrenia are unable to give informed consent. Based on paragraph 1, we know that the participants had "the right to make autonomous decisions based on free and informed consent" (III).

A social constructionism critique of gender would most likely assert which of the following? A. A single female living in a totally isolated system would construct the same knowledge about what is acceptable behavior as would a female living in a society comprised of tight-knit clan units with matrilineal inheritance. B. The near-universal dominance of males in war and combat situations across time and in various cultures is mere coincidence, unlinked to any underlying biological phenomena. C. The association of the color blue with the clothing and bedrooms of baby boys results in increased testosterone production in the adrenal cortices of infant boys. D. The tendency for women in the workplace to use consensus-building as the best problem-solving approach is a consequence of females being told that it's important to "be a good girl" while growing up.

D. The tendency for women in the workplace to use consensus-building as the best problem-solving approach is a consequence of females being told that it's important to "be a good girl" while growing up. Social constructionism asserts that people develop understandings and knowledge of the world through interactions with other people, and that the mediating force in this interaction is primarily language. Thus, under social constructionism ideas about gender are not inherent in the nature of reality itself, but are socially constructed and transmitted every day through countless language-based interactions between members of society. Choice D offers a good example of social constructionism in which a woman's behavior is shaped by her socially constructed sense of what it means to "be a good girl."

A parent tells his child that if she spends an hour practicing the piano that evening, she will be allowed to skip her chores the next morning. The parent is using: A. positive punishment. B. negative punishment. C. positive reinforcement. D. negative reinforcement.

D. negative reinforcement. You can reinforce a behavior by rewarding it, which is positive reinforcement. Alternatively, you can reinforce a behavior by removing something negative, like chores. Here, the kid gets out of something negative (chores) by increasing a behavior (piano). Thus, the parent is using negative reinforcement.

A correlation coefficient of 0 between a memory task and memory test performance means that there is: A. a strong negative relationship between the two variables. B. a strong positive relationship between the two variables. C. a perfect positive relationship between the two variables. D. no relationship between the two variables.

D. no relationship between the two variables. The correlation coefficient ranges from -1 to 1. A value of 1 implies that a linear equation describes the relationship between X and Y perfectly, with all data points lying on a line for which Y increases as X increases. A value of -1 implies that all data points lie on a line for which Y decreases as X increases. A value of 0 implies that there is no linear correlation between the variables. A. a strong negative relationship between the two variables.- This would be correct for a correlation coefficient close to -1, not 0. B. a strong positive relationship between the two variables. - This would be the case for a correlation coefficient near 1. C. a perfect positive relationship between the two variables. - This would require a correlation coefficient of exactly 1, not 0 as this question indicates.

An experiment is arranged in which participants spend 10 seconds, 20 seconds, or 30 seconds looking at a large, complex image. The image is then removed and replaced with a second image which is identical except for one small change. Researchers then measure how long the subjects look at the new image before finding the change. In this scenario, the independent variable is: A. whether the subjects ever find the change. B. the time spent looking for the change. C. the size and prominence of the change D. the time spent looking at the original image.

D. the time spent looking at the original image. The independent variable is the one the researchers can control, and the dependent variable is the one they measure. Here, the experimenters can control the time the subject gets to study the first image (10 seconds, 20 seconds, or 30 seconds).

Kübler-Ross model

Denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance Death Always Brings Definite Acceptance

Stroop Effect

Explains the decreased speed of naming the color of ink used to print words when the color of ink and the word itself are of different colors.

Which of the following are reasons for the development of intersectionality from earlier waves of feminism? I. Feminism did not address how combinations of cultural identities influence individuals. II. Intersectionality articulates a number of specific types of identities. III. Feminism was not focused on the influence of systems on individuals' experiences.

I and II only Intersectionality is concerned with the intersection of different identities and how this unique combination influences people (II). Logically, this would naturally arise in response to feminism not accounting for the effects of the combination of multiple cultural identities (I).

Which of the following statements accurately describes a major assumption of the functionalist theory of social stratification? I. Social stratification affects what people believe about themselves and others and influences their daily life, lifestyle choices, and interactions with others. II. Social stratification is unnecessary and results from both lack of opportunity and discrimination against the poor and people of color. III. Social stratification is necessary and results from the need for those with special intelligence, knowledge, and skills to be a part of the most important professions and occupations.

III Functionalist theroies assert that aspects of culture are necessary and need based

A principal of a high school seeks to establish rules and systems in the school that reflect a meritocracy. Which of the following goals must these systems achieve if the principal is to successfully establish a meritocracy? I. Outcome equality II. Skill equality III. Opportunity equality

III only A meritocracy is a society of people whose progress within the society is based on ability and talent rather than on class privilege or wealth. This requires that everyone be afforded the same opportunities to advance yet only be rewarded based upon individual outcomes due to their individual talents and/or abilities, which can vary between persons (III).

Who was John B. Watson?

John B. Watson's Little Albert experiment involved the use of classical conditioning and stimulus generalization to cause a healthy young boy to fear furry animals and objects.

Abraham Maslow's Self-Actualizing Person

Maslow proposed that we are motivated by a hierarchy of needs , if our physiological needs are met, we become concerned with personal safety,then we seek to love, to be loved and to love ourselves, then we seek self-esteem, then we ultimately seek self-actualization and self-transendence. Maslow developed his ideals by studying healthy and reative people and those who seemed notable for their rich and productive lives

Who was Milgram?

Milgram's electric shock experiment also relates to authority. This experiment indicated that participants were willing to administer painful stimuli to others if instructed to do so by an authority figure. In reality, the "others" in the study were actors who were simply pretending to be shocked.

Who was Muzafer Sharif?

Muzafer Sharif's Robber's Cave experiment examined the intergroup conflicts that arise in response to competition over limited resources.

When an odorous molecule binds to olfactory receptors, the cell transduces the information into an electrical signal that travels to the brain for processing. Which of the following accurately describes the state of the voltage-gated channels on this cell during the relative refractory period? A. Na+ channels are de-inactivated, and K+ channels are activated. B. Na+ channels are inactivated, and K+ channels are activated. C. Na+ channels are de-inactivated, and K+ channels are inactivated. D. Na+ channels are inactivated, and K+ channels are inactivated.

Na+ channels are de-inactivated, and K+ channels are activated. First, we need to understand the difference between the absolute and relative refractory periods. The absolute refractory period lasts nearly the entire duration of an action potential, during which time a second action potential cannot be generated. During this time, voltage-gated sodium channels are "inactivated." If this term is not familiar, note that voltage-gated sodium channels have two gates that must be open for sodium to flow inward and depolarize the cell membrane. If the "inactivation gate" is closed, the channels are inactivated. If the inactivation gate is open but the activation gate is closed, the channel is "de-inactivated" — it isn't inactivated, but it is not yet open either.This "de-inactivation" occurs once the action potential nears its end and the membrane voltage becomes sufficiently low (generally during the hyperpolarization phase). At this time, the inactivation gate opens and the activation gate closes. Since the channel is not inactivated, a stimulus could theoretically produce an action potential, but since the cell is hyperpolarized, this stimulus would need to be larger than normal. This interval is termed the relative refractory period, which is what this question asks about. At this time, again, sodium channels are de-inactivated; potassium channels are still activated, allowing potassium to continue flowing out of the cell to finish the action potential.

Regression

Regression is used to predict scores from independent variables

Who was Solomon Asch?

Solomon Asch's conformity experiment demonstrated that individuals often conform to a group view,even when the group view differs from a clearly correct answer. Asch used a task in which a participant, along with several of Asch's confederates, were told to judge the relative lengths of drawn lines. The confederates would give a clearly-incorrect opinion regarding which line was shorter or longer, causing the participant (who did not know that the others in the room were "in on it") to conform to this incorrect view in some cases.

What is surround suppression

Surround suppression involves perceiving tactile information while ignoring stimuli immediately surrounding it.

Leon Festinger's Cognitive Dissonance Theory

The conflict that you feel when your attitudes are not in sync with your behaviors. It can be reduced by changing dissonant elements or by adding consonant elements.

Ecological validity

The extent to which a study is realistic or representative of real life.

If research continues to indicate that the SAT is biased against students from low socioeconomic backgrounds and does not reflect their knowledge or skills, what does that mean for the test's psychometric properties?

The test may still have high reliability but low validity

What is the anomie theory?

This is the acknowledgement that people are taught to strive for a certain ideal in culture but aren't given the means of achieving that ideal refers to the breakdown of social bonds, such as social norms, between individuals and communities

During the study discussed in the passage, different-sized circles were displayed before a shock was delivered to the participants. The shock and the resulting fear are examples of which aspects of classical conditioning, respectively?

Unconditioned stimulus and unconditioned response The shock is an unconditioned stimulus because it triggers a naturally-occurring response, and the fear is an unconditioned response that naturally occurs when presented with a shock.

Who was Zimbardo?

Zimbardo's Stanford prison experiment focused on the effects of power and authority on individuals. Participants designated as "guards" were given power over participants designated as "prisoners," and over time, the guards began to exhibit progressively more abusive and problematic behavior.

cultural relativism

a person's beliefs and health behaviors should be understood in the context of their own culture

Who was Albert Bandura?

a social cognitive psychologist, famously conducted his "Bobo doll" experiments ,which showed that children can display observational learning for aggressive behavior when they watch adults exhibit such behavior.

expectation bias

a strong inclination of the mind or preconceived opinion; we perceive what we expect to perceive

independent variable

a variable (often denoted by x ) whose variation does not depend on that of another.

dependent variable

a variable (often denoted by y ) whose value depends on that of another.

mediating variable

a variable that helps explain the relationship between two other variables

id, ego, superego

according to Freud, the three interrelated parts that make up the mind: the id consists of basic inborn drives that are the source of instinctive psychic energy; the ego is the realistic aspect of the mind that balances the forces of the id and the superego; the superego has two components (the conscience and the ego-ideal) and represents the internalized demands of society all are unconscious, superego/ego are both preconscious and consious

secondary aging

aging that occurs due to controllable factors like exercise and diet

What part of the brain is responsible for regulating our perce[tins of and reactions to aggression and fear?

amygada

Sigmund Freud's superego theory

an aspect of the subconscious that emphasizes moral behavior

looking-glass self

an image of yourself based on what you believe others think of you

B.F. Skinner's operant conditioning theory

based on the idea that reward and punishment guide behavior

primary aging

biological factors such as molecular and cellular changes

Chemoreceptors

chemical sensors in the brain and blood vessels that identify changing levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide

health disparities

differences in health outcomes among groups

Who was B. F. Skinner?

early behaviorist, meaning that he systematically studied behavior in conjunction with other factors (environmental, motivational, etc.). Skinner is best known for his work in operant conditioning, where he used a device called a "Skinner box" to study the effects of rewards and punishments on behavior.

Motor neurons are ______ neurons, sensory neurons are _______ neurons, and interneurons are _____.

efferent, afferent, neither

Darwinian theory of emotion

evolution of emotion, examining emotion from the perspective of its value in successful reproduction.

Who was Harry Harlow?

examined parent/child attachment, social isolation, and dependency in rhesus monkeys.

Who was Abraham Maslow?

famously developed Maslow's hierarchy of needs, a schematic of human needs in order from the most basic (food, water, etc.) to the most high-level(self-actualization).

What are the universal emotions?

happiness, surprise, sadness, anger, fear, and disgust

Vygotsky's social learning theory

heavily stresses the role of people and interactions in the acquisition of cognitive skills such as language, which would involve mirror neurons.

racial centrality

how important race is in defining your identity

implicit attitudes vs explicit attitudes

implicit - unconscious explicit - conscious

confounding variable

in an experiment, a factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect

Stimulus motives are:

innate but not necessary for survival. A stimulus motive is defined as a motive that appears to be unlearned but causes an increase in stimulation, such as curiosity. These motives are not necessary for survival.

Who was Gordon Allport?

known for his studies of personality, where he outlined a form of trait theory that included three basic types of traits: cardinal traits, central traits, and secondary traits. Cardinal traits are those around which people organize their entire lives. In contrast, central traits are defining characteristics of a person that can be easily inferred from that person's behavior. Finally, secondary traits are those that only occur sometimes, particularly when a person is in a certain social situation.

objective personality assessment

measures specific personality characteristics based on a set of discrete options, such as in the Meyers-Briggs personality assessment

What measure of central tendency most accurately captures the average wealth of most Americans, and why?

median american wealth, because the median is less sensitive to outliers

procedural memory (implicit)

motor skills, habits, classically conditioned reflexes

characteristics of creativity

originality, fluency, flexibility, knowledge, thinking, personality, intrinsic motivation

cognitive appraisal theory of emotion

our emotional experience depends on our interpretation of the situation we are in

subjective personality assessment

patients project their own subjective feelings, perceptions, and thoughts onto the assessment stimuli, yielding results that are open for inaccuracy.

Kohlberg's stages of moral development

preconventional, (concern for rewards and punishments than social rules and laws), conventional (characterized by an acceptance of social rules concerning right and wrong), postconventional (concern for morality and the good of society rather than social rules and laws)

tertiary aging

rapid losses that occur shortly before death

According to French and Raven's bases of power model, when compared to a high motivation high knowledge individual, someone with low motivation and low knowledge is more likely to be influenced by a person with: A. expert power. B. referent power. C. legitimate power. D. coercive power.

referent power According to the bases of power model, an individual with referent power exerts control by appealing to others' desire to belong to a group. This type of control is most likely to appeal to individuals through external factors, such as appearing desirable or feeling included and not knowledge or logic or evidence. Thus, a low-motivation, low-knowledge individual would most likely be motivated by this type of persuasion. A. expert power. An expert tends to motivate through using his knowledge of subject matter, which would likely appeal to high-motivation and high-knowledge people. C legitimate power. Those with legitimate power, such as a president, exert power through the legitimacy of their role. There is no indication that this would lead either group to be more persuaded. D. coercive power. Those with coercive power exert control through force or its threat. It is likely that both high and low groups would be persuaded by this.

projective personality assessment

require the participant to respond, and then their response is assessed for meaning

Thermoreceptors

respond to changes in temperature

Photoreceptors

respond to light

Mechanoreceptors

respond to touch, pressure, vibration, stretch, and itch

pineal gland

secretes melatonin

What is proprioception?

sense of body position and movement

Anomie Theory

states that individuals who experience weakened social values are less likely to behave in ways that are helpful to that society.

Who was Hans Eysenck?

studied personality with a strong focus on the biological perspective, which considers personality differences to be the result of biological factors.

Automation bias

tendency to excessively depend on automated systems, which can lead to erroneous automated information overriding correct decisions

Who was Sigmund Freud?

the "father of psychoanalysis," developed well-known theories focused on unconscious desires. Freud's work centered around his ideas of the id (one's largely unconscious set of primal urges), superego (one's sense of moral purpose), and ego (the logic-based, more conscious balance between the two). Freud put his theories into practice in psychoanalytic therapy, a process in which a psychologist or other therapist converses with a patient one-on-one to address certain mental or emotional issues.

declarative memory

the cognitive information retrieved from explicit memory; knowledge that can be declared (facts and events)

proactive interference

the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information

Construct validity

the extent to which variables measure what they are supposed to measure

Weber's law

the principle that, to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage (rather than a constant amount)

Assimilation

the social process of absorbing one cultural group into harmony with another

fundamental attribution error

the tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition

self-serving bias

the tendency for people to take personal credit for success but blame failure on external factors

Framing bias

the tendency of decision makers to be influenced by the way a situation or problem is presented to them

Attributional bias

the tendency to attribute one's own negative behavior to external causes and one's positive actions to internal states

egocentric bias

the tendency to exaggerate the change between present and past in order to make ourselves look good in retrospect

Cannon-Bard Theory

the theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers (1) physiological responses and (2) the subjective experience of emotion

James-lange theory

the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli

confabulation

the unintended false recollection of episodic memories

altrusim

unselfish regard for the welfare of others

moderating variable

variable that alters the relation between the independent variable and the dependent variable

ideal bureaucracy

weber's model that is characterized by a hierarchy of authority and a system of rules and procedures designed to create an optimally effective system for large organizations