Quiz 2: CH. 7 & 9 (SOCA 207)

Percentage of Americans who currently possess only the most basic levels of literacy:

17 percent

In 2015, _____ % of all adults had attained at least a bachelor's degree

31

Prior to Obergefell, how many states already issued marriage licenses to same-sex couples?

33 states, the District of Columbia, and Guam

_____ Americans said they felt marriage was becoming obsolete

4 in 10

In the U.S., _____% of all Americans demonstrate "below basic" or "basic" literacy skills

43

The U.S. is the _____ highest in the world for divorce rates

5th

Percentage of people who wish to marry:

61 percent

What percentage of adults completed at least a high school degree in 2015?

82 percent

Reasons for school dropouts:

Classes were not interesting Missed too many days and can't catch up Spent time with people who were not interested in school Had too much freedom, not enough rules Was failing in school

__________ believe education is not an equalizer, but a "divider" dividing the haves from the have nots

Conflict theorists

What are some consequences to intimate partner violence?

Fear of future commitment Concern for safety PTSD Need for healthcare Need for housing Need for legal services Missed work

Cohabitation:

Living together without being married **prevalence of this has more than doubled in the last 20 years

The feminist perspective suggests...

Males have favored status in interactions with teachers

Males are three times more likely to pursue careers in ___________________________________ than females

Science, Mathematics, or Engineering

This theory posits individuals will draw on personal resources to maximize rewards and minimize costs when forming, maintaining, and dissolving relationships

Social Exchange Theory

Intimate Partner Violence:

physical, sexual, or psychological/emotional harm or threat of harm by a current or former intimate partner or spouse

Divorce rates are highest throughout areas of the ______

"Bible Belt"

Middle & upper class children has more __________ giving them advantage over lower class children

"Cultural capital"

Across all the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)-participating countries, an average of _________ is spent per student each year they are in school from K-College

$9,195

Ideal teacher-student ratio for effective learning:

1 to 21

Education serves four important functions:

1. Instruction 2. Socialization 3. Sorting individuals into various statuses 4. Custodial care

Effective Schools Movement:

A movement for school improvement based on the concept that unusually effective schools have certain characteristics (such as effective leadership, accountability, and high expectations of teachers and administrators) that help explain why their students achieve academically despite disadvantaged backgrounds

School Choice:

A school reform approach that theoretically allows market forces to shape school policies by offering parents a range of school options, including magnet schools, voucher schools, charter schools, traditional local public schools, and regular public schools.

What does the marriage movement do?

Advocates traditional marriage and warns against the sexual revolution, teenage pregnancy, and same-sex marriage

School Vouchers:

An approach to school choice in which parents of school age children receive government issued vouchers of a certain monetary value that can apply to tuition expenses at private schools

What is tracking?

An educational practice in which students are divided into groups, purportedly based on their academic ability

When compared to non-cohabitors, unmarried partners are more likely to...

Be young Have lower levels of education and income Be less religious Have been divorced or to have parents who were divorced Have lived without a father in the home Have had high levels of marital conflict when growing up

This theory is based on the concept that children from working class and nonwhite families often lack certain cultural resources, such as books and other educational stimuli, and thus arrive at school at a significant disadvantage.

Cultural deprivation theory

This theory is based on the concept that there are cultural and family differences between working class and nonwhite students and white middle class students attributable to social forces such as poverty, racism, discrimination, and unequal life chances

Cultural differences theory

__________ are disputes over the state of American society, including the presumed decline of the family as well as "family values"

Culture wars

Contributing factors to the marriage squeeze:

Death, imprisonment, and Military enlistment rates Higher rates of unemployment Black men are more like to marry out of race than black women 90 men to every 100 women. Most imbalanced of all races

This act was passed in 1996 and defined marriage as "the legal union of one man and one woman for federal and interstate purposes"

Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA)

What are the three forms of capital?

Economic (wealth) Social (networks and connections) Cultural (forms of knowledge, including music, art, and literature)

Functionalists' perspective on education:

Education is critical for creating social cohesion and harmony Schools socialize students and sort them according to their abilities

Conflict perspective:

Educational institution solidifies class positions and allows the elite to control the masses Quality education and educational opportunities are not equally distributed

What was the primary piece of federal legislation concerning K-12 education in the U.S.?

Elementary Secondary Education Act of 1965

No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 (NCLB):

Established a range of reforms mandating uniform standards for all students with the aim of reducing and eventually eliminating the social class and race achievement gap by 2014

T/F? Mothers are less likely to use harsher parenting techniques and more likely to participate in literacy activities

False

T/F? People are more likely to be living in matrimony than in the past

False

T/F? Women who cohabit after engagement even have a higher probability of divorce than those who did not cohabit

False

This theory views family systems as embedded in natural or human-made physical, social, and other environments

Family Ecology Theory

This theory examines the developmental processes and outcomes as families move through a series of normative stages across life course

Family Life Course Development Theory

This theory views the family as a set of subsystems defined by boundaries and striving toward social equilibrium

Family Systems Theory

Which country eliminated all forms of tracking and standardized tests, evaluation between oral and narrative dialogue?

Finland

The Rosenthal and Jacobson experiment:

Five random elementary school students were labeled as having superior intelligence and ability. Teachers expected them to do well and treated them in a way that encouraged better school performance.

Symbolic Interactionist Perspective:

Focus on how classroom dynamics and practices educate the perfect student and at the same time, create the not-so-perfect ones

_________ argue that additional tasks make it difficult to accomplish Education's primary task of educating the young

Functionalists

This theory suggests that differences in educational performance between working class and nonwhite students and their middle and upper class and white counterparts are due to genetic differences in intelligence.

Genetic difference theory

President Barack Obama's Race to the Top (RTT):

Goal of aiding states with various components of NCLB by offering grants to states to improve student outcomes and close achievement gaps

Implications of low literacy skills:

Inability to find and retain jobs Inability to support their children's education Lack of participation in communities

Educational attainment is _______ worldwide

Increasing

Sociological definition of "family:"

Members of a social group who are in an intimate, long-term, committed relationship and who share mutual expectations of rights and responsibilities

Factors that lead to divorce:

More educational and economic opportunities Technology Lowered stigma and less religiosity

What is the purpose of education?

Opportunity for social mobility Nurture and develop the hearts and minds of children Antidote for prejudice and ignorance Solution to myriad of social problems

Fictive Kin:

People to whom one is not related by blood, marriage, or adoption but on whom one nonetheless depends

Household:

People who are related or not whom share living quarters

Latent functions of education:

Public babysitter, controls the entry and timing entrance into labor force, establish and protect social networks.

Magnet Schools:

Publicly funded schools designed recruit students from across entire districts by offering particular disciplinary focuses, such as arts, technology, science, or mathematics.

Charter Schools:

Publicly funded schools that operate independent of school districts and are free of many of the regulations that apply to school districts

________ reveal gaps based on race, class, ethnicity, gender, and other social characteristics

Standardized tests

What did the Obergefell vs. Hodges case do?

The court voted in a five-to-four decision that Ohio would have to recognize the Obergefell and Arthur's marriage under due to the protections of "due process" and "equal protection" under the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendment, as well as under the "full faith and credit clause" found in Article Four, Section One of the Constitution.

Marriage dearth:

The decline in the proportion of adult Americans who are married

Marriage squeeze:

The imbalanced sex ratio experienced by black women in regard to potential marriage partners

Crude divorce rate is defined as:

The number of divorces per 1,000 people

Marriage gradient:

The tendency for women to marry men who are slightly older

Perhaps one of the greatest social problems in regards to education, is that...

There are more administrative and support staff than teachers

manifest functions of education:

To educate, personal development, proper socialization, and employment.

T/F? <43% of high school graduates are "college or career ready"

True

T/F? A Bachelor's degree is coming the education standard in the U.S.

True

T/F? College women are subjected to male domination through peer relations, in the classroom, and in romantic involvements

True

T/F? Couples who cohabited prior to engagement may be more likely to have marital problems and be less happy in their marriages

True

T/F? Men and women are violent at nearly equal rates, but men make up the majority of offenders who come to the police

True

T/F? No research indicates that same-sex parents are dysfunctional for children

True

T/F? The percentage of divorce has almost tripled over the last half-century

True

T/F? More people disagree that children are financial burdens on parents

True (57.6%)

How does the U.S. Census Bureau define "family?"

Two or more people who are related to each other by birth, marriage, or adoption and who share living quarters

What did McLanahan's (2011) Fragile Families study conclude?

Unmarried parents are more disadvantaged than married parents, and children of unmarried parents are less advantaged than children with married parents

The likelihood of dropping out of high school is ______ higher among students from lower-income families than among their peers in high-income families

five times