Quiz 4: Form A and B

One of the most reliable physiological effects of cannabis use in humans is

slowing of heart rate. decreased blood flow to the skin. faint pulse. **increased hunger.

Recent imaging studies have demonstrated some evidence of abnormalities or alterations in several brain structures, including the _______ and the _______.

amygdala; nucleus accumbens **hippocampus; anterior cingulate cortex hypothalamus; prefrontal cortex VTA; limbic system

Which of the following is not a way that PCP or ketamine is typically administered?

Orally **Transdermally By inhalation or smoking Intramuscularly

Identify two pharmacological treatment approaches and two non-drug treatment approaches for addressing the problems of cannabis dependence. Why are most of these therapies not very successful?

Two pharmacological treatment approaches for cannabis dependence are oral THC and mood stabilizers. These approaches are not typically successful because they only suppress cannabinoid withdrawal symptoms. Two non-drug approaches for cannabis dependence are cognitive-behavioural therapy and motivational enhancment therapy. These approaches are not typically successfulbecause patients are highly vulnerable to relapse, despite an initial period of abstinence.

Many inhalants enhance the activity of _______ receptors and inhibit the activity of _______ receptors.

**GABAA; NMDA NMDA; GABAA nicotinic; NMDA GABAA; dopamine

Which of the following statements about the use and abuse of ketamine is false?

**Ketamine's popularity can be explained by the fact that the drug does not cause dependence. Many abusers of ketamine are medical or veterinary practitioners. A number of intellectuals experimented with ketamine as a mind-expanding drug, similar to LSD. Ketamine's use is difficult to track, but is increasing at popular events such as raves.

Which of the following statements about the uses of marijuana is false?

**Medical use of marijuana has only been recognized recently as individual states have attempted to pass laws legalizing "medical marijuana" use. Hemp has important non-drug purposes, and is used in rope, cloth, and paper. Cannabis plants contain more than 60 cannabinoids, some with psychoactive properties that make the plant attractive as a drug. Religious use of marijuana dates back to ancient China and India.

Which of the following is not a symptom experienced following high doses of GHB?

**Rapid respirations Vomiting Dizziness Ataxia

Which of the following is not a symptom of the nicotine abstinence syndrome?

**Weight loss Insomnia Trouble concentrating Restlessness

Severe caffeinism can be indistinguishable from

**an anxiety disorder. a substance abuse disorder. ADHD. amphetamine psychosis.

Studies involving chronic PCP or ketamine administration to non-human primates and rodents have demonstrated all of the following neurobiological changes except

**increased NMDA receptor binding in the prefrontal cortex. a reduction in tyrosine hydroxylase activity in the prefrontal cortex. apoptotic cell death in the developing brain. a reduction in glutamatergic synapses in the prefrontal cortex.

All of the following are withdrawal symptoms observed following long-term heavy marijuana use except

**increased sleep. a depressed mood. aggression. decreased appetite.

Most hallucinogens resemble either _______ or _______ in their chemical structure.

**phenethylamines; indoleamines indoleamines; carbolines carbolines; phenethylamines phenethylamines; acetylcholine

Concerning the time course of THC levels and route of administration,

**plasma levels of THC peak more rapidly following injection or smoking than oral administration of the drug. people smoking marijuana typically reach their peak THC levels before they finish the cigarette or joint. oral administration of THC produces low plasma levels that drop off quickly. at maximum THC intoxication after smoking, brain and plasma THC levels are equilibrated.

Which of the following regarding the drug PCP or phencyclidine is false?

It was first tested by a pharmaceutical company as a possible anesthetic agent. It causes a trance-like state in which the subject is highly responsive to pain. **It has a high therapeutic index as it does not cause respiratory depression. It is not clinically useful because of side effects of agitation, hallucinations, and violence.

Which of the following is not a hallucinogenic drug?

Mescaline LSD **5-HT DMT

The core-structure of anabolic steroids is formed by

oxandrolone. nandrolone. stanozolol. **testosterone.

Nicotine

makes up about 10% of the dry tobacco leaf. **enters a smoker's lungs on particles of tar. reaches the bloodstream from a typical cigarette in the amount of 6 to 11 mg. is one of many psychoactive substances in the tobacco leaf.

Caffeine's antagonism of both _______ and _______ receptors, especially in the striatum, is important in the arousing and activating effects of the drug.

A1; A2B A2A; A2B **A1; A2A A2A; A3

Describe the composition of a typical cigarette and explain how the psychoactive component is delivered to the body and brain. Where in the brain does nicotine exert its primary effects.

Cigarettes tend to hold between 6-111 mgs of nicotine. However, only 1-3mgs of nicotine actually reaches the smoker's blood stream. The amount of nicotine that is taken in is highly dependent on the smoker's aspects such as the length of each puff. The nicotine within a cigarette vaporizes at a high temperature at the tip. It then is inhaled into the lungs on small particles called tar. Tar is a mixture of some carcinogenic hydrocarbons. After it has been inhaled, the nicotine is absorbed through the surface of the lungs (and the membranes of the mouth and nostrils if it has been chewed or snorted). Nicotine activates the nicotinic cholinergic receptors, which are ionotropic receptors comprised of five protein subunits. The neuronal receptors containing two a4 or a3 and three B subunits are sensitive to nicotine. Many parts of the brain, including the cerebral cortex, thalamus, striatum, hippocampus, and monoamine containing nuclei such as the substantia nigra, ventral tegmental area (VTA), locus coeruleus, and raphe nuclei have a high affinity for nicotinic cholinergic receptors.

Which of the following events does not occur during the plateau or peak of the LSD "trip"?

Experiences of bizarre and sometimes frightening images Crossing-over of sensations **Intensification of the sense of touch Time sense distortion

How is GHB typically onsumed? Explain how the effect of GHB have led to its use as a "date rape drug." Name two other drugs that are also used in this manner. What can be done to protect against this type of threat?

GHB is produced in the brain in small amounts as a by-product of GABA metabolism and functions as a neurotransmitter/neuromodulator. GHB can be taken up into GABAergic vesicles by the vesicular inhibitory amino acid transporter. A rare genetic disorder can cause over production of GHB and lead to symptoms from excessive levels. GHB is known for its effects of sedation. This effect has caused predators to spike a woman's drink, typically alcohol, in order to rape her. When the woman wakes up, she is unable to remember anything that has happened. This is why it is called the date-rape drug. Rohypnol is another drug that can be used in the same manner. The drug can be protected against by using...

Which of the following is not a form of marijuana or cannabis derivative?

Hashish Sinsemilla Hash oil **Anandamide

Which of the following health effects of chronic marijuana use is least substantiated?

Increased risk of bronchitis **Decreased resistance to viral infections Reduction in reproductive function Increased development of precancerous lung conditions

Distinguish between PCP and ketamine in terms of their pharmaceutical development, safety, and effects. Are these drugs used recreationally?

PCP was initially clinically promising in the 1950s as a potential anesthetic agent because it did not produce respiratory depression like anesthisia. However, problematic reactions arose in the form of marked agitation in many patients in the drug-induced state. Post-op reactions showed symptoms of dizziness to hallucinations and violence. These issues cause PCP to stop being used clinically in 1965. Ketamine came into the picture as a safer alternative to PCP. A ketamine compound named CI-581 was found to be less toxic in its behavioural effects in 1962. Ketamine was less potent and short acting than PCP and was found to be a useful aesthetic for some medical procedures. It has been legally marketed as a prescription medication. However, the drug is still known to cause adverse effects similar to PCP but is, thankfully, low in frequency.

Various models argue that smoking provides certain advantages to the smoker. Which of the following is not an example of such proposed advantage?

Smoking allows the smoker greater mood control, specifically by controlling nicotine delivery. Smoking provides increased concentration for the smoker. **Smoking allows the smoker a time of increased energy and activity. Smoking reduces the irritability and stress that occurs between cigarettes.

Describe the neural mechanisms that underlie both the reinforcing and aversive aspects of cannabinoid administration.

Some studies have shown that cannabinoids activate the firing of DA neurons in the ventral tegmental area and enhances DA release in the nucleus accumbens. Studies have also shown that cannabinoid reward and reinforcement has a close relationship with the opioid system. This is because opioid agonists enhance cannabinoid self-administration. Other studies have also found that the endocannabinoid system and neurochemical systems associated with other drugs of abuse involve the action of CB1 receptors. **What are the aversive aspects?

What pattern of steroid use might an endurance athlete or a sprinter choose?

Stacking High doses right before the event Pyramiding **Low doses

Which of the following statements about caffeine is false?

The average intake of caffeine in the United States is 200 to 400 mg per day. Tea contains both caffeine and theophylline, both stimulants. **About 50% of adults consume caffeinated beverages. Children are avid consumers of caffeine in the form of soda and chocolate.

According to research, which of the following factors is most likely to encourage an individual to progress from occasional to heavy marijuana use?

The person is a risk-taker. The person has nagging, over-involved parents. **The person's first experiences with marijuana were positive. The person has too many adult responsibilities.

Which of the following is not a characteristic that all hallucinogenic drugs have in common?

They are sometimes taken for spiritual and mystical experiences. They can cause cognitive distortions. They produce novel perceptual experiences. **They produce a state of delirium.

Which of the following about "date rape" drugs is false?

They cause amnesia for the rape, which limits the ability to prosecute the rapist. The government recently passed legislation to increase the penalties for sale or possession of these drugs. **The Drink Safe Coaster is a reliable way to test drinks for the presence of Rohypnol and GHB. The pharmaceutical company has reformulated Rohypnol so that it turns blue when dissolved in alcohol to discourage its use as a "rape drug."

Which of the following is not an effect of inhalants on the CNS?

They enhance the function of GABAA receptors. They block NMDA glutamate receptors. They activate DA in the VTA. **They inhibit the activity of glycine receptors.

Nicotine replacement therapy

was first approved as a transdermal patch. should not be used in combination (e.g., inhaler plus patch). **has the advantage of being available over-the-counter (OTC). is generally very easy to use and in most cases allows for flexible, rapid dosing.

Tobacco leaves

were not cultivated in the New World until seeds were brought over by Columbus in 1492. come in a large and a small leaf form, the latter being used for most modern-day tobacco. **could be smoked in pipes, chewed, or even snorted in a form called snuff. were processed into cigarettes in the early 1900s.