Quizzes Chapters 6-8
Single case research designs are best suited to A)Verification B)Prediction C)Replication D)Justification
B)Prediction
Nonoverlap methods of analysis A)Often complement visual analysis B)Are easily computed by most researchers C)Are distribution free D)All of the above
D)All of the above
The concept in multiple regression that is being employed when the researcher assumes that scores for any student on the ACT are independent of scores of all the other students who also took the ACT is A)Independence B)Linearity C)Homoscedacity D)Normality
A)Independence
Momentary Time Sampling (MTS) requires the observer to A)Record behavior as occurring if it occurs at any point during the observed interval B)Record behavior only if it does not occur during the observed interval C)Determine how long the behavior is occurring D)Use a computer software program to conduct MTS
A)Record behavior as occurring if it occurs at any point during the observed interval
The time series design model that utilizes an AB design, where A is baseline and B is intervention is known as A)Simple phase change B)Multiple baseline design C)Alternating treatments design D)Withdrawal-reversal design
A)Simple phase change
When high and low scores on a repeated measure of reading ability tend to even out over time, this is due to A)Statistical regression B)Selection bias C)Interaction of selection and maturation D)Experimenter bias
A)Statistical regression
ALL BUT WHICH of the following are true regarding A)The effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable is known as the main effect B)Two or more independent variables are involved C)None of the independent variables can be manipulated by the researcher D)At least one of the variables must be manipulated by the researcher
A)The effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable is known as the main effect
An ethical consideration when utilizing single case research design is A)The need to delay/withdraw treatment B)The use of multiple clients C)Data analysis D)Where the research will be published
A)The need to delay/withdraw treatment
Advantages of single subject design include A)They have a practical application to decisions about client treatment B)Cause/effect relationships are shown for groups of participants C)These designs require no training for the researcher to implement D)Informed consent is not needed in these designs
A)They have a practical application to decisions about client treatment
The effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable is based upon the examination of group differences in A)All research designs B)Within groups designs C)Between group designs D)Qualitative designs
C)Between group designs
Factorial designs A)Are generally not appropriate for experimental research B)Measures a single independent variable in depth C)Require an increase in sample size if a pretest is used D)Allow for generalization across variables with an interaction effect is present
C)Require an increase in sample size if a pretest is used
ALL BUT WHICH of the following are true regarding pretest-posttest control group designs A)One group receives the intervention and the other does not B)Groups are compared based on pretest scores C)These designs are susceptible to testing effects D)The pretest cannot influence the posttest
D)The pretest cannot influence the posttest
Level, trend, and variability are _______________ in time-series designs A)Data patterns B)Graphs C)Captions D)Behaviors
A)Data patterns
A complex design capable of measuring three or more groups is A)crossover design B)Latin square design C)split plot design D)all research designs
B)Latin square design
An advantage of random assignment is that it A)Guarantees the influence of extraneous variables B)Protects the influence of extraneous variables C)Results in selection bias D)Is the simplest method
B)Protects the influence of extraneous variables
The baseline phase in time-series design A)Contains no treatment B)Defines the treatment C)Occurs at the end of each design model D)Is only used in momentary time sampling (MTS)
A)Contains no treatment
The extent to which a study can be generalized to other settings and populations is A)External validity B)Internal validity C)Construct validity D)Content validity
A)External validity
Two counselors are asked to teach basic addiction principles to junior high students in a school setting. Each counselor is to develop a 2 hour workshop after which the students will take a test on addiction. One threat to the validity of this study would be A)Interaction of treatment implementation B)Observer bias C)The setting of the research D)Maturation
A)Interaction of treatment implementation
A critical component in factor analysis is how items correlate with a particular factor or A)Fixed factor B)Factor loadings C)Random factor D)Interaction effect
B)Factor loadings
Target behavior is recorded as A)Prediction, verification, or replication B)Frequency, duration, latency, or interval C)Observed, occurrence, or nonoccurrence D)Data point, phase change, or phase label
B)Frequency, duration, latency, or interval
The extent to which the independent variable truly effects the change in the dependent variable is known as A)External validity B)Internal validity C)Construct validity D)Content validity
B)Internal validity
A researcher must be concerned with the significance level of the correlation coefficient because A)It is a measure of the validity of the relationship B)It tells the researcher how likely it is that the computed correlation value is due to chance or sampling error C)It determines the feasibility for the study D)Research reports require that significance exist in order to be published
B)It tells the researcher how likely it is that the computed correlation value is due to chance or sampling error
Assuming that all variables are held constant, the theory that the relationship between the dependent and independent variables is linear in the population is known as A)Independence B)Linearity C)Homoscedacity D)Normality
B)Linearity
A researcher studying the incidence of relapse(criterion) in methadone clinic patients as it relates to level of legal involvement, prior treatment efforts, and satisfaction with the methadone protocol (predictors) A)Discriminant analysis B)Logistic regression C)Nonlinear regression D)None of the above
B)Logistic regression
Latency describes A)Amount of behavior expressed over time B)Length of time a behavior occurs C)Ratio of a behavior D)Time from a stimulus being presented to a behavior being emitted
D)Time from a stimulus being presented to a behavior being emitted
Dependent variables are expressed by A)Rate B)Duration C)Latency D)Percentage E)All of the above
E)All of the above
The difference between a quasi-experimental design and a true experimental design is A)Quasi-experimental design is the only method that uses random assignment B)True experimental design is the only method that uses random assignment C)Quasi-experimental design is the only method that uses both random assignment and comparison groups D)True experimental design is the only method that uses random assignment and comparison groups E)a & c F)b & d
F)b & d
A researcher is interested in the fewest number of variables that have the biggest impact, or account for the largest amount of the variance. The researcher will A)Component analysis B)Common factor analysis C)Q factor analysis D)R factor analysis
A)Component analysis
A primary ethical concern in single subject design is A)Informed consent B)Client participation C)Confidentiality D)All of the above
D)All of the above
Researchers using Time-series designs take the following steps to increase inter-observer agreement A)Training observers on the use of the recording system B)Gathering independent recording of behaviors from observers C)Calculate occurrence and nonoccurrence agreement D)All of the above
D)All of the above
When developing research questions for single case research designs A)The target behavior should be specified B)Outside observers should be able to measure the target behavior C)The target behavior must be defined D)All of the above
D)All of the above
ALL BUT WHICH of the following concepts refer to the fact that changes in the value of one variable will result in a systematic change in the other variable A)Correlation coefficient B)Shared variance C)Positive correlation D)Negative correlation
A)Correlation coefficient
When a researcher needs to estimate the likelihood of a certain outcome, the method typically employed is A)Time series design B)Predictive design C)Experimental design D)Qualitative design
B)Predictive design
An equal likelihood that a participant will be assigned to at treatment, control, or comparison groups is know as A)Equal sampling B)Random assignment C)Experimental design D)Pre-experimental design
B)Random assignment
The tendency for predictive validities to decrease when the study is repeated is the statistical concept of A)Regression B)Shrinkage C)Devaluing D)Collinearity
B)Shrinkage
The correlation coefficient that is used when measuring a linear relationship when one set of data is ordinal in nature is known as A)Pearson product moment correlation coefficient B)Spearman rho correlation coefficient C)Point biserial correlation coefficient D)Phi coefficient
B)Spearman rho correlation coefficient
Advantages of traditional assessments include ALL BUT WHICH of the following A)They are a familiar delivery system for most clients B)They are more accurate C)Research participants can take the assessment with them to record ongoing behaviors D)They have immediate utility
B)They are more accurate
A study in which a single group is measured across time using two or more different treatments is known as A)Maturation B)Within group design C)Between group design D)Treatment effect
B)Within group design
Threats to external validity A)Include testing and instrumentation B)Are of concern after the research is conducted C)Are related to the artificiality of the experimental condition D)None of the above is true regarding external validity
C)Are related to the artificiality of the experimental condition
ALL BUT WHICH of the following are true regarding correlation? A)It measures the degree of the relationship between variables B)Correlations are based on the covariance C)Correlations are based on predictor weights D)It forms the basis for almost all predictive designs
C)Correlations are based on predictor weights
Experimental validity refers to A)The process in which results are generalizable B)The result of factors having been tested or manipulated C)The true effect of change to the dependent variable D)All of the above are elements of experimental validity
D)All of the above are elements of experimental validity
When measuring a continuous behavior that has a beginning or end point that may be difficult to define, the researcher will likely use A)Frequency recording B)Duration recording C)Latency recording D)Interval recording
D)Interval recording
Which of the following is true regarding collinearity? A)Complete collinearity results in a coefficient of 0 B)Negative collinearity results in a coefficient of 1 C)It is the relationship between two dependent variables D)It is the relationship between two independent variables
D)It is the relationship between two independent variables
The concept that scores on the dependent variable fall within a normal distribution for each of the possible combinations of the X variables is known as A)Independence B)Linearity C)Homoscedacity D)Normality
D)Normality
A researcher is interested in the effects of graduate gpa, GRE quantitative scores, and age of student on successfully passing the National Counselor Examination. What is(are) the criterion variable(s) in this study? A)Graduate gpa B)GRE quantitative scores C)Age of student D)Passing the NCE E)a, b, & c
D)Passing the NCE
What is used when both sets of data are nominal, dichotomous measures, and the data is placed in contingency tables? A)Pearson product moment correlation coefficient B)Spearman rho correlation coefficient C)Point biserial correlation coefficient D)Phi coefficient
D)Phi coefficient
ALL BUT WHICH of the following are true regarding experimental designs? A)True experimental designs are less common in social science research B)Threats to internal validity are most common when random assignment is not present C)A consumers of research, counselors should assess the extent to which a study is meaningful to populations outside of the experimental setting D)Research is published only when internal and external validity are substantiated
D)Research is published only when internal and external validity are substantiated
A threat to internal validity that occurs when a pretest effects future performance on a posttest is known as A)Maturation B)Instrumentation C)History D)Testing
D)Testing
All but which of the following are types of single-case research designs A)n-of-one studies B)time series designs C)single subject designs D)stratified designs
D)stratified designs
The key distinction between observational data and other data recording methods is A)Observational data must be collected in vivo by observation or video recording B)Observational data is the most expensive data collection method C)All data recording is observational D)Inter-rater agreement is not significant in observational data collection
A)Observational data must be collected in vivo by observation or video recording
The most commonly used correlation coefficient that is used when the data is quantitative and has a linear relationship is known as A)Pearson product moment correlation coefficient B)Spearman rho correlation coefficient C)Point biserial correlation coefficient D)Phi coefficient
A)Pearson product moment correlation coefficient
when a change in the dependent variable in a group is measured across time or when participants in a group are exposed to two or more treatments simultaneously, and the outcome of the treatments are evaluated across time A)a within group design is used B)a between group design is used C)factorial designs are used D)all of the above
A)a within group design is used
The effect of two treatments can be observed across a single group in A)crossover design B)Latin square design C)split plot design D)all research designs
A)crossover design
Which of the following is true? A)Experimental design includes pre and post-test only B)Pre-experimental design includes a control group C)Experimental designs include a control and treatment group D)Pre-experimental designs reveal a true effect on the dependent variable
C)Experimental designs include a control and treatment group
The assumption that states that the variances of the dependent variable for each of the possible combinations of the levels of the X variables in the population are equal is called A)Independence B)Linearity C)Homoscedacity D)Normality
C)Homoscedacity
Rate Per Minute (RPM) calculations are used to determine A)How long a behavior occurs B)How quickly a behavior occurs C)How often a behavior occurs D)When a target behavior begins and ends
C)How often a behavior occurs
The correlation coefficient that is used when one set of data is a continuous categorical measure and the other is categorical or nominal is known as A)Pearson product moment correlation coefficient B)Spearman rho correlation coefficient C)Point biserial correlation coefficient D)Phi coefficient
C)Point biserial correlation coefficient
Rotational strategies in factor analysis assist the researcher in determining clear patterns of loadings. When the researcher is interested in distinguishing large and small loadings of all variables under consideration will likely employ this common rotation A)Quartimax B)Equimax C)Varimax D)None of the above
C)Varimax
Making inferences from data based on the direction of scores and the range between baseline and treatment score occurs during A)Baseline data gathering B)Graphing C)Visual trend analysis D)Data coding
C)Visual trend analysis
A design in which the participant is exposed to all aspects of the within-group variable but only one level of the independent variable is known as A)crossover design B)Latin square design C)split plot design D)all research designs
C)split plot design