reading 2

Silent Consonants

Silent letter combinations use two letters. One represents the phoneme, and the other is silent. Ex. Knight, Write, Comb two adjacent consonants , one is silent. EX- kn-know, pn-pneumonia

character development

The ways in which a character changes and evolves throughout a story, often as a result of some conflict within the story.

integration (fluent reader)

This involves the way the reader constantly blends phrasing, pausing, stress, intonation, and rate together to be an overall fluent reader that pays attention to meaning and fluency.

Pausing (fluent reader)

This refers to how students are reading the punctuation. Do they stop at periods, do they pause at commas, do they raise there voice when they see a question mark? Do they lower their voice when they come to a period? If they are not reading punctuation as well as the words, they probably are struggling with pausing.

stress (fluent reader)

This refers to the emphasis readers place on particular words. They read a more important word louder to reflect the meaning of that word. They notice important words and put an emphasis or a stress on them when reading aloud. Students who struggle with fluency often read in a more monotone voice.

rate (fluent reader)

This refers to the pace at which a reader reads words and moves through the text. Again, if students read at the same rate aloud, they are likely missing this concept. Fluent readers know when the meaning of the text tells them to slow down their reading or speed it up.

phrasing (fluent reader)

This refers to the way readers put words together in groups or phrases. Are they clumping word together in a way that makes sense or are the phrases they are reading together feel disjointed or choppy?

intonation (fluent reader)

This refers to the way the reader changes the pitch, tone, and volume to reflect meaning as they read. When students read with that monotone voice aloud, chances are they read with that same monotone voice silents in their heads and are missing many comprehension moments.

Third Person Multiple POV

This type is still in the "he/she/it" category, but now the narrator can follow multiple characters in the story.

descriptive text

This type of text creates a clear picture through the use of vivid word choices. The purpose is to help a reader see, experience, or understand the selection by the use of sensory details.

3 tiers of RTI

Tier 1: High Quality Classroom Instruction, Screening + Group Intervention Tier 2: Targeted Interventions Tier 3: Intensive Interventions + Comprehensive Evaluations

writers checklist

Using a developed checklist to look for specific features of a text and check for accuracy

XLS document

a Microsoft Excel 97-2003 Worksheet file. Later versions of Excel save spreadsheet files in the XLSX format by default. XLS files store data in tables of rows and columns with support for formatted text, images, charts, and more.

pitch

a tone's experienced highness or lowness; depends on frequency

Fishbone diagram

a visual aid that helps organize cause and effect relationships for "things gone wrong"

conventions

accepted rules of written and spoken language A convention is a set of agreed, stipulated, or generally accepted standards, norms, social norms, or criteria, often taking the form of a custom. In a social context, a convention may retain the character of an "unwritten law" of custom (for example, the manner in which people greet each other, such as by shaking each other's hands).

pronoun-antecedent agreement

agreement in number and case between a pronoun and its antecedent. Ex. Mary and Susie saw their cousins over the holiday. The pronoun "their" is plural. It agrees with the nouns "Mary and Susie."

enumeration

an ordered listing. a list of words, phrases or clauses, sometimes numbered or bulleted

GIF FILE

are one of the most widely-used graphics formats on the World Wide Web. These image files, which can contain up to 256 distinct colors, are especially popular for their ability to feature animated images and text much like a video.

process tier 3 vocab

building knowledge and conceptual understanding within the various academic domains and should be integral to instruction of content.

miscues

cases in which a student reads a word that is different from the one that is printed.

cynical

concerned only with one's own interests and typically disregarding accepted or appropriate standards in order to achieve them. Mockingly

falling action/resolution

conflict ends and loose ends are tied up

sight words vs decodable

decodable Words that kids can sound out using the rules of phonics. Examples include: pot, flute, and snail. sight Words that can't be sounded out and that don't follow the rules of phonics. They need to be memorized so they're instantly recognizable. These are sometimes called sight words, or star words. Examples include: right, enough, and sign. (Note: Some decodable words are also taught as sight words. These words are used so frequently that kids need to recognize them instantly.)

preliterate writing style

drawling to stand for writing

emergent literacy

earliest period of learning about reading and writing. Knowledge and skills relating to reading that children usually develop from experience with books and other print media before the beginning of formal reading instruction in school.

hyperbole

exaggerated statements or claims not meant to be taken literally. I'm dying of laughter. The subject is not literally dying but is using hyperbole to figuratively communicate how hard he is laughing

Proficient writers

final stage of writing. goes early emergent, transitional, conventional, proficient

round table

form of academic discussion. Participants agree on a specific topic to discuss and debate. Each person is given equal right to participate, as illustrated by the idea of a circular layout referred to in the term round table.

Syllabication

forming or dividing words into syllables

summarizing

give a brief statement of the main points of (something) in your own words

whats the benefit of graphic novels?

graphic novels add the extra support kids need to help them through a text. They tend to be particularly captivating for kids, and the combination of text and pictures provides context for stories that they may otherwise not completely understand. 3. Graphic novels are high-quality reading material.

heterogeneously

in which all students perform at roughly the same instructional level. Examples of Heterogeneous Groups A teacher may deliberately pair low-, medium-, and high-level readers (as measured by reading assessments) together in a heterogeneous group to read and analyze a given text together.

text features

include all the components of a story or article that are not the main body of text. These include the table of contents, index, glossary, headings, bold words, sidebars, pictures and captions, and labeled diagrams.

colloquial language

informal language; language that is "conversational"

choral reading

reading aloud in unison with a whole class or group of students. Choral reading helps build students' fluency, self-confidence, and motivation.

semantic

relating to meaning in language or logic

quantitative measures

statistical measurements of text. These include factors such as average sentence length, number of syllables per word, and the total number of different words. Reading A-Z's leveling criteria take into account the following quantitative measures:

Qualitative measures

text attributes that can only be evaluated by a human reader. These include factors such as the author's purpose, the levels of meaning, structure of the text, language conventions, language clarity, knowledge demands, and the complexity and importance of visual devices.

fluency

the ability to read with speed, accuracy, and proper expression. In order to understand what they read, children must be able to read fluently whether they are reading aloud or silently. When reading aloud, fluent readers read in phrases and add intonation appropriately. Their reading is smooth and has expression.

Exposition/Introduction

the beginning of the story where the characters and the setting are revealed

articulation

the clear and precise pronunciation of words

Onomatopoeia

the formation of a word from a sound associated with what is named (e.g. cuckoo, sizzle).

Cognative reading strategy

the mental processes used by skilled readers to extract and construct meaning from text and to create knowledge structures in long-term memory. When these strategies are directly taught to and modeled for struggling readers, their comprehension and retention improve.

alliteration

the occurrence of the same letter or sound at the beginning of adjacent or closely connected words. term to describe a literary device in which a series of words begin with the same consonant sound. A classic example is: "She sells seashells by the sea-shore.".

prosody

the patterns of rhythm and sound used in poetry

decoding

the process by which the receiver interprets the sender's message. word identification

encoding

the processing of information so that it can be stored

Intonation

the rising and falling pitch of the voice when speaking

rate

the speed at which a person speaks. Number of characters, words, fields, or cards sensed by an input sensing device per unit of time.

irony

the use of words to convey a meaning that is the opposite of its literal meaning. For example, when in response to a foolish idea, we say, "What a great idea!" This is verbal irony. Situational irony occurs when, for instance, a man is chuckling at the misfortune of another, even when the same misfortune is, unbeknownst to him, befalling him

antecedent

the word, phrase, or clause to which a pronoun refers

CVCe words

those tricky to spell words with a final silent 'e'. Many young children will fly along with their spelling until they reach those tricky long vowel sound word - the ones with a final silent 'e' then they can stumble. Often they will be able to read them before they can spell them correctly. consonant, vowel, consonant, and then the letter e. bake bike bone cute

3 tiers of vocabulary

tier 1 is conversation and familiar. (words of everyday speech. familiar to most students) bottom of pyramid tier 2 is more precise and needs explanation (high frequency words, found in many content areas) tier 3 is context specific, e.g., iambic pentameter (low frequency) top of pyramid

grimaces

twisted expression on a person's face;usually in pain or disgust

picture sort

viewers receive a deck of photos and sort them into categories as requested by the researcher

plodding

walking slowly; working slowly at a boring task

turn and talk

which children are partnered up to take turns listening and speaking with one another, is a common classroom practice with many benefits. It allows all children to share their thinking with one another, it helps children develop their oral language skills and the pragmatics, or social conventions, of discourse.

homophone usage

word that is pronounced the same (to varying extent) as another word but differs in meaning. A homophone may also differ in spelling. The two words may be spelled the same, as in rose (flower) and rose (past tense of rise), or differently, as in rain, reign, and rein. Homophones are often used to create puns and to deceive the reader (as in crossword puzzles) or to suggest multiple meanings. The last usage is common in poetry and creative literature

Transitional writing stage

(7-8 years old) Children in the transitional stage of writing display the ability to create meaningful sentences to communicate a message. They have mastered basic mechanics, starting a sentence with a capital letter, ending with the correct punctuation, and correct spelling.

ironic

(adj.) suggesting an incongruity between what might be expected and what actually happens; given to irony, sarcastic

succinct

(especially of something written or spoken) briefly and clearly expressed.

vignette

(n.) a short description or sketch; a picture or illustration with edges that gradually shade off; a decorative design on the title page of a book or at the beginning or end of a chapter. a short, descriptive literary sketch

inflectional suffix

-s, -es, -ing, -ed. Expresses plurality or possession when added to a noun.

5 stages of literacy development

1. Awareness and Exploration - babies and toddlers hear and become aware 2. Experimental Reading and Writing - children learn the alphabet - learn to associate letters and sounds to words 3. Early Learning Reading and Writing - Kindergarten/1st Grade - Learn phonics 4. Transitional Reading and Writing - 2nd/3rd Grade - Can read on their own 5. Competent Reading and Writing - typically develops by grade 4

fable

A brief story that leads to a moral, often using animals as characters

Antagonist

A character or force in conflict with the main character

idiom

A common, often used expression that doesn't make sense if you take it literally. raining cats and dogs

simile

A comparison using "like" or "as". ex Her cheeks are red LIKE a rose.

personification

A figure of speech in which an object or animal is given human feelings, thoughts, or attitudes. The puppy danced with joy, the fire screamed

foot

A metrical unit composed of stressed and unstressed syllables. the basic repeating rhythmic unit that forms part of a line of verse in most Indo-European traditions of poetry, including English accentual-syllabic verse and the quantitative meter of classical ancient Greek and Latin poetry. The unit is composed of syllables, and is usually two, three, or four syllables in length. The most common feet in English are the iamb, trochee, dactyl, and anapest. The foot might be compared to a bar, or a beat divided into pulse groups, in musical notation.

rising action

A series of events that builds from the conflict. It begins with the inciting force and ends with the climax.

nursery rhyme

A short, rhymed poem or tale for children

analogy

A similarity or comparison between two different things or the relationship between them. ex Life is like a race., Just as a sword is the weapon of a warrior, a pen is the weapon of a writer.

paradox

A statement or proposition that seems self-contradictory or absurd but in reality expresses a possible truth. ex wise fool or I can resist anything but temptation

homogeneously

A teacher designs small-group reading instructionbased on the skills that the students in each group are developing. When organizing these homogeneous groups, a teacher puts all "high" students (those with the highest reading levels) together in their own group and meets with them all at the same time to read a more challenging text.

text complexity

A three-part model for examining texts proposed by the Common Core that includes quantitative data, qualitative information, and reader and task considerations.

scaffolding

Adjusting the support offered during a teaching session to fit the child's current level of performance

allusion

An allusion is a figure of speech or reference to a person, place, literary work, myth or other work of art directly or indirectly. A very simple example would be: 'I am no Frank Sinatra.'. other definition an expression designed to call something to mind without mentioning it explicitly; an indirect or passing reference.

syntactic awareness

An understanding about the order and purpose of words in sentences.

conventional writing stage

Conventional Writing Stage Transitional stage spelling (or invented spelling) is replaced by full, correct spelling of words. Some teachers assess using sequences to make developmental checklists or portfolio inventory sheets. During choice time, the teacher observes and notes any writing behavior.

MLA example

Dahl, Rhol. The witches. New York. Farrar Straus Giroux, 1993. Print.

decoding vs encoding

Decoding involves translating printed words to sounds, or reading, and encoding is just the opposite; using individual sounds to build and write words. In order to read and write, we must first become phonologically aware by acquiring the ability to understand that words are built from smaller sounds, or phonemes.

discern

Definition of discern. transitive verb. 1a : to detect with the eyes discerned a figure approaching through the fog. b : to detect with senses other than vision discerned a strange odor. 2 : to recognize or identify as separate and distinct : discriminate discern right from wrong.

early emergent writer stage

Drawing and Imitative Writing. The child writes a message with scribbling that imitates "grown-up" writing. It shows... Copying Words. The child copies words from handy resources like books, posters, and word walls. The writing makes sense... Drawing and Strings of Letters. The child writes with random letters to convey a message.

Stages of Literacy Development part 2...

Early emergent, emergent, developing, early independent, expanding

mood

Feeling or atmosphere that a writer creates for the reader

why is phoneme segmentation important?

Phoneme segmentation is essential in developing reading and spelling skills. In order to write or type words, children must: • break the word down into its component sounds • select the letters that represent these sounds. Children who have strong phonemic awareness skills demonstrate better literacy growth.

phoneme segmentation

Phoneme segmentation is the ability to break words down into individual sounds. For example, a child may break the word "sand" into its component sounds - /sss/, /aaa/, /nnn/, and /d

phonics pattern

Phonics are the most basic patterns in our language. A phonic is a closed syllable which starts with a vowel and produces a specific speech pattern. An easy way to introduce students to phonics and word families is through rhyming words.

subject-verb agreement

Plural subjects must have plural verbs. Singular subjects must have singular verbs

Text feature walk

Pre-reading strategy that guides students in the reading of text features in order to access prior knowledge, make connections, and set a purpose for reading text.

proper nouns capilitization rules

Proper nouns are the names of a specific person, place, or thing. The basic capitalization rule of proper nouns is that the first letters are capitalized.

segmented phonemes

Sample goal for phoneme segmentation skills. 1 listen to a target sound (phoneme) presented orally. 2 determine the word that begins with the target phoneme. 3 indicate the word by saying it out loud, signing it, or selecting the appropriate picture or AAC symbol with at least 80% accuracy. sh ee p

onset rime segmentation

Segmenting the Onset and Rime (Slid becomes /sl/ /id). The onset is the beginning sound that can be heard when words are sounded out. The rime is the part of the word that is left after the onset is removed. When the two parts are separated, it is called onset-rime segmentation.

clarifying

The process of making sure you have understood the meaning of what was said

6 characteristics of a fluent reader

pausing, phrasing, stress, intonation, rate, and integration

SWBST chart

Along with the anchor chart, you will also receive a student printable that will help to guide your students to break down all the parts of a summary, and then put it all back together in a summary statement or summary paragraph.

3 reader task considerations

In addition to using quantitative and qualitative factors when matching texts to students, it is important to consider the student's needs, interests, and abilities, and the task the student is asked to complete, when deciding whether a text is appropriate for him or her.

why is sight word recognition important ?

Learning sight word recognition skills will help learners read: Irregular words that can not be sounded out For example, words such as: there, was, said, come Words that are governed by more complex spelling rules that have not yet been taught For example, words such as: boy, eat Longer, more complex words that are of high interest to the learner For example, words such as: Spiderman, Darth Vader, Hannah Montana, horse Remember that learners should not only receive instruction in sight word recognition. They also need instruction in decoding skills. Instruction in sight word recognition supplements, but does not replace, instruction in decoding.

Protagonist

Main character in a story

Climax

Most exciting moment of the story; turning point

Irregular vowel families

Sometimes, the basic rules of phonics do not apply. Each of these instances must be memorized. Common examples include, but are not limited, to: IGH as in "high" or "sight" -NG as in "sing," "song," "sung" OST as in "most" (but not "lost" or "cost") uses the long sound instead of the normal short sound. OW has two different sounds as in "low" and "cow." (or, "sow" and "sow.") ED has three different sounds as in "lifted," "played," and "walked" OI does not follow the two vowels rule, e.g., "moist" or "boil." Double O has two different sounds, as in "book" and "loose." OUS as in "nervous." AU as in "fault" or "haul." -SION, -TION, and -CION are all pronounced "shun." OUGH has at least seven different sounds, as in "bough," "cough," "hough," "tough," "thorough," "thought," and "through."

spatial writing

Spatial order is the method of writing in which ideas are arranged in the order of their physical location. While writing, one focuses on the story content, grammar, choice of words, etc. However, arranging the content in a logical order is as important as using the right words.

fishbowl strategy/discussion

The Fishbowl Discussion is a teaching strategy that encourages full student participation, reflection and depth of knowledge. Students take turns "in the bowl" and "out of the bowl". Students in the bowl participate in a lively discussion, often about opposing views or controversial topics,..

recursive

The best reading is a recursive process in which the reader returns to a text after a first reading, focusing on significant passages and details, tracing patterns and developing ideas, asking probing questions, and building on fertile ambiguities and gaps. other definition... characterized by recurrence or repetition.

non decodable words and decodable examples

The cat hid on top of the big rock. · Deb had eggs and ham with us. · The pup will jump in the pond with the big dog. In contrast, The following sentences are NOT decodable by beginners: · The cougar escaped by climbing behind the large boulder. · Darlene delighted in devouring the delicious doughnuts. · The playful Labrador puppy leaped right into the water with the other dogs.

Semiphonetic Stage

The child begins to understand letter-sound correspondence--that sounds are assigned to letters. At this stage, the child often employs rudimentary logic, using single letters, for example, to represent words, sounds, and syllables (e.g., U for you).

orthographic mapping

The process readers use to store written words for immediate, effortless retrieval. enables the ability to identify words by sight (i.e., sight words) allowing instant recognition and fluent and quick reading abilities. Orthographic mapping occurs via a developmental process and a sequence of several phases, where the child connects the spelling of words to the pronunciation of words in memory.

how to tell if a word is decodable

The determination of 'decodable' is based on factors including: · The code the child has learned. These are the sounds that the child has directly learned. In the beginning this code knowledge is limited. As the child learns more and more of the phonemic code the amount of material that is decodable will expand rapidly. · The phonetic structure of the words. Decodable words consist of phonograms the child knows. Remember decodability is based on the phonograms not the letters of the alphabet. For example, the child who knows 'o' = /o/ and 'i' = /i/ can not decode 'oi'=/oy/ until he learns the phonogram 'oi'=/oy/. · The length of the word. Young children need to begin with single syllable words. After they have mastered single syllable words move to 2 syllable words. Remember, you still need to evaluate phonemic code as word length is only part of decodability. Short words can have complex code that is not yet decodable by beginners (for example: owl, art, boy, roar, right, soil, year). The easiest words to read are consonant-vowel-consonant patterns (for example: ran, sit, fun, red, mom, him,...).

automaticity

When applied to reading, automaticity is the ability to look at words and read them aloud without thinking, as we are about to look at in greater depth. All readers start off in the same position: by knowing nothing, or at least very little about letters, words and sentence structure.

Decodable Words

Words containing phonic elements that were previously taught.

cognates

Words that look similar and have the same origin in two languages. phenomes that differ only in voicing

Multisyllabic Words

Words with more than one syllable. A systematic introduction of prefixes, suffixes, and multisyllabic words should occur throughout a reading program. The average number of syllables in the words students read should increase steadily throughout the grades.

think pair share

a collaborative teaching strategy first proposed by Frank Lyman of the University of Maryland in 1981. It can be used to help students form individual ideas, discuss and share with the others in-group. It can be used before reading or teaching a concept and works better with smaller groups.

JPEG FILE

a commonly used method of lossy compression for digital images, particularly for those images produced by digital photography. The degree of compression can be adjusted, allowing a selectable tradeoff between storage size and image quality. JPEG typically achieves 10:1 compression with little perceptible loss in image quality. Since its introduction in 1992, JPEG has been the most widely used image compression standard in the world, and the most widely used digital image format,

round robin

a game used by teachers to informally observe learned information in an interactive and entertaining way. The approach incorporates each student in the class instead of the same three or four students contributing to the class discussion or question-and-answer period.

limerick

a kind of humorous verse of five lines, in which the first, second, and fifth lines rhyme with each other, and the third and fourth lines, which are shorter, form a rhymed couplet

reciprocal teaching

instructional activity that takes the form of a dialogue between teachers and students regarding segments of text for the purpose of constructing the meaning of text. Reciprocal teaching is a reading technique which is thought to promote students' reading comprehension. A reciprocal approach provides students with four specific reading strategies that are actively and consciously used to support comprehension: Questioning, Clarifying, Summarizing, and Predicting. Palincsar (1986) believes the purpose of reciprocal teaching is to facilitate a group effort between teacher and students as well as among students in the task of bringing meaning to the text.

MOV FILE

is a common multimedia container file format developed by Apple and compatible with both Macintosh and Windows platforms. It may contain multiple tracks that store different types of media data and is often used for saving movies and other video files. MOV files commonly use the MPEG-4 codec for compression.

PDF FILE

is a multi-platform document created by Adobe Acrobat or another PDF application. The PDF format is commonly used for saving documents and publications in a standard format that can be viewed on multiple platforms. In many cases, PDF files are created from existing documents instead of from scratch.

reflecting

is the process of considering an experience, idea, or feeling in light of other experiences, ideas, or feelings.

KWL Chart

large chart where students first write "what they Know", "what they want to Learn" and then "what I learned"

jigsaw

method of organizing classroom activity that makes students dependent on each other to succeed. It breaks classes into groups and breaks assignments into pieces that the group assembles to complete the puzzle. It was designed by social psychologist Elliot Aronson to help weaken racial cliques in forcibly integrated schools.

narrative poem requirements

must tell a story and include characters, setting, conflict, and a plot. It must also include elements of structure as we've discussed in class such as rhythm, lines, line breaks, and stanzas.

informative text

nonfiction text in which the author presents information about a specific subject

prose

written or spoken language in its ordinary form, without metrical structure. any writing that is not poetry.