Reason and Evidence D265

Premises make you ask

"what does that mean?" "why tell me that?"

Conclusions make you ask

"why would i believe that? Give me a reason to believe that claim"

Basic Concepts

1<-----2 1 is true "why?" "because of 2"

Indirect Support

1<-----2<-----3 main conclusion of the argument

mapping independent support

3 inferences (educated guess) that have the same conclusion

appeal to ignorance

Cannot prove that proposition A is true or false. So could be true or could be false. EX. UFOs havent came to earth, so i believe that they have.

Affirming the Consequent

If A true then B B observe and A assume EX. if it rains, then the game is cancelled. The game is cancelled, therefore it has rained.

Denying the Antecedent

If A, then B... Not A therefore not B. ex. -build a house with brick it'll be stable -didn't build house with brick -house is not stable

validity

If premises are true, the conclusion must be true. EX. P1) Rosie was born in Cali. P2) Everyone from Cali likes biscuits C) Rosie likes biscuits

False Premise

One premise has to be false in argument. ex. All humans are cats (false) All cats are mammals (True) So, all humans are mammals (True)

Complex propositions

Truth depends on the truth of their parts and their internal logic. ex. this soda is coke or pepsi.

Truth

a true statement that accurately represents reality. EX. P1) all siamese are cats. P2) Rosie is a siamese. C) therefore, Rosie is a cat.

Words used to identify Independent Propositions

and or either.....or..... but if.....then......

genetic fallacy

arguer critiques origin of claim or argument rather than the argument EX. my parents told me that God exists, therefore, God exist.

straw figure or straw man fallacy

arguing against a false version of someones actual argument. EX. 1) id rather have a dog than a cat. 2) why do you hate cats?

Bad inferential structure

argument is bad, because the premises dont support the conclusion.

Formal Fallacy

argument with a bad structure

Deduction

arguments where the premises guarantee or necessitate the conclusion

Induction

arguments where the premises make the conclusion probable

ad hominem fallacy

attacking person, not the argument EX. 1) cats are smart animals. 2. well you're stupid so i dont believe you.

post hoc ergo propter hoc

because an event occurred first, it must have caused this later event. EX. Every time that rooster crows, the sun comes up. that rooster must be very powerful and important.

Ad Populum fallacy

believing an argument because it's popular EX. everyone drives over the speed limit, so its should not be against the law.

Appeal to Authority fallacy

believing an argument because of someone's authority EX. kid says cussing is wrong cause his mom said so.

anchoring bias

causes us to rely too much on the first piece of information we are given.

Begging the question

circular reasoning ex. my boyfriend doesn't lie how do you know? because he said so

Cogency

cogent if its Strong & Premises are true. EX. most crows seen are black. Therefore, the next crow seen will be black.

sub-conclusion

conclusion in a sub-inference.

False Dichotomy

considering only two extremes when there are other possibilities

informal fallacy

content of argument is the issue

Multiple

downward braces if there are more than one conclusion

strong critical thinking

examine others belief before coming to a conclusion

confirmation bias

favoring information that confirms previous existing beliefs. ex. conclusion of that opinion disagrees with what i think, so argument must not be good

main conclusion

final conclusion of the argument. bottom most layer.

Abduction

finding the most likely explanation for what has happened

modus pones

if a, then b a therefore, b EX. if Today is Tuesday, then John will go to work. Today is Tuesday. Therefore John will go to work.

modus tollens

if a, then b not a therefore, not b EX. If im happy, then i smile. Im not smiling, therefore im not happy

Premise Indicators

indicating that the fact said lead to a conclusion Because, for, given that, in fact, as, since, as indicated by

sub-inference

inference from a premise to another premise. conclusion is never at the bottom

Independent support

its an argument for the conclusion on its own.

availability bias

make judgment based on an example, or case that comes to mind

hasty generalization fallacy

making a broad judgment of a large group with little evidence EX. my brothers never help with chores, all men are useless with chores.

level or layer

one horizontal row of a carefully drawn argument map

Slippery Slope

one thing leads to another EX. if student redo test, theyll want to redo all test.

conjoint support

premise doesn't support the conclusion without other premises.

sun-premise

premise in a sub-inference

Soundness

premises are true and conclusion makes sense EX. P1) Whales dont have fur. P2) Whales are mammals. C) Therefore, not all mammals have fur

main premise

premises supporting main conclusion

evasive red herring

responding to a question with something off the topic

Burden Shifting

shifting burden of proof to arguer EX. prove to me its true or not.

Simple propositions

simply true or false on their own.

Texas Sharpshooter Fallacy

someone chooses an argument based on what they want to believe, only use evidence to support their side

fallacy fallacy

someone notices your argument contains a fallacy, leads them to believe your claim is false. EX. your argument contains a straw man fallacy so i think youre lying.

Appeal to Consequences fallacy

statement must be T or F based on the consequences if would lead to. EX. stock market will go up this year. A lot of people would lose money if it didn't.

Non-Propositions

statement that cannot be true or false. EX. Lets go fly a kite

Propositions

statements that are true or false. ex. 1+1=2

red herring fallacy

talk about one thing, but end up talking about another EX. you are home late, you distract parents by asking how the weather is.

Conclusion Indicators

trying to get me to believe something, that is the conclusion

principle of charity

trying to understand other persons point of view.

false dilemma (black/white)

two options are presented as the only two options EX. you are for us, or you are against us

Appeal to Force

uses threat to make someone believe argument EX. cats are cute, you better believe me or ill punch you in the face.

Equivocation fallacy

using same word in more than one way. Causing a misleading argument. example: children are a headache. Aspirin will make headaches go away. Therefore, aspirin will make children go away