Reason and Evidence D265
Premises make you ask
"what does that mean?" "why tell me that?"
Conclusions make you ask
"why would i believe that? Give me a reason to believe that claim"
Basic Concepts
1<-----2 1 is true "why?" "because of 2"
Indirect Support
1<-----2<-----3 main conclusion of the argument
mapping independent support
3 inferences (educated guess) that have the same conclusion
appeal to ignorance
Cannot prove that proposition A is true or false. So could be true or could be false. EX. UFOs havent came to earth, so i believe that they have.
Affirming the Consequent
If A true then B B observe and A assume EX. if it rains, then the game is cancelled. The game is cancelled, therefore it has rained.
Denying the Antecedent
If A, then B... Not A therefore not B. ex. -build a house with brick it'll be stable -didn't build house with brick -house is not stable
validity
If premises are true, the conclusion must be true. EX. P1) Rosie was born in Cali. P2) Everyone from Cali likes biscuits C) Rosie likes biscuits
False Premise
One premise has to be false in argument. ex. All humans are cats (false) All cats are mammals (True) So, all humans are mammals (True)
Complex propositions
Truth depends on the truth of their parts and their internal logic. ex. this soda is coke or pepsi.
Truth
a true statement that accurately represents reality. EX. P1) all siamese are cats. P2) Rosie is a siamese. C) therefore, Rosie is a cat.
Words used to identify Independent Propositions
and or either.....or..... but if.....then......
genetic fallacy
arguer critiques origin of claim or argument rather than the argument EX. my parents told me that God exists, therefore, God exist.
straw figure or straw man fallacy
arguing against a false version of someones actual argument. EX. 1) id rather have a dog than a cat. 2) why do you hate cats?
Bad inferential structure
argument is bad, because the premises dont support the conclusion.
Formal Fallacy
argument with a bad structure
Deduction
arguments where the premises guarantee or necessitate the conclusion
Induction
arguments where the premises make the conclusion probable
ad hominem fallacy
attacking person, not the argument EX. 1) cats are smart animals. 2. well you're stupid so i dont believe you.
post hoc ergo propter hoc
because an event occurred first, it must have caused this later event. EX. Every time that rooster crows, the sun comes up. that rooster must be very powerful and important.
Ad Populum fallacy
believing an argument because it's popular EX. everyone drives over the speed limit, so its should not be against the law.
Appeal to Authority fallacy
believing an argument because of someone's authority EX. kid says cussing is wrong cause his mom said so.
anchoring bias
causes us to rely too much on the first piece of information we are given.
Begging the question
circular reasoning ex. my boyfriend doesn't lie how do you know? because he said so
Cogency
cogent if its Strong & Premises are true. EX. most crows seen are black. Therefore, the next crow seen will be black.
sub-conclusion
conclusion in a sub-inference.
False Dichotomy
considering only two extremes when there are other possibilities
informal fallacy
content of argument is the issue
Multiple
downward braces if there are more than one conclusion
strong critical thinking
examine others belief before coming to a conclusion
confirmation bias
favoring information that confirms previous existing beliefs. ex. conclusion of that opinion disagrees with what i think, so argument must not be good
main conclusion
final conclusion of the argument. bottom most layer.
Abduction
finding the most likely explanation for what has happened
modus pones
if a, then b a therefore, b EX. if Today is Tuesday, then John will go to work. Today is Tuesday. Therefore John will go to work.
modus tollens
if a, then b not a therefore, not b EX. If im happy, then i smile. Im not smiling, therefore im not happy
Premise Indicators
indicating that the fact said lead to a conclusion Because, for, given that, in fact, as, since, as indicated by
sub-inference
inference from a premise to another premise. conclusion is never at the bottom
Independent support
its an argument for the conclusion on its own.
availability bias
make judgment based on an example, or case that comes to mind
hasty generalization fallacy
making a broad judgment of a large group with little evidence EX. my brothers never help with chores, all men are useless with chores.
level or layer
one horizontal row of a carefully drawn argument map
Slippery Slope
one thing leads to another EX. if student redo test, theyll want to redo all test.
conjoint support
premise doesn't support the conclusion without other premises.
sun-premise
premise in a sub-inference
Soundness
premises are true and conclusion makes sense EX. P1) Whales dont have fur. P2) Whales are mammals. C) Therefore, not all mammals have fur
main premise
premises supporting main conclusion
evasive red herring
responding to a question with something off the topic
Burden Shifting
shifting burden of proof to arguer EX. prove to me its true or not.
Simple propositions
simply true or false on their own.
Texas Sharpshooter Fallacy
someone chooses an argument based on what they want to believe, only use evidence to support their side
fallacy fallacy
someone notices your argument contains a fallacy, leads them to believe your claim is false. EX. your argument contains a straw man fallacy so i think youre lying.
Appeal to Consequences fallacy
statement must be T or F based on the consequences if would lead to. EX. stock market will go up this year. A lot of people would lose money if it didn't.
Non-Propositions
statement that cannot be true or false. EX. Lets go fly a kite
Propositions
statements that are true or false. ex. 1+1=2
red herring fallacy
talk about one thing, but end up talking about another EX. you are home late, you distract parents by asking how the weather is.
Conclusion Indicators
trying to get me to believe something, that is the conclusion
principle of charity
trying to understand other persons point of view.
false dilemma (black/white)
two options are presented as the only two options EX. you are for us, or you are against us
Appeal to Force
uses threat to make someone believe argument EX. cats are cute, you better believe me or ill punch you in the face.
Equivocation fallacy
using same word in more than one way. Causing a misleading argument. example: children are a headache. Aspirin will make headaches go away. Therefore, aspirin will make children go away