repro quiz 1

Chromotin

-Chromatin is a complex of macromolecules composed of DNA, RNA, and protein, which is found inside the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. -The primary protein components of chromatin are histones that help to organize DNA into "bead-like" structures called nucleosomes by providing a base on which the DNA can be wrapped around. -A nucleosome consists of 147 base pairs of DNA that is wrapped around a set of 8 histones called an octomer. -The nucleosome can be further folded to produce the chromatin fiber. Chromatin fibers are coiled and condensed to form chromosomes. -Chromatin makes it possible for a number of cell processes to occur including DNA replication, transcription, DNA repair, genetic recombination, and cell division.

nucleotide

A building block of DNA, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group.

cell membrane

A cell structure that controls which substances can enter or leave the cell.

chromatid short defenition

A chromatid is either of the two strands of a replicated chromosome. Chromatids connected by a centromere are called sister chromatids. At the end of cell division, sister chromatids separate and become daughter chromosomes in the newly formed daughter cells.

DNA importance again

A person's DNA contains information about their heritage, and it can sometimes reveal whether they are at an elevated risk for certain diseases. DNA tests, or genetic tests, are used for a variety of reasons, including to diagnose genetic disorders, to determine whether a person is a carrier of a genetic mutation that they could pass on to their children and to examine whether a person is at risk for a genetic disease.

phosphate

A phosphate is made up of one phosphorus atom attached to four oxygen atoms. When a molecule of phosphate is attached to a carbon-containing molecule, it is then known as a phosphate group.

dna code

ATCGTATGCGG

DNA importance (replication)

An important property of DNA is that it can replicate, or make copies of itself. Each strand of DNA in the double helix can serve as a pattern for duplicating the sequence of bases. This is critical when cells divide because each new cell needs to have an exact copy of the DNA present in the old cell.

Chromosomes short definition

Chromosomes are single-stranded groupings of condensed chromatin. During the cell division processes of mitosis and meiosis, chromosomes replicate to ensure that each new daughter cell receives the correct number of chromosomes. A duplicated chromosome is double-stranded and has the familiar X shape. The two strands are identical and connected at a central region called the centromere.

nitrogenous base pairs

DNA bases pair up with each other, A with T and C with G, to form units called base pairs.

dna function

DNA contains the instructions needed for an organism to develop, survive and reproduce. To carry out these functions, DNA sequences must be converted into messages that can be used to produce proteins, which are the complex molecules that do most of the work in our bodies.

how is information "written" on a strand of dna

DNA encodes information through the order, or sequence, of the nucleotides along each strand.

DNA is made up of

DNA is made up of molecules called nucleotides.

dna and chromosomes

DNA molecules are long — so long, in fact, that they can't fit into cells without the right packaging. To fit inside cells, DNA is coiled tightly to form structures called chromosomes. Each chromosome contains a single DNA molecule, wrapped tightly around spool-like proteins called histones, which provide chromosomes their structure.

replication

DNA replication is the process by which DNA makes a copy of itself during cell division.

duplication

Duplication is a type of mutation that involves the production of one or more copies of a gene or region of a chromosome. Gene and chromosome duplications occur in all organisms, though they are especially prominent among plants. Gene duplication is an important mechanism by which evolution occurs.

nucleotide structure

Each base is also attached to a sugar molecule and a phosphate molecule. Together, a nitrogenous base, sugar, and phosphate are called a nucleotide.

genes encode...

Genes encode proteins that perform all sorts of functions for humans (and other living beings).

Rosalind Franklin

In 1952, chemist Rosalind Franklin, who was working in the lab of biophysicist Maurice Wilkins, used X-ray diffraction — a way of determining the structure of a molecule by the way X-rays bounce off it — to learn that DNA had a helical structure.

Watson and Crick

In 1953, Wilkins showed the photo to biologists James Watson and Francis Crick — without Franklin's knowledge. Armed with the information that DNA was a double helix and previous reports that the bases adenine and thymine occurred in equal amounts within DNA, as did guanine and cytosine, Watson and Crick published a landmark 1953 paper in the journal Nature. In that paper, they proposed the iconic double-helix model of DNA as we now know it, with sugar-phosphate sides and rungs made up of A-T and G-C base pairs. They also suggested that, based on their proposed structure, DNA could be copied — and, therefore, passed on.

chromotin chromotid process

Long strands of chromatin condense into chromosomes. The sister chromatids are the result of replication. Each chromatid has the same base sequence (information) -histones proteins act as spools

What is mitochondria?

Mitochondria are structures within cells that convert the energy from food into a form that cells can use.

the nucleotide is the

Monomer of a nucleic acid

DNA location

Most DNA is located in the cell nucleus (where it is called nuclear DNA), but a small amount of DNA can also be found in the mitochondria (where it is called mitochondrial DNA or mtDNA).

ladder structure

Nucleotides are arranged in two long strands that form a spiral called a double helix. The structure of the double helix is somewhat like a ladder, with the base pairs forming the ladder's rungs and the sugar and phosphate molecules forming the vertical sidepieces of the ladder.

polymer

Polymers are large molecules made up of long chains or networks of smaller molecules called monomers.

polymers and dna

Polymers are large molecules made up of long chains or networks of smaller molecules called monomers. DNA is a polymer because it is a bio-molecule that is made up of monomers. The monomers DNA is made up of are called nucleotides. DNA consists of two long polymers (called strands) that run in opposite directions and form the regular geometry of the double helix. The monomers of DNA are called nucleotides.

How can you tell the difference between chromatin and chromosomes?

The difference between chromatin and chromosomes is that chromatin is composed of DNA and histones that are packed into a fiber whereas a chromosome is a single-stranded form of condensed chromatin. Also, Chromotin appears as long, thin, uncoiled structures while Chromosome appears as thick, compact, ribbon-like coiled structures.

What is the function of DNA?

The function of DNA is to store all of the genetic information that an organism needs to develop, function, and reproduce. Also it kind-of just stores instructions for making other large molecules, called proteins as well which makes it like an information molecule.

the nitrogenous bases in DNA

The information in DNA is stored as a code made up of four chemical bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T).

importance of order and/or sequence of the bases

The order, or sequence, of these bases determines the information available for building and maintaining an organism, similar to the way in which letters of the alphabet appear in a certain order to form words and sentences. Similar to the way that letters in the alphabet can be arranged to form words, the order of nitrogen bases in a DNA sequence forms genes, which, in the language of the cell, tell cells how to make proteins. The shorthand for this process is that genes "encode" proteins.

semiconservative replication process (pic on paper)

The replication of a DNA molecule begins when the two complementary DNA strands are separated. This is usually accomplished by special proteins that unwind the molecule and expose the nucleotide bases. New complimentary DNA strands are then synthesized by joining together deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates, one at a time, and with the removal of a di-phosphate. At the end of the process the cell has made to identical copies of all the biological information contained on the original, parental, DNA molecule, but the two new daughter DNA molecules are "Half old" and "Half new". Half the original DNA molecule is saved, or conserved in the daughter molecules. This is why the process is called semi-conservative.

triple helix

Triple-stranded DNA (also known as H-DNA or Triplex-DNA) is a DNA structure in which three oligonucleotides wind around each other and form a triple helix.

double helix

Twisted ladder formation of DNA *

hydrogen

Weaker bonds that hold base pairs together.

examples of the nitrogenous bases

adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T)

chromotins short definition

chromatin is composed of DNA and histones that are packaged into thin, stringy fibers. The chromatin undergoes further condensation to form the chromosome. So the chromatin is a lower order of DNA organization, while chromosomes are the higher order of DNA organization.

covalent

covalent bond, in chemistry, the interatomic linkage that results from the sharing of an electron pair between two atoms. ... A covalent bond forms when the bonded atoms have a lower total energy than that of widely separated atoms.

DNA is a

deoxyribonucleic acid

How is information encoded in a DNA molecule? *

http://nowiknow.co.in/2017/01/20/chromosome-chromatin-chromatid/ DNA encodes information through the order, or sequence, of the nucleotides along each strand.

benefits of cloning

increases food supply so more food save endangered species by cloning them

dna amounts

the amounts of the dna code thing given in a dna molecule will be about the same for every molecule and will be matched pretty close

DNA is also

the hereditary material in humans and almost all other organisms. Nearly every cell in a person's body has the same DNA. is a molecule that supplies the genetic instructions that tell living creatures how to develop, live and reproduce. DNA can be found inside every cell and is passed down from parents to their offspring.

nucleus

the nucleus is the large, membrane-bounded organelle that contains the genetic material in the form of multiple linear DNA molecules organized into structures called chromosomes. In cell biology, the nucleus function is to act as the control center of the cell.

dna relation to homeostasis

they both relate to having a balance of information and allowing or helping cells, organisms, proteins live in a stable environment with good instructions and information on everything surrounding them.