research 1 study guide for final

The question "Is there a relationship between caffeine intake and intraocular pressure in patients with glaucoma?" is an example of which type of research? a. Basic b. Correlational c. Historical d. Phenomenological

b. Correlational

If a reviewer is asking "To what populations can the findings be generalized?", which phase of the research critique is represented? a. Analysis b. Comparison c. Comprehension d. Evaluation

d. Evaluation

A researcher wants to investigate the possibility that diabetic patients who are allowed to cook their own meals will adhere to dietary restrictions better than patients who do not. What is the dependent variable? a. Adherence to dietary restrictions b. Diabetes c. Dietary restrictions d. Meal cooking

a. Adherence to dietary restrictions

As a research consumer reads through a research report, the logical flow and connection among the problem, purpose, and objectives are assessed. Which step of the critical appraisal process is described here? a. Analysis b. Comparison c. Comprehension d. Evaluation

a. Analysis

A nurse reads a research report published in a professional journal. The nurse notes that a convenience sample was used, and data were gathered from several clinical sites. Overall the nurse was impressed with the quality and credibility of the study. The nurse demonstrated which critical thinking skill related to reading research reports? a. Analyzing a research report b. Highlighting key components of the research report c. Quickly reading through the report for a broad overview d. Reading the entire study through carefully to focus on major concepts

a. Analyzing a research report b.

The researcher's own voice is heard most in which section of a study? a. Conclusions b. Findings c. Literature review d. Results

a. Conclusions

As a nurse who identifies a need for improvement in patient care, what would you do first to establish a new evidence-based guideline for practice? a. Conduct a thorough literature review. b. Enlist the support of affiliating physicians. c. Institute a research use project. d. Write the National Guideline Clearinghouse for information.

a. Conduct a thorough literature review.

A researcher describes a study as a descriptive study. Which of the following would typically be part of the research methodology for the study? a. Finding a representative sample b. Describing a causal effect between the variables c. Identifying the control group d. Planning the intervention

a. Finding a representative sample

The safeguard mechanism by which even the researcher cannot link the participant with the information provided is called: a. anonymity. b. confidentiality. c. informed consent. d. right to privacy.

a. anonymity.

Data for qualitative studies are: a. based on words rather than numbers. b. easy and straightforward to interpret. c. gathered quickly from large numbers of people. d. precisely analyzed on a computer.

a. based on words rather than numbers.

In the research process, a critical factor in data collection is: a. consistency. b. flexibility. c. observation. d. timeliness.

a. consistency.

A research problem is defined as a/an: a. general area of concern requiring study. b. intended or desired result of a specific action. c. statement that specifically indicates the study focus. d. topic of personal interest.

a. general area of concern requiring study.

Analysis of data in qualitative studies attempts to: a. identify common themes and patterns. b. separate personal perceptions from environmental context. c. support a single perception of reality. d. verify information from previous studies.

a. identify common themes and patterns.

In critiquing nominal-level instruments, the reviewer checks the items in the instrument to be sure they are: a. mutually exclusive and exhaustive. b. precise and complete. c. stable and structured. d. valid and reliable.

a. mutually exclusive and exhaustive.

Read the following statement and answer the question: "Structured preoperative support is more effective in reducing surgical patients' perception of pain and request for analgesics than structured postoperative support." What type of variable is "Request for analgesics"? a. Attribute b. Dependent c. Extraneous d. Independent

b. Dependent

A researcher uses the following hypothesis in a study: "Excessive listening to alternative music will lead to increased depression in young teenagers." Which of the following dependent variables would need to be defined operationally in the research study? a. Alternative music b. Depression c. Excessive listening d. Young teenagers

b. Depression

Which of the following is an example of a study typically exempt from IRB review? a. Comparison of IV insertion techniques related to incidence of pain b. Description of levels of spiritual distress in cancer patients c. Effect of a new antiemetic on nausea in pregnant women d. Qualitative investigation of drug abusers' experiences in the health care system

b. Description of levels of spiritual distress in cancer patients

Which of the following are true statements regarding ethical research? a. Because of the development of the IRB process, misconduct is no longer a problem in the scientific community. b. Ethical research follows the three principles set forth by the Nation al Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research. c. Researchers strive to protect the rights of human subjects, but in some situations, violation of these rights is necessary if valuable information about disease conditions is to be obtained. d. Since the time of the Nazi experiments in Germany, unethical research has been eliminated through the Nuremberg Code.

b. Ethical research follows the three principles set forth by the Nation al Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research.

In a research proposal, the investigator notes that written permission has been obtained from three local hospitals to access patients for the proposed study. This is an example of what aspect of a study? a. Ethics b. Feasibility c. Methodology d. Reliability

b. Feasibility

A researcher collecting ethnic data assigns the following numerical labels: 1 equals Caucasian 2 equals African American 3 equals Mexican American 4 equals Asian This is an example of which type of data? a. Interval b. Nominal c. Ordinal d. Ratio

b. Nominal

What type of data collection method could be used in a study assessing the crying patterns and feeding patterns of infants related to their gestational age at birth? a. Interviews b. Observation c. Semantic differential scale d. Visual analogue scale

b. Observation

In a study of patients experiencing arthritis, the researcher used real names in the field notes. Which human right was violated? a. Fair treatment b. Privacy c. Protection from discomfort d. Self-determination

b. Privacy

A study was conducted to determine which palliative care measures patients prefer. Statistical analysis revealed that most of them ranked evening back rubs and calming music the highest in helpfulness. This research would most likely fall under which of the following categories? a. Qualitative research b. Quantitative research c. Outcomes research d. There is not enough information to answer this question.

b. Quantitative research

Which of the following is true about sample size in a qualitative study? a. "Adequate sample size" is of no concern to a qualitative researcher because there is no statistical analysis involved. b. Sample size is deemed to be adequate when the researcher is detecting no new knowledge from additional subjects. c. Subjects who have knowledge of a situation assist the researcher in determining whether the sample size is adequate. d. There is a test similar to the power analysis in a quantitative study that can be used to determine an adequate sample size for qualitative research.

b. Sample size is deemed to be adequate when the researcher is detecting no new knowledge from additional subjects.

The main purpose of leveling or reviewing research evidence in the establishment of evidence-based guidelines is to: a. critique the usefulness of the research in expanding knowledge. b. develop guidelines for providing care to clients. c. generate new nursing research projects. d. review research methods for appropriateness within a research report.

b. develop guidelines for providing care to clients.

The difference between the observed score and what exists in reality (true score) is called: a. homogeneity. b. measurement error. c. split-half reliability. d. standard deviation.

b. measurement error.

Which of the following is not necessary to be included in the information provided to potential participants in a study for them to give informed consent? The a. participation requirements of the subjects b. research hypothesis c. research purpose d. risks and benefits of participating in the study

b. research hypothesis

Florence Nightingale is most noted for which of the following contributions to nursing research? a. Case study approach to research b. Data collection and analysis c. Framework and model development d. Quasi-experimental study design

b. Data collection and analysis

Which test statistic is calculated for Pearson product moment correlation? a.F b.R c.T d. C2

b.R

The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) is noted for development of which of the following? a. A use model for the implementation of research findings in the provision of health care b. An international panel of experts to determine the areas requiring research to improve health care c. Clinical practice guidelines to direct health care practices d. Integrative reviews of nursing research to be shared with other health care providers

c. Clinical practice guidelines to direct health care practices

Identification of the elements or steps of a quantitative study is part of which of the following steps in the critical appraisal process? a. Analysis b. Comparison c. Comprehension d. Evaluation

c. Comprehension

In which type of research is there high researcher control, random sampling, and controlled setting? a. Descriptive b. Correlational c. Experimental d. Quasi-experimental

c. Experimental

Which of the following is true about qualitative research? a. A priori categories are established for analysis purposes. b. Data are usually collected in a laboratory setting. c. Focus is on studying the "whole." d. Intuition and abstraction are suppressed.

c. Focus is on studying the "whole."

Which of the following historical events had a major impact on the funding for nursing research? a. Development of a Nursing Research Council as part of the American Nurses Association b. Development of local, national, and international nursing research conferences by Sigma Theta Tau c. Formation of the National Center for Nursing Research d. Initiation of the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research

c. Formation of the National Center for Nursing Research

The following research steps could be found in which type of qualitative research? Formulating an idea Developing research questions Developing an inventory of sources Clarifying validity and reliability of sources a. Ethnographic b. Grounded theory c. Historical d. Phenomenological

c. Historical

In searching the literature to find sources to build the foundation for a study, which of the following are usually not included in quantitative studies? a. Case studies b. Descriptive research studies c. Lay literature d. Qualitative research

c. Lay literature

Which of the following identified the ethical principles of respect for persons, beneficence, and justice as relevant to the conduct of research using human subjects in the United States? a. Declaration of Helsinki b. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare regulations c. National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects ordinance d. Nuremberg Code

c. National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects ordinance

A researcher is interested in studying stress and coping in caregivers of elderly stroke victims. The researcher designs a study in which data collection takes place in the caregiver's home. This would be an example of which type of research setting? a. Highly controlled, field b. Highly controlled, laboratory c. Natural, field d. Partially controlled, laboratory

c. Natural, field

Under what condition would the mean, median, and mode be equal? a. Equal range and standard deviation b. Multimodal distribution of scores c. Normal distribution of scores d. Small variance

c. Normal distribution of scores

A researcher records the weight of subjects in a study as: (1) normal for height. (2) overweight for height. (3) underweight for height. A nominal level of measurement is used. Which of the following levels of measurement could also be used? a. Categorical b. Interval c. Ordinal d. Ratio

c. Ordinal

Data characteristics that can be ranked are measured on which scale? a. Interval b. Nominal c. Ordinal d. Ratio

c. Ordinal

Which of the following methods would be most reasonable to use if a researcher is interested in finding out what it is like to live with a person who has a terminal illness? a. Experimental methods b. Forced-choice questionnaires c. Phenomenological approach d. Structured interviews

c. Phenomenological approach

What is a difference between correlational and quasi-experimental research? a. Correlational research is less significant than quasi-experimental research. b. The hypotheses in correlational research are more complex. c. The researcher wants to predict what will happen in quasi-experimental research. d. There are many more variables in quasi-experimental research.

c. The researcher wants to predict what will happen in quasi-experimental research.

The primary purpose of nursing research is to: a. bring prestige to the discipline. b. fund nursing education. c. generate scientific knowledge to guide nursing practice. d. promote the importance of nursing in society.

c. generate scientific knowledge to guide nursing practice.

Subjects who volunteered to receive an experimental treatment for AIDS are educated about essential study information, assessed for understanding of this information, and asked to willingly participate in the research study. This process is referred to as: a. contractual agreement. b. debriefing. c. informed consent. d. legal liability.

c. informed consent.

Use of research findings in clinical areas is slow because: a. institutions prohibit use of nursing research. b. little clinically relevant research is being done. c. nurses are not usually rewarded for using research findings in practice. d. there is no nursing research to guide clinical practice.

c. nurses are not usually rewarded for using research findings in practice.

The purpose of ethnographic research is to: a. describe experiences as they are lived. b. examine events of the past. c. observe and document interactions within a culture. d. study phenomena that contribute to theory development.

c. observe and document interactions within a culture.

The researcher's efforts to maximize benefits and minimize risks refer to the research subject's right to: a. anonymity and confidentiality. b. fair treatment. c. protection from discomfort and harm. d. self-determination.

c. protection from discomfort and harm.

Quantitative and qualitative research approaches are particularly useful in nursing because they: a. are easy to implement. b. are process oriented. c. provide different views. d. require few resources.

c. provide different views.

Consistency is associated with: a. content analysis. b. level of measurement. c. reliability. d. validity.

c. reliability.

The dependent variable is defined as a: a. characteristic or element of the human subjects involved in the study. b. quality, property, or characteristic identified in the problem. c. response or outcome that the researcher wants to understand. d. stimulus or activity that is varied by the researcher.

c. response or outcome that the researcher wants to understand.

A research question focuses on: a. the characteristics of a variable. b. the framework for conducting the investigation. c. what relationships might exist among variables. d. the framework for conducting the investigation, which variables are to be manipulated.

c. what relationships might exist among variables.

What knowledge is required to fully define nursing research? a. An exhaustive list of the research that has already been conducted in nursing b. Ways to perform the major descriptive and inferential statistics needed for analysis c. Research studies well received by other disciplines for collaborative projects d. A determination of what nurses need to know to provide the best patient care

d. A determination of what nurses need to know to provide the best patient care

The first internationally recognized effort to establish ethical standards was the: a. Belmont Report from NIH. b. Declaration of Helsinki. c. Institutional review board code. d. Nuremberg Code.

d. Nuremberg Code.

Which of the following types of research involve at least a minor degree of control by the researcher to implement the study treatment? a. Correlational b. Descriptive c. Experimental d. Quasi-experimental

d. Quasi-experimental

A blood hemoglobin measurement of 13.5 g/100 mL would be which level of measurement? a. Interval b. Nominal c. Ordinal d. Ratio

d. Ratio

If a researcher unobtrusively observes interactions among patients in a psychiatric hospital for the purposes of data collection, which human right may be violated? a. Confidentiality b. Freedom from harm c. Justice d. Self-determination

d. Self-determination

The following hypothesis was investigated in a study you are reviewing: Children who have a parent who is dieting are more likely to put themselves on diets at a young age. As you critique this study, what kind of hypothesis will you report? a. Associative, complex b. Causal, nondirectional c. Complex, directional d. Simple, directional

d. Simple, directional

A researcher reports on a study conducted to determine if a new educational program has helped dialysis patients become more compliant with their fluid restrictions. The findings indicated that there was no difference. The report did include that a power analysis was performed to determine if the sample size (n = 100) was adequate. The power level was .5. What should the reader conclude? a. A sample of 100 is certainly adequate in a clinical study. The researcher should adjust the educational program. b. Chances are high that a Type I error has occurred. c. Findings of no difference are not surprising; it is difficult to make an impact on this population of patients. d. There is a high likelihood that the sample size was not adequate, and the study should be replicated using more subjects.

d. There is a high likelihood that the sample size was not adequate, and the study should be replicated using more subjects.

The best measure of successful evidence-based practice is: a. acceptance of the practice to the point of being included in the policy manual. b. agreement of the health care team, which leads to consistent care for the patient. c. dissemination of the practice in nursing journals. d. patient satisfaction and positive outcomes increasing.

d. patient satisfaction and positive outcomes increasing.

Which of the following would be the best method for randomly assigning subjects (n = 40) to treatment (n = 20) and control (n = 20) groups in an intervention study? Assign numbers to all subjects and: a. ignore numbers; group the subjects by diagnosis or physician. b. place the first 20 subjects in one group and the last in the other. c. put even-numbered subjects in one group, odd numbered in the other. d. put numbers 1 to 40 in a box and blindly draw from the box.

d. put numbers 1 to 40 in a box and blindly draw from the box.

Scientific knowledge is generated through: a. authorities. b. borrowing from other disciplines. c. personal experience. d. research.

d. research.

A key factor in qualitative research is: a. confidentiality. b. internal validity. c. random sampling. d. researcher-participant relationship.

d. researcher-participant relationship.

An organization that facilitates research use would be characterized by: a. a management style that supports nurses. b. committed use of acceptable nursing policies and practices. c. reluctance to change. d. support for new ideas and innovations.

d. support for new ideas and innovations.

The main purpose of studying research for a BSN student is to: a. learn how to conduct a small research study. b. learn how to generate new scientific knowledge to use in practice. c. mentor associate-degree prepared nurses in research projects. d. understand the basic principles of research.

d. understand the basic principles of research.

Research utilization is characterized by: a. a doctorally-prepared nurse directing a multisite study. b. complicated and sophisticated protocols for collecting empirical evidence. c. use of nursing research only by the nursing community. d. using research knowledge in practice to achieve the desired outcomes.

d. using research knowledge in practice to achieve the desired outcomes.