research chapter 9
A
.A researcher wishes to study the effects of a nursing intervention on children with cancer and obtains a sample of school-age children hospitalized for cancer treatment in a local hospital. This sample represents the: a. accessible population. b. general population c. target population. d. theoretical population.
A
A nurse conducts a study to examine the effects of a new intervention on FEV1 levels in patients with COPD and uses all patients admitted to a hospital during a 2-month period. This is an example of which type of sampling method? a. Convenience b. Network c. Quota d. Random
D
A nurse researcher compares the outcomes of administration of a bronchodilator either via nebulizer or by metered-dose inhaler and collects data on subjects in a pediatric inpatient hospital unit. This is an example of which type of setting? a. Controlled b. Field c. Natural d. Partially controlled
A
A pilot study reveals a wide variation in measurement values among subjects with an overall mean value that is higher than among the general population. By increasing the sample size in a subsequent study, the researcher expects to: a. decrease the variation of scores among subjects. b. increase the variation of scores among subjects. c. decrease the mean value of scores among subjects. d. increase the mean value of scores among subjects.
B
A researcher begins a study with 250 subjects, and 50 subjects drop out before the study is concluded. The researcher will declare 20% as the sample: a. acceptance rate. b. attrition rate. c. refusal rate. d. retention rate.
C
A researcher begins with a registry of all patients with HIV in the United States. The researcher uses a computer to generate a random sample from the list, and then those individuals agree to participate in a study. What kind of sample has been created? a. Cluster b. Convenience c. Simple random d. Stratified random
A
A researcher conducting a qualitative study knows that saturation of information has occurred when: a. additional sampling reveals redundant information. b. data collected confirms theoretical models. c. subjects participating are representative of the general population. d. the desired sample size has been reached.
D
A researcher conducts a pilot study using a convenience sample of children with seizure disorders. A reviewer of this study's manuscript may conclude that the findings of this study: a. are generalizable to most children with seizures. b. have little credibility; they are extremely biased. c. provide no useful information. d. should be replicated using a wider population.
B
A researcher conducts a survey of patients seen in an inner-city ambulatory clinic to determine barriers to receiving health care. The target population includes African-American, Hispanic, and Somali immigrant patients, as well as a variety of foreign-born students from a nearby university. The researcher chooses subjects from the African-American, Hispanic, and Somali immigrant populations to participate. This is which type of sampling? a. Network b. Purposive c. Quota d. Theoretical
B
A researcher enters a list of subject from a sampling frame into a computer and the computer randomly assigns subjects to control or treatment groups. This is an example of: a. cluster sampling. b. simple random sampling. c. stratified random sampling. d. systematic sampling.
A
A researcher plans to utilize a systematic random sampling method from a population of 5000 eligible subjects, using a sample of 200 subjects. Beginning at a randomly selected point on the list of subjects, what is the gap between elements? a. 25 b. 50 c. 100 d. 200
C
A researcher tests a measurement tool in a pilot study and notes a wide variance in scores. To improve the significance of the study's findings in subsequent studies, the researcher will: a. apply quota sampling techniques. b. decrease the sample size. c. increase the sample size. d. use cluster sampling techniques.
D
A researcher uses a sample whose members have characteristics similar to those of the population from which it is drawn. This is an example of a: a. cluster sample. b. purposive sample. c. random sample. d. representative sample.
C
A researcher who wishes to study the effects of a prenatal breastfeeding education program on the length of time African-American inner-city women breastfeed infants learns that 70% of women in the target population are unmarried. To achieve stratified random sampling in a sample of 50 subjects, the researcher will: a. conduct the study using unmarried subjects only. b. randomly assign all subjects to control versus experimental groups. c. select a random sample of 35 unmarried and 15 married subjects. d. select 25 subjects who are married and 25 who are not married.
C
A researcher will conduct a qualitative study about partners of patients diagnosed with sexually transmitted diseases. This researcher will use which sampling technique to achieve the best representation of this population? a. Accidental sampling b. Cluster sampling c. Network sampling d. Simple random sampling
D
A researcher wishes to conduct a study to determine the effects of an intervention on high school students. In this study, high school students represent the: a. accessible population. b. elements of the population c. sample population d. target population.
C
A researcher wishes to conduct a survey of attitudes about illness among young adults with cystic fibrosis. The researcher contacts a nearby regional medical cystic fibrosis clinic, where 250 young adults who have cystic fibrosis are seen. A group of 50 young adults are selected to complete the survey. These 50 people are the: a. accessible population. b. elements of the population. c. sample population. d. target population.
D
A researcher wishes to evaluate the management of chemotherapy side effects in children with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL). Children with ALL are an example of which of the following? a. Accessible population b. Element of the population c. Sample population d. Target population
C
A researcher wishes to examine whether a teaching program for parents increases adherence to a drug regimen among children with seizure disorders. A convenience sample of children in a large teaching hospital is proposed. In order to prevent confounding of the results by socioeconomic status and type of health insurance, the researcher will utilize which additional sampling technique? a. Cluster b. Network c. Quota d. Theoretical
C
A researcher wishes to identify all school-age children who have type 2 diabetes mellitus in a local community in order to develop a sampling methodology for a study of this population. Which might serve as a barrier to obtaining this information? a. Affordable Care Act (ACA) b. Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (COBRA) c. Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) d. Institutional Review Board (IRB)
B
During a study about nurses' ability to teach lifestyle changes in patients with coronary artery disease, the researcher discovers that many nurses have negative attitudes about obesity. The researcher develops a survey to examine these attitudes. This is an example of: a. grounded theory research. b. intraproject sampling. c. saturation of information. d. verification of information.
D
During the data collection phase of a qualitative study, the researcher notes previously untheorized links among concepts. The researcher will continue to collect data until: a. a quota of each subject type is achieved. b. saturation of information is noted. c. the desired sample size is attained. d. verification of information occurs.
A
In a qualitative study, a sample may be too small if: a. the depth of information is low. b. the effect size is too large. c. the saturation of information is high. d. the scope of the study is narrow.
C
In a study investigating type 2 diabetic patients' ability to make lifestyle changes, the researcher randomly selects a sample from a list of all patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes in the United States. The researcher also selects the sample by randomly selecting patients diagnosed for 3 years or longer and those who are newly diagnosed. What sampling technique is used in this study? a. Cluster b. Quota c. Stratified random d. Systematic
B
In a study of patients who have dementia, a researcher wishes to examine the effects of moderate exercise on patients' abilities to perform self-care. The researcher decides to use subjects between 70 and 80 years of age who have been diagnosed with dementia for less than 1 year. A patient who is 65 years old meets: a. eligibility criteria. b. exclusion criteria. c. inclusion criteria. d. sampling criteria.
D
In order to decrease the time needed to achieve saturation in information in a qualitative study, the researcher will: a. broaden the scope of the study. b. increase the number of theoretical concepts. c. keep definitions of concepts vague. d. narrow the study's scope.
B
In qualitative research, the sampling plan is developed in order to: a. decrease systematic bias. b. increase the representativeness of the findings related to the phenomena. c. minimize the need for discussion of cultural elements of the study. d. reduce sampling error.
C
Prior to initiating a research study, a researcher conducts a power analysis to determine the sample size necessary for a power level of 0.8 and an alpha of .05. The researcher will: a. apply a quota sampling technique to improve generalizability. b. decrease the sample size to minimize costs. c. increase the sample size to avoid a Type II error. d. use stratified random sampling to minimize error.
A
The benefit to using a sample that utilizes narrow sampling criteria is that there is increased: a. control of extraneous variables. b. generalizability. c. heterogenicity. d. range of values and scores.
A
The goal of appropriate sampling in research is to: a. accurately reflect the characteristics of the target population. b. completely define the traits of the accessible population. c. identify all attributes of the sample population. d. study an entire population.
B
The goal of sampling theory is to: a. clearly define sample types used in research studies. b. determine the best way to achieve representative samples. c. develop methods for collecting data more efficiently. d. provide frameworks for data analysis.
C
To decrease the probability of systematic variation in a study to evaluate the effects of a teaching program on disease management, the researcher will use which sampling process? a. Cluster sampling b. Convenience sampling c. Random sampling d. Systematic sampling
A
When conducting a study in which it is not possible to determine the true number of subjects who meet eligibility criteria and obtaining a random sample would be time consuming and expensive, the researcher will use which sampling method? a. Cluster sampling b. Simple random sampling c. Stratified random sampling d. Systematic sampling
D
When using stratified random sampling, the researcher is able to: a. achieve greater control over subject selection. b. avoid discussion of the effects of extraneous variables. c. lower the costs associated with sampling. d. use a smaller sample size.
A
Which is a type of nonprobability sampling? a. Purposeful b. Simple random c. Stratified random d. Systematic
A
Which is a type of probability sampling? a. Cluster b. Convenience c. Network d. Quota
A
Which of the following is true about convenience sampling? a. It tends to be less expensive and easier to conduct. b. It requires fewer subjects to achieve a representative sample. c. It is used more often in quantitative research. d. It allows the researcher greater control over extraneous variables.
B
Which of the following is true about sample size in a qualitative study? a. It is determined by the sensitivity of the measurement tools. b. It is considered adequate when the researcher detects no new knowledge. c. It is influenced by the expected effect size and the probability of a type II error. d. It is determined by the number of variables and data analysis techniques.
B
Which of these sampling techniques is least likely to produce findings that are generalizable to a larger population? a. Cluster b. Convenience c. Quota d. Systematic
B
Which setting is the most highly controlled setting? a. A nursing home unit b. A research sleep lab c. A school-based clinic d. An intensive care unit
C
Which statement is true about systematic sampling? a. A nonrandom starting point is used when selecting subjects. b. It can be used when the desired sample size is unknown. c. It provides a random chance for inclusion as a subject. d. Subjects have an equal chance for inclusion in the study.
B
Which type of research study tends to require a larger sample size than the others? a. Case study b. Descriptive study c. Experimental study d. Quasi-experimental study
C
Which type of setting is most commonly used in qualitative research? a. Controlled b. Multiple c. Natural d. Partially controlled
exclusion criteria
characteristics that the researcher does not want in the elements or subjects of the study
intraproject sampling
done during data collection and analysis when new information is needed to gain insight into a phenomenon or concept that arises during the study
stratified random sampling
ensuring that the proportions of characteristics among the population are represented in both the control and experimental groups
sampling
involves selecting a group of people, events, behaviors, or other elements with which to conduct a study. expected to represent a target population of subjects who meet eligibility criteria for inclusion in the study.
accessible population
people who are available for participation in the study, may not be representative of the target population
Purposive
researcher consciously selects certain participants to include in the study and may or may not include all typical subject types
cluster, convenience and systematic
samplings that increase the risk that the sample population has attributes that differ from the general population
target population
the entire set of individuals who meet the sampling criteria
attrition rate
the percentage of subjects who withdraw from a study after the study has begun
inclusion criteria, eligibility criteria, and sampling criteria
those characteristics that the subject or element must possess to be part of the target population
cluster sampling
used when the researcher in unable to identify the individual elements making up the population and when obtaining a random sample is time consuming or expensive
network sampling
useful for locating samples that are difficult or impossible to obtain in other ways. takes advantage of social networks and the fact that friends tend to have characteristics in common
systematic sampling
when an ordered list of all members of the population is available and involves selecting every nth individual on the list
cluster sampling
when the researcher selects subjects from groups of subjects within the larger population as with groups from specific regions or cities
