Research Methods Final
Method: Intuition
Caitlyn is faced with the choice of which of two apartments she should rent. Both have similar costs, locations, size, and amenities, so she finally decides to rent the one that just feels right to her.
Belmont report
Determine which set of ethical guidelines matches each description given. Summarizes the principles set forth by the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research
Section: description of procedures
Dr. Hernandez explains the process and documents associated with informed consent to the students in the info session. Match the information in the document to the section in which it would appear. You will be asked to complete a questionnaire about food. You will also be asked to keep a food diary for one week.
1)Use random assignment and matching. 2)Standardize the treatment setting. 3)Use a large sample size.
What methods can be used to minimize variance within a treatment group?
study
Classify the source of the threat for each description in the following table. Charley wants to be as time- and cost-effective as possible in his study of learning, so rather than bringing his participants back for several, shorter sessions, he puts his participants through an 11-hour day packed with tasks and tests.
participants
Classify the source of the threat for each description in the following table. Jon conducts his studies of child-rearing practices at the onsite daycare for office workers at a software-development company and generalizes his results to all parents.
participants
Classify the source of the threat for each description in the following table. Mila studies social behavior in nonhuman primates and generalizes her results to humans
study
Classify the source of the threat for each description in the following table. Quincy adores doing research with children and often chats and plays with the children in ways unrelated to the research while data are being collected.
measures
Classify the source of the threat for each description in the following table. Ruth has developed an intervention for overweight children and their families. She assesses her intervention at the end of its 12 weeks of classes and finds that the children and their parents have increased knowledge of nutrition and report healthier eating habits.
measures
Classify the source of the threat for each description in the following table. Tai is conducting research on creativity and has selected one of the newer ways of assessing creativity that has been widely criticized.
t test
Identify the most appropriate statistical analysis for each situation described in the following table. Monty has two groups, a treatment group and a comparison group, and is collecting interval-level data.
ANOVA
Identify the most appropriate statistical analysis for each situation described in the following table. Vonda's study has one independent variable, reward magnitude, with three levels (low, medium, and high). Her outcome measure is the number of correct answers on a memory test.
frequency
Identify the observational method being described in each scenario in the following table. Anna is observing a child's behavior in a group. She counts the number of times the child approaches an adult with a request for help in a 30-minute period.
duration
Identify the observational method being described in each scenario in the following table. Barb is observing a child with autism spectrum disorder and records the amount of time the child engages in stimming (for example, spinning objects, flapping his hands, rocking) out of a 30-minute period.
interval
Identify the observational method being described in each scenario in the following table. Don is observing a child in a classroom. Every minute, he records whether the child was attending to the teacher during that period.
ceiling
Identify the range effect being illustrated. Scores are clustered at the high end of the measure.
floor
Identify the range effect being illustrated. Scores are clustered at the low end of the measure.
time sampling
Identify the sampling method being described in each scenario in the following table. In each instance, the observation period is 30 minutes long and has been divided into 1-minute intervals. Jerry is observing the classroom behavior of one particular child. He observes the child for an interval, uses the next interval to record his observations, then returns to observing the child, and so on.
individual sampling
Identify the sampling method being described in each scenario in the following table. In each instance, the observation period is 30 minutes long and has been divided into 1-minute intervals. Kathy is observing the interactions among a six-member sibling group. She observes one child during the first interval, another during the second interval, another during the third interval, and so on.
event sampling
Identify the sampling method being described in each scenario in the following table. In each instance, the observation period is 30 minutes long and has been divided into 1-minute intervals. Niki is observing a child during free-play time. She records a specific behavior during one interval, switches to another behavior in the next interval, another behavior in the next interval, and so on.
introduction
Identify the sections of an APA-style research report where the information listed in the following table is located. hypothesis
method
Identify the sections of an APA-style research report where the information listed in the following table is located. information about the subjects or participants
discussion
Identify the sections of an APA-style research report where the information listed in the following table is located. interpretation of the results
introduction
Identify the sections of an APA-style research report where the information listed in the following table is located. literature review
results
Identify the sections of an APA-style research report where the information listed in the following table is located. summary of the statistical analyses
method
Identify the sections of an APA-style research report where the information listed in the following table is located. the procedures that were used
individual differences
Identify the source of the threat being described by each scenario in the following table. Donna assigns her research participants to groups based on their scores on a pretest. However, she finds that in addition to differing on their pretest scores, the groups differ in their age and educational attainment as well.
environment
Identify the source of the threat being described by each scenario in the following table. Gordon is conducting a memory study that consists of two treatment conditions. All goes well on the first day when he is working with the first treatment condition. However, on the second day, violent thunderstorms descend when he is working with the second treatment condition.
good subject role
Identify the type of reactivity being described. Julie is participating in a study of moral reasoning. She believes she has figured out what the hypothesis is and tries to respond in ways that will support that hypothesis.
Interval
Identify the type of scale being described. The categories are arranged sequentially and are of the same size; the zero is arbitrary.
Ratio
Identify the type of scale being described. The categories are arranged sequentially and are of the same size; the zero is meaningful.
Nominal
Identify the type of scale being described. The categories represent qualitative but not quantitative differences.
instumentation
Identify the type of threats being described in the following table. Harry is conducting research that includes using physiological measures like EEGs. His research assistant is uncomfortable doing the setup for EEGs, so with his many years of experience, Harry does all of the setups for the first phase of the study but makes his research assistant do the setups for the second phase.
history
Identify the type of threats being described in the following table. Micah has an intervention designed to encourage young homosexual men to get tested for HIV and other sexually transmitted infections. In the midst of his intervention, a well-known actor discloses that he is HIV positive, and he encourages everyone to be tested and to know their own status and the status of others with whom they are intimate.
regression
Identify the type of threats being described in the following table. Rory has developed an intervention for individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Before he starts his intervention, he administers a test designed to measure the severity of obsessions and compulsions, and the group has an extremely high average score—well above the mean score that would be expected for individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Following the intervention, there is a reduction in the groups' score on the test.
maturation
Identify the type of threats being described in the following table. Shawna has developed an intervention to help young children who are struggling with quantitative skills. At the time of her initial testing, she realizes that the children are learning but that they are learning more slowly than are other students.
inter-rater
Identify the types of reliability. Measured by computing the correlation between the scores from the two observers or by computing a percentage of agreement between the two observers
split-half
Identify the types of reliability. Obtained by dividing the items on a questionnaire or test in half, computing a separate score for each half, and then calculating the degree of consistency between the two scores for a group of participants
test-retest
Identify the types of reliability. The estimate obtained by comparing the scores obtained from two successive measurements
Concurrent
Identify the types of validity. Demonstration that the score on the new measure of a construct is related to the score on an established measure of the same construct
Divergent
Identify the types of validity. Demonstration that there is little or no relationship between the measurements of two different constructs
Construct
Identify the types of validity. Measurements of a variable behave the same way as the variable itself
Face
Identify the types of validity. The superficial appearance of a measure
extraneous
Identify the types of variables being described in the following table. A variable that is neither manipulated nor is the outcome measure
dependent
Identify the types of variables being described in the following table. The outcome variable that is measured
independent
Identify the types of variables being described in the following table. The variable that is manipulated
Step: Form a hypothesis
Identify what is involved in the steps of the scientific method. Activity: Come up with a tentative answer.
Step: select a stradegy
Identify what is involved in the steps of the scientific method. Activity: Decide on the general approach.
Step: select a design
Identify what is involved in the steps of the scientific method. Activity: Identify methods and procedures.
Step: Find an idea
Identify what is involved in the steps of the scientific method. Activity: Select a topic and review the literature.
repeated-measures t test or repeated-measures ANOVA
Identify what tests would be used with the types of design and data described in the following table. Angelo is studying the effects of reward magnitude on children learning spelling words using a within-subjects design. Children get paid either $0.50 or $1 for every word they spell correctly on their weekly spelling tests, and the outcome measure is the number of words spelled correctly, a ratio level measure.
repeated-measures ANOVA only
Identify what tests would be used with the types of design and data described in the following table. Lois is studying the effectiveness of three different stress-reducing apps using a within-subjects design. Her outcome measure is the severity of stress reported by participants, an interval level measure.
Location: Introduction
Identify where you will find information in a journal article. Information: Hypothesis
Location: Discussion
Identify where you will find information in a journal article. Information: Justified Conclusion
Location: Introduction
Identify where you will find information in a journal article. Information: Literature review
Location: Method
Identify where you will find information in a journal article. Information: Participants
Location: Method
Identify where you will find information in a journal article. Information: Procedure
Location: Introduction
Identify where you will find information in a journal article. Information: Specific Predictions
Location: Results
Identify where you will find information in a journal article. Information: Statistical Analyses
tuskegee
Identify whether each description illustrates the ethical issues surrounding the Milgram or the Tuskegee studies. Involved the deliberate withholding of the cure for syphilis, even when a cure became available
external
Identify whether each issue in the following table is best described as a threat to internal or external validity. A study of attitudes toward organic foods conducted with a wealthy, well-educated urban sample
internal
Identify whether each issue in the following table is best described as a threat to internal or external validity. A study of emotional arousal in which research assistants are sloppy about how they implement the treatment conditions
external
Identify whether each issue in the following table is best described as a threat to internal or external validity. A study of memory function conducted with introductory psychology students
internal
Identify whether each issue in the following table is best described as a threat to internal or external validity. An observational study of children's reactions to an individual who is upset, in which the observers are not well-trained on the use of the rating scale
a theory, a construct, an operational definition
In psychology,_________ is a set of statements about the mechanisms underlying a particular behavior,________ is a hypothetical mechanism used to help explain behavior, and________ is a way to measure an observable characteristic that serves as a stand-in for something that is not observable.
probability, nonprobability
In_______ sampling, the odds of any individual being selected are known. In_________ sampling, the odds of any particular individual being selected are not known.
Personal interest
Indicate where these researchers found their ideas. After losing her own father when she was 11, Bess has always wondered about how children and adolescents adjust to the knowledge that a parent is terminally ill and to the parent's death.
casual observation
Indicate where these researchers found their ideas. Karey is stuck waiting in an airport after his flight has been delayed because the crew has not yet arrived. He notices that some of his fellow travelers are angry, while others seem to just settle in peacefully for the wait. He wonders what causes these different reactions.
MEDLINE with full text
Indicate which major online database related to the social sciences each type of information can be found. Janelle wants to learn about the use of whole brain irradiation for the treatment of childhood brain cancers.
PsycINFO
Indicate which major online database related to the social sciences each type of information can be found. Jimmy has just started a literature review on cross-cultural differences in child-rearing practices. He simply wants to be able to identify articles of interest via the title and abstract.
ERIC
Indicate which major online database related to the social sciences each type of information can be found. Marta is looking for information about early childhood education programs.
PsycARTICLES
Indicate which major online database related to the social sciences each type of information can be found. Roland has already identified articles about adolescent marijuana use and is now interested in reading them.
1)Possible suspension 2)Replication 3)Peer review
Which actions are considered safeguards for preventing fraud?
1) measurement 2)manipulation 3)comparison 4)control
Which elements are characteristics of true experiments?
1)Keep an open mind. 2)Pick a topic in which you are interested. 3)Gradually refine your focus.
Which ideas are good ones to keep in mind when trying to come up with a research idea?
1)Case studies typically have weak external validity. 2)Case studies are often useful in identifying new variables for experimental investigation. 3)Case studies are often quite memorable and may therefore have a greater emotional impact than other types of research.
Which of the following statements about the strengths and weaknesses of the case study method are true?
1)Descriptive research involves measuring variables as they exist naturally. 2)Descriptive research is particularly useful in the initial stages of research.
Which of the following statements are true with regard to descriptive research?
1)Rather than a results section, there is a combined results and discussion that includes descriptions of the statistical analyses that will be performed, the anticipated results as well as other plausible results, and the anticipated implications. 2)A major difference between a proposal and a report is that the description of your research is written in future tense.
Which of the following statements are true with regard to writing a research proposal?
Demand characteristics and participant reactivity can affect both internal and external validity.
Which statements about balancing internal and external validity are true?
1)Requires that psychologists inform potential participants of their right to refuse to participate in research and their right to withdraw from the research at any time 2)Permits psychologists to offer reasonable inducements, including money, for research participation 3)Requires researchers to take reasonable steps to minimize harm, should it occur 4)Allows researchers to dispense with informed consent under certain specific circumstances
Which statements are consistent with the APA guidelines?
Placebo groups are especially important in process research.
Which statements are true with regard to placebos and their use in research?
target
Identify the different types of populations and samples. The group defined by the researcher's specific interests
accessible
Identify the different types of populations and samples. The part of the population a researcher can reasonably reach to recruit individuals for participation in a study
random assignment
Identify the method being used to limit the impact of individual differences. George relies on the flip of a coin to assign participants to the treatment or comparison group.
holding constant
Identify the method being used to limit the impact of individual differences. Margie believes that performance on her test of cognitive flexibility will be related to educational attainment, so she limits her participants to individuals who have a high school diploma or GED.
chi-square
Identify the most appropriate statistical analysis for each situation described in the following table. Eric is interested in children's choices of toys. He creates three sets of blocks—one set left a natural wood color, one set painted in bright primary colors, and one set painted in soft pastels. The outcome measure is whether or not his research participants, all boys, play with the blocks (the only toys in the room) or find some other way to spend the five minutes they are left in the "waiting room."
repeated measures t test
Identify the analysis that is appropriate for each design in the following table. pretest-posttest
treated equally
Identify the characteristics of equivalent groups Except for the independent variable, the groups of participants should receive exactly the same experiences.
equivalent individuals
Identify the characteristics of equivalent groups The characteristics of the participants in any one group should be as similar as possible to the characteristics of the participants in every other group.
created equally
Identify the characteristics of equivalent groups The process used to obtain participants should be as similar as possible for all of the groups.
data
Choose the overriding principle involved with each category. How _____ are analyzed
between-subjects
Given the concerns listed, identify which design would be better—within-subjects or between-subjects. Jeff wants to eliminate the possibility of order effects.
within-subjects
Given the concerns listed, identify which design would be better—within-subjects or between-subjects. Thom is studying individuals with a rare disorder and needs to minimize the number of research participants required.
Secondary
Identify each source as a primary or secondary source. A meta-analysis published in a journal
discussion
Identify the sections of an APA-style research report where the information listed in the following table is located. implications of the results
To conduct research that is impossible to conduct using human participants
Nonhuman subjects have been a part of behavioral science research for more than 100 years and probably will continue to be used as research subjects for the foreseeable future. What is one major reason why researchers use nonhumans as subjects?
1)Be careful to use proper citations. 2)Use impersonal language. 3)Use preferred terms, such as people with intellectual disabilities rather than mentally disabled people.
Which of the following are general elements of style to keep in mind when preparing a research report?
within-subjects
Given the concerns listed, identify which design would be better—within-subjects or between-subjects. Twyla wants to minimize the potential impact of individual differences.
field study
Graham wants to understand how arguments escalate among adolescents. He goes to the food court of a large local mall, sits near tables with teens, and unobtrusively observes. He is using a________ approach.
Method: Tenacity
Marta assures her friend Sara, who is 41 weeks pregnant and enduring a miserably hot, humid summer, with no sign of the baby being ready to be born, that everyone knows eating a salad made with spinach, blackberries, and walnuts will stimulate labor.
logical, testable, refutable, positive
A good hypothesis should follow as the conclusion of a_______ argument. It should be possible to observe and measure all of the variables involved; that is, a good hypothesis should be_________ . It must also be________ in that it must be possible to obtain results that run contrary to the hypothesis. A good hypothesis must also make a statement about the existence of something, often a relationship, a difference, or an effect. That is, a good hypothesis must be______ .
matching
Identify the method being used to limit the impact of individual differences. Vincent knows that performance on his test of cognitive flexibility is related to age, so he makes sure that for every person of a specific age in his treatment group, there is a person of the same age in his comparison group.
posttest-only nonequivalent control group
Identify the type of design being described by each scenario in the following table. Julie is contacted by a community-based organization that needs to evaluate a self-esteem building intervention it has created for use in its after-school program. Unfortunately, the program has already begun, so Julie arranges to measure the children's self-esteem after the intervention has been completed and compares this data to measures of self-esteem she gets from another after-school program where the children have not gotten the self-esteem building intervention
Location: Discussions
Identify where you will find information in a journal article. Information: Applications
milgram
Identify whether each description illustrates the ethical issues surrounding the Milgram or the Tuskegee studies. Incorporated deception in instructing participants to use electric shocks to punish other individuals when they made errors during a learning task
others' observations
Indicate where these researchers found their ideas. Annabel reads an article in a magazine about how a physical makeover can change the psychological outlook of those receiving the makeover. She wonders how often this happens and whether the psychological effects persist.
practical problems
Indicate where these researchers found their ideas. Irwin works as an employment assistant at a sheltered workshop for adults with developmental disabilities. He notices that when his clients come back from vacation, they often have difficulty readjusting to the workplace. He wonders how he can ease the transition.
a hypothesis, induction, deduction
After watching several social media debates quickly devolve into name calling, Hayden develops ________ using __________ , or reasoning from his small number of observations to a larger generalization. On the other hand, Lindsay, who has observed the same debates, reasons from a general proposition about methods of persuasion to try to understand the interactions, using _________.
holding constant, matching on, randomizing
Richard believes that age may confound the results of his experiment. If he chooses to study only one age group, he is_________ the confounding variable. He makes sure that for every person of a given age in the experimental group, there is a person in the comparison group of the same age, meaning he is__________ age. If he uses a process to help him avoid any systematic relationship between age and group, he is______________ .
1)It allows each individual score to be independent of all other scores. 2)It can be used to address a wide variety of questions.
What are some of the advantages of a between-subjects design?
Participants left the study feeling ashamed and embarrassed.
What impact did the Milgram study have on participants?
manipulation
Identify each activity being described in the following table. Addressing the issue of directionality
control
Identify each activity being described in the following table. Eliminating confounding variables
control
Identify each activity being described in the following table. Ensuring that the observed relationship is not contaminated by the influence of other variables
1)What was done 2)What was found 3)How the research is related to other knowledge in the area
What information should be included in a research report?
1)Internet surveys are efficient to administer to a large number of participants. 2)Mail surveys may have problems with nonresponse bias. 3)Mail surveys are convenient and anonymous. 4)Interviewer bias can be a problem for phone surveys.
Which of the following statements about the strengths and weaknesses of different survey methods are true?
1) Complete counterbalancing can greatly increase the number of participants required. 2)Counterbalancing can increase within-treatment variance.
Which statements are true with regard to counterbalancing?
secondary
Identify each source as a primary or secondary source. A chapter in a book that provides a literature review
Ordinal
Identify the type of scale being described. The categories have different names and are arranged sequentially.
nonequivalent groups, pre-post
A between-subjects nonexperimental or quasi-experimental design is called a__________design, while a within-subjects nonexperimental or quasi-experimental design is called a______ design.
representative
Identify the different types of populations and samples. A sample that shares the key characteristics of the population
declaration of Heisinki
Determine which set of ethical guidelines matches each description given. Adopted by the World Medical Association
contrived
Identify the type of observational method being used in each scenario in the following table. In order to better understand the circumstances under which people will help a stranger, Eve has a confederate approach individuals in a busy shopping mall asking for help carrying an extremely heavy package.
Method: Authority
Scotty has no patience with social media debates about what is or is not happening in politics. He trusts one particular network, and if he hears it on that network, he knows it is true. Otherwise, it cannot be true.
Guidelines
The American Psychological Association (APA) continually reviews and revises the APA Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct (APA 2002, 2010) to provide guidance on standards of professional conduct. What term best applies to the APA's work in this area?
reported
Choose the overriding principle involved with each category. How results are _____
selected
Choose the overriding principle involved with each category. How subjects are _____
research strategies
Choose the overriding principle involved with each category. What _____ may be used (1)
research designs
Choose the overriding principle involved with each category. What _____ may be used (2)
measurement
Choose the overriding principle involved with each category. What _____ techniques may be used with which research subjects
how
Choose the overriding principle involved with each category. _____ studies are carried out
biased
Identify the different types of populations and samples. A sample that does not share the key characteristics of the population
cross-sectional, longitudinal
Alma studies creativity and is studying age-associated changes in self-censorship, which is often thought of as suppressing creativity. She has groups of subjects who are 6 to 8 years old, 9 to 10, 11 to 12, 13 to 14, and 15 to 16. Her design is________ . She also wants to understand how creative problem-solving changes through adulthood and has been following a group of adults for almost 20 years, charting how their problem-solving skills change. This design is___________.
Nuremburg code
Determine which set of ethical guidelines matches each description given. Developed in response to Nazi atrocities
1)The process of peer review involves carefully scrutinizing every aspect of research from justification to data analysis. 2)Reference citations must be included if someone else's work has merely influenced your own. 3)Researchers may commit fraud because of the pressures to "publish or perish."
Dr. Hernandez addresses the issue of research misconduct in her info session to introductory psychology students, who are candidates for a number of research studies at her university. A researcher at a nearby university has recently been accused of misconduct, so this topic has garnered significant press. Dr. Hernandez wants to share some insights with her students with regard to the publication process. Which of the following are accurate statements about the publication process that Dr. Hernandez might share with her students?
Section: questions and further information
Dr. Hernandez explains the process and documents associated with informed consent to the students in the info session. Match the information in the document to the section in which it would appear. If you have any questions about this study, you may contact Professor Brown at [email protected] or 555-555-1212.
Section: overview
Dr. Hernandez explains the process and documents associated with informed consent to the students in the info session. Match the information in the document to the section in which it would appear. The goal of this study is to examine the relationship between beliefs about food and dietary patterns.
Section: benefits
Dr. Hernandez explains the process and documents associated with informed consent to the students in the info session. Match the information in the document to the section in which it would appear. You may learn more about your food intake
Section: voluntary participation
Dr. Hernandez explains the process and documents associated with informed consent to the students in the info session. Match the information in the document to the section in which it would appear. You may withdraw from the study at any time, without penalty.
Section: costs and economic consideration
Dr. Hernandez explains the process and documents associated with informed consent to the students in the info session. Match the information in the document to the section in which it would appear. You will be paid $15 in cash.
convenience, quota
Dusty wants to understand the decision processes involved in deciding whether to be tested for HIV. Since he works at a free clinic, he interviews individuals who seek testing at the clinic, using a_________ sample. Lena wants to understand attitudes toward building a halfway house for individuals who have completed inpatient substance abuse treatment. She wants to complete interviews with 20 men and 20 women who are 18 to 34 years of age, 20 men and 20 women 35 to 49 years of age, 20 men and 20 women 50 to 64 years of age, and 20 men and 20 women 65 years of age and older. Lena is using a________ sample.
two-factor mixed-design ANOVA
Identify the analysis that is appropriate for each design in the following table. Pretest-posttest nonequivalent groups design with an interval or ratio outcome measure
t test for independent means
Identify the analysis that is appropriate for each design in the following table. differential design
manipulation
Identify each activity being described in the following table. Identifying the specific values of the independent variable to be examined and then creating a set of treatment conditions corresponding to the set of identified values
quasi-experimental
Identify each research strategy being used in the following table Malorie is interested in the relationship between caloric intake and emotional arousal. She has participants complete a questionnaire while waiting alone with a carefully premeasured buffet of attractive snacks and then calculates caloric intake by the food that is left. One of the questions asks participants to indicate, with a yes or no response, whether they consider themselves to be emotional. Malorie compares the amount of calories consumed by people who consider themselves to be emotional to the amount of food consumed by people who do not consider themselves to be emotional.
correlational
Identify each research strategy being used in the following table. Brittney is interested in the relationship between caloric intake and emotional arousal. She creates a carefully measured array of attractive snack foods. Brittney allows participants to eat as much of various snacks as they want while completing a written measure of emotional arousal. She then calculates the calories they consumed based on the amount of food that is left and looks at the relationship between the amount of calories each participant consumed and his or her emotional arousal score.
experimental
Identify each research strategy being used in the following table. Sebastian is interested in the relationship between caloric intake and emotional arousal. He randomly assigns his research participants to one of three treatment conditions—high, medium, or low emotional arousal. Sebastian has all participants play a simple arcade-style computer game and varies emotional arousal by having frequent distracting interruptions (high), occasional distracting interruptions (medium), or no distracting interruptions (low). He then has them wait alone for five minutes with access to carefully premeasured snacks before thanking them for their participation and allowing them to leave. He calculates the calories consumed based on the amount of food left and compares the amount of food consumed by each of the groups.
nonexperimental
Identify each research strategy being used in the following table. William is interested in the relationship between caloric intake and emotional arousal. He has a series of in-depth discussions with a morbidly obese individual who identifies himself as an emotional overeater and then describes the relationship between emotional arousal and caloric intake using illustrations from the individual's life.
primary
Identify each source as a primary or secondary source. A book describing an anthropologist's field research in a remote region of a Pacific island, written by the anthropologist
Primary
Identify each source as a primary or secondary source. A journal article reporting on research conducted by the authors of the article
time-related
Identify the source of the threat being described by each scenario in the following table. Tina is studying the effects of paint color on motivation. She has a single group of participants who come back on five consecutive days and spend an hour in a room painted a specific color while completing a rather dull task. On Monday, the participants are in a pale pink room in the morning, on Tuesday they are in an aqua room around lunchtime, on Wednesday they are in an emerald green room in the early afternoon, on Thursday they are in a red room in the late afternoon, and on Friday they are in a beige room in the evening.
compensatory equalization
Identify the threats to internal validity that Faye might face. Several students in the comparison group figure out that they are not getting the new intervention and complain to an administrator. In order to avoid problems, the administrator takes it on himself to see to it that the students in the comparison group get his version of Faye's new treatment.
resentful demoralization
Identify the threats to internal validity that Faye might face. Several students in the comparison group respond quite differently to learning they are not in the treatment group and just give up, doing poorly on the tests at the end of the intervention.
compensatory rivalry
Identify the threats to internal validity that Faye might face. When a handful of students in the comparison group learn that they are not getting the "real" treatment, they get angry and channel their anger into doing as well as possible on the tests at the end of the intervention.
diffusion
Identify the threats to internal validity that Faye might face. a do-it-yourself treatment based on the experimental treatment.
pretest-posttest nonequivalent control group
Identify the type of design being described by each scenario in the following table. Colleen is interested in preventing adolescents from ever starting to use tobacco. She has the opportunity to work with two health classes at a middle school. One class gets the traditional tobacco-prevention programming, and the other half gets Colleen's new program. Knowledge about and attitudes toward tobacco are assessed in both groups, both before and after the programming
differential
Identify the type of design being described by each scenario in the following table. Lisa wants to know whether any of the stereotypes about dog and cat owners are true. She recruits a group of individuals who describe themselves as dog people and a group who describe themselves as cat people and gives both groups a personality test.
time-series
Identify the type of design being described in each scenario in the following table Emmett works with adults with severe persistent mental illness. He is well aware that, because of their illnesses, their self-esteem can vary substantially from time to time. He has developed an app that he believes will help maintain some stability in their self-esteem. In order to have more stability in his measurements, he measures self-esteem on a biweekly basis, starting a month before he gives the research participants access to the app, and then measures self-esteem biweekly for another six weeks.
pretest-posttest
Identify the type of design being described in each scenario in the following table. Darleen has developed a new training workshop for aides who work with nursing home patients with dementia. She tests their knowledge at the start of the workshop and again at the end.
interrupted time-series
Identify the type of design being described in each scenario in the following table. Elaine studies the effects of natural disasters. After a February blizzard shuts down a large part of the state, many newscasters speculate about a baby boom the following November. Elaine decides to look at birthrates in September, October, November, December, and January to find out whether there is, indeed, a boom of blizzard babies.
naturalistic
Identify the type of observational method being used in each scenario in the following table. Roxie observes children playing on the playground from an unobtrusive park bench nearby
participant
Identify the type of observational method being used in each scenario in the following table. To better understand altruistic motivations, Trent volunteers with a group going to an area that was devastated by a tsunami. He works alongside everyone while listening to them share about their motivations and experiences.
stratified
Identify the type of random sampling being used. (1) Clearly define the population from which you want to select a sample. (2) Identify the specific subgroups to be included in the sample. (3) List the individuals in each of the subgroups. (4) Select equal-sized samples from each of the preidentified subgroups using a random process.
systematic
Identify the type of random sampling being used. (1) Clearly define the population from which you want to select a sample. (2) List all the members of the population. (3) Randomly pick a starting point on the list. (4) Move down the list, selecting every nth individual.
simple
Identify the type of random sampling being used. (1) Clearly define the population from which you want to select a sample. (2) List all the members of the population. (3) Use a random process to select individuals from the list.
cluster
Identify the type of random sampling being used. (1) Individuals are already in preexisting groups. (2) Rather than selecting individuals at random, select groups using a random process.
negativistic subject role
Identify the type of reactivity being described. Albert really resents having to participate in research as a part of the course requirements for an introductory psychology course. Accordingly, when he believes he has figured out what the hypothesis is, he deliberately tries to behave in a contrary way.
faithful subject role
Identify the type of reactivity being described. Bill has just been diagnosed with dementia and, while the disease is in the early stages, he consents to being part of a longitudinal study of persons with dementia. He believes that if he can help science by being in the research, at least something good will come from his having the disease.
apprehensive subject role
Identify the type of reactivity being described. Gary is participating in a study of teen fathers and, while originally enthusiastic, he is becoming increasingly concerned that what he does in the research setting will somehow be used to judge his fitness as a father.
Science
Is it science or pseudoscience? Ami has been diagnosed with early skin cancer. She goes to the website of the National Cancer Institute to see what kinds of treatment have been shown to be effective by randomized clinical trials.
Not science
Is it science or pseudoscience? Royce has seen advertisements about brain-building games that are "based on" neuroscience. While the website does, indeed, use a lot of neuroscience jargon, he cannot find any evidence of the games themselves having been submitted to any scientific evaluation.
Not science
Is it science or pseudoscience? Several parents in the support group to which Melynda belongs tell her that if she removes wheat, dairy, sugar, and artificial flavors and colors from her three-year-old son's diet, his symptoms of autism will be markedly reduced. They tell her the reason mainstream medicine claims these approaches do not work is that neither physicians nor drug companies can make money from them.
Method: Rationalism
Jina likes to weigh things out before making decisions. She is prone to creating lists of pros and cons and making choices on the basis of reasoning things out.
self-report, physiological, behavioral
Margie is studying performance anxiety. If she measures anxiety by asking her research participants to rate their own anxiety, she is using a _________ measure. If she uses a measure such as heart rate or galvanic skin response, she is using a________ measure. A measure such as what performance-related tasks an individual is willing to perform (plan a public talk, accept an invitation to give a talk, go into the auditorium where a talk would be given, and so on) is a________ measure.
simulation
Teresa works with high-risk expectant mothers, those with characteristics likely to make parenting particularly challenging. She has developed a highly interactive workshop designed to teach the women the skills needed to care for infants. To test the effectiveness of the program, Teresa has the women spend 72 hours with a doll designed to mimic a fussy infant, complete with crying to be fed, changed, and held, and crying for no apparent reason. She is using a__________ approach.
1)Researchers must proceed rapidly, with an effort to minimize pain, when an animal's life must be terminated. 2)Researchers using animals in research are subject to oversight by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee.
The APA provides a set of ethical guidelines for the use and treatment of nonhuman subjects that parallels the guidelines for human participants presented earlier. Which of the following statements are consistent with the APA guidelines with regard to nonhuman subjects?
fraud, plagiarism
________ is the explicit effort of a researcher to falsify or misrepresent data._________ is the unethical representation of someone else's ideas or words as one's own.