Research Methods Final
pearson correlation is best used to analyze the association between x and y when:
both x and y are continuous and normally distributed
identify the ONE research question NOT suited to examination using chi-square analysis:
in the city of Cincinnati, Ohio, is the average high temperature significantly different in the month of May as compared to August?
identify the most appropriate statistical test for this research question: a study is designed to determine if it possible to predict calorie amount with fat contained in the food. assume the calorie amount is continuous data and normally distributed
independent (student's) t-test
identify the exposure variable in the following research question: 'do middle-aged adults with higher intake of non-starchy vegetables have lower plasma cholesterol levels in a model adjusted for body mass index?
intake of non-starchy vegetables
will 6 session with the dietitian, as compared to printed educational materials, result in improved blood pressure 3 months later?
intervention
research is the systematic investigation into and study of materials and sources with the goal of establishing facts and reaching new conclusions. what does systematic mean in this context?
scientists follow a sequential process according to explicit rules
look at the following results table and identify whether there was a significant difference between pre- and post- intervention testing in the cadence (steps/min) during the locometre gait analysis for the rhythmic auditory stimulation on treadmill group (RAS-TT). also identify which type of statistical test was utilized to compare the results
significant, paired t-test
which of the following was the first U.S. based document to establish basic principles of ethical research with human subjects? -Belmont report -the HELA code -the nuremberg code -the Tuskegee report
the Belmont report
which of the following was the first document in the history of research methods to establish the rights of research participants? -the HELA code -the nuremberg code -the tuskegee report -the belmont report
the nuremberg code
which one of the following statements is NOT true prospective cohort study design?
the prospective cohort is an experimental study design
the PEDro scale was designed to assess the quality of which types of study
clinical trials
the p-value of an ANOVA analysis tells you if there is a significant difference between groups AND indicates the size of the difference between groups
false
the t-test tells you whether there is significant difference between groups and the size of the effect or difference
false
not having a large enough sample size usually causes type II error, while the probability of type I error can be reduced by lowering the p-value
true
research study designs are used to ensure the research problem is effectively addressed
true
research study designs integrate the different components of a study in a coherent and logical way
true
the PEDro scale is used to assess the quality of randomized control trials (RCT) and controlled clinical trials (CCT)
true
a result that is statistically significant will always be clinically significant as well
false
in a study examining if family history of persistent stuttering is predictive of stuttering, the investigator thinks that an additional factor that may be predictive of stuttering is age. in this example, age could be considered the:
cofactor variable
in a normal distribution, +2 standard deviations will encompass about __% of the data
95%
a researcher wants to design a study looking at whether students retain more information from class if a traditional lecture format is used vs. if gamification is integrated into the lecture. choose 4 components from the list below that would create a quasi-experimental study
-adjusting for any initial between group differences through appropriate statistical analysis -choosing students who are in the same class but attend lecture at different times -assigning one whole class of students to the traditional lecture group and another whole class of students to the gamified lecture group -following students for the semester, periodically asking them the same questions, and collecting the same outcome measures
a researcher wants to design a study looking at whether a nicotine patch is more likely to reduce smoking cessation educational program. choose the 3 components from the list below that would create a randomized controlled trial:
-following participants in each group over 6 months, asking them the same questions, and collecting the same outcome measures -assigning participants to a nicotine patch group or the smoking cessation education program group using a random number generator -choosing a group of individuals who smoke
according to the CITI training modules, which of the following is an accurate list of the specifically identified "vulnerable populations", requiring extra consideration in research study design and informed consent?
-pregnant women and children, prisoners, ethnic minorities, and students/employees
which of the following is an element of the basic principle of "justice" in human subjects research ethics as described in the Belmont report?
-there should be consideration of equitable distribution of the risks and benefits of the research across society?
a study was done to examine if a type of word recognition score (PBK) can be used to predict another type of word recognize score (LNT) in pediatric cochlear implant users. the plot is below (the equation for predicting Y by using X variable is shown on the plot. what is the value for the slope in the equation? LNT=0.699(PBK) + 29.46
0.699
calculating sample size is only done for convince so you know how many people you should recruit, it has no impact on the hypothesis testing
false
match the parts of the PICOT format with the correct part of the question: "in school-age children, what is the effect of a school-based physical activity program on a reduction in the incidence of childhood obesity compared with no intervention within a 1 year period?"
1 year period: time school age children: population childhood obesity: outcome no intervention: control school based physical activity program: intervention
t-tests are only used when you have __ dependent and __ independent variables
1,1
match the following PICOT oriented questions with their correct types: 1.your patient has a history of blood clots and after they came into your clinic with right calf discomfort and tightness, you're concerned about DVT. you remember reading about the limitations of duplex ultrasound and calf-veins, and are wondering if a d-dimer assay can help you rule out DCT 2. in adult patients with rheumatoid arthritis, is consuming turmeric tea more effective than taking Humira at reducing joint pain? 3. does dietary carbohydrate intake influence maintenance of a healthy weight (BMI<25) in patients who have family history of obesity? 4. for women under age 65, does the daily use of 80mg low-dose aspirin reduce the future risk of stroke compared with no usage of low-dose aspirin?
1. diagnosis 2. treatment/therapy 3.prognosis 4.prevention
how many studies significantly decreased mortality risk for highest versus lowest DASH diet quality from the below diagram? -9 -10 -1
10
the following is an unordered list of the steps in the scientific method. select the choice that correctly orders these steps 1. collect the data or conduct the study 2. make an observation 3.report findings 4. test the hypothesis 5. state the problem to be solved or the question to be answered 6. design or plan the study methods 7. do a literature review or find information on the topic 8. draw conclusions 9. state the hypothesis
2,5,7,9,6,1,4,8,3
a study was done to examine if a type of word recognition score (PBK) can be used to predict another type of word recognition score (LNT) in pediatric cochlear implant users. the plot is below (the equation for predicting Y by using X variable is shown on the plot. what is the value of the intercept in the equation? LNT=0.699(PBK) + 29.46
29.46
the PEDro scale is an 11 item assessment with a total of 11 points if all criteria are met
false
a study was done to determine which of the three daily drills improved reaction speech among college soccer players. 60 soccer players were randomly assigned to one of the 3 daily drill groups. reaction speed was measured one week later. reaction speed was normally distributed and the P-value for the mean difference in reaction speed among the 3 groups was p=0.01. which is the appropriate statistic for this analysis?
ANOVA
a study was done to examine if a type of word recognition score (PBK) can be used to predict another type of word recognize score (LNT) in pediatric cochlear implant users. the plot is below (the equation for predicting Y by using X variable is shown on the plot. if the PBK word score is 20, what is the estimated LNT easy word score? LNT=0.699(PBK) + 29.46
43.44
a linear regression analysis generated an R^2 value of 0.56. which one statement is a correct interpretation of this R^2 value?
56% of the variation in the outcome is explained by the linear regression model
a study was done to examine the sugar content of a cereal can be used to estimate the nutritional rating of the cereal. this simple regression analysis results showed R2= 0.58, p<0.05. the plot is blow (the equation for predicting Y by using X variable is shown on the plot)
58%
the test scores of a class of students follow a normal distribution with a mean score of 80 and a SD of 5. then, what is the range for about 95% of scores?
70-90
a study was done to examine if a type of word recognition score (PBK) can be used to predict another type of word recognize score (LNT) in pediatric cochlear implant users. the plot is below (the equation for predicting Y by using X variable is shown on the plot. what is the proportion of variability in the LNT easy word score that can be explained by the PBK word score? LNT=0.699(PBK) + 29.46
73.96%
which of the following types of statistical tests is used to measure the difference in means across 3 groups over 2 time points in a research study?
ANOVA
analytical (inferential) statistics are used to...
Test a hypothesis and infer results from a sample to a population
does glycated hemoglobin test (A1C) accurately diagnose type 1 diabetes? -intervention -diagnostic -prognostic
diagnostic
a paired t-test is used when comparing ___ groups
within
a study was designed to analyze the age-specific pattern of auditory function in preterm children as a function of their gestational age at birth. 200 preterm children aged from 6 months to 15 years old were divided into 2 groups: 100 children with a gestational age at birth of 32-36 weeks (group 1) and 100 with a gestational age of 22-31 weeks (group 2). hearing was assessed by the ABR 3 times a year. what is the dependent variable? -subject group -ABR -gestational age -testing time
ABR
identify the target condition in the following question: does the anterior drawer knee test accurately diagnosis ACL injury among college athletes immediately after acute injury? -ACL injury -college athletes -anterior drawer test
ACL injury
a study was done to determine which of 3 daily drills improved reaction speed among college soccer players. 60 soccer players were randomly assigned to one of the 3 daily drill groups. reaction speed (in secs) was measure one week later. reaction speed was normally distributed and the p-value for the mean difference in reaction speed among the 3 groups was p=0.01. which is the appropriate statistic for the analysis? -wilcoxon rank-sum analysis -students (independent, individual) t-test -paired t-test -ANOVA
ANOVA
T/F: Research study designs are not important in determining the strength of evidence of the research study
False
A clinician posed the question: "is a new bedside device for measuring speech intelligibility valid for use in elderly patients?" What type of clinical question is this? -diagnostic -prognostic -intervention
Diagnostic
Indicate the section of the research article where the information below is typically found: This section summarizes what is already known, what gaps in existing knowledge and the rationale for conducting the current study as well as the research question or problem being addressed by the research -introduction/background -results -methods -discussion
Introduction/background
Which of the following statements is true about PubMed? -PubMed is a database of health sciences research articles -must be accesses while in the health sciences library building -all published research studies are searchable through the PubMed database -PubMed is a database for accessing information published in the popular media
PubMed is a database of health sciences research articles
A study was done to explore barriers to hearing aid use in hearing-impaired older adults. open-ended interview questions were asked, and the subject's responses were audio recorded. This is an example of a: -quantitative research study -qualitative research study -review
Qualitative research study
Researchers analyzed the association between household income status (low income, middle income, high income) and hearing aid use (yes/no) among older adults with hearing loss. this is an example of: -qualitative research study -review -quantitative research study
Quantitative research study
a cross-sectional study was done to determine the relationship between grade point average and a "campus involvement" score among 113 college students. the correlation between GPA and campus involvement was r=0.85. which answer accurately describes the study results?
a higher GPA is associated with a higher campus involvement score
researchers conducted a study and collected brain response and speech recognition scores from a group of cochlear implant users. the correlation of brain responses and speech recognition scores is examined. pearson correlation showed r=0.76, p<0.05. which answer accurately describes the study results
a larger brain response is associated with a higher speech recognition score, the correlation is statistically significant
a study was done to examine correlation between internet usage and age in adults from 18-60 years of age. the plot is blow (r=-0.87, p<0.01)
a person with an older age has less internet use
which one of the following describes a case-control study design?
a study was done to determine risk factors for developing anorexia nervosa (an ED). 50 adolescents who were diagnosed with anorexia nervosa, and 50 control persons who attended school in the same district as cases, but who tested negative for anorexia nervosa, were all interviewed regarding several exposures, including their dietary patterns, exercise history, body image, and social media use, since the beginning of secondary school to present time
which one of the following describes a prospective cohort study design
a study was done to determine risk factors for developing anorexia nervosa (an ED). 500 adolescents were enrolled upon completion of 6th grade, at which time baseline data were collected on several exposures such as dietary patterns, exercise, history, body image, social media use, etc. and then they were assessed yearly throughout their secondary school years to see who developed the study outcome of anorexia nervosa
which one of the following describes a cross-sectional study design?
a study was done to determine risk factors for developing anorexia nervosa (an ED). 500 adolescents were randomly selected from within a specific school district and at the time of screening for anorexia nervosa they were interviewed regarding their present dietary patterns, exercise practices, body image, and social media use
analyze the results in following table and determine which of the following are true (mark all). significance level set at p<0.05
all dual interactions were found to be significantly related to retention score
which of the following is an element of the basic principle "respect for persons" in human subjects research ethics as described in the Belmont report?
all human research participants have the right to informed consent
which of the following famous prospective cohort studies aims to enroll 1 million or more participants who reflect the rich diversity of America?
all of us study
you have defined your study aim as to identify risk factors for developing hip fracture in adults aged 60-80 years old. which of the following study design description best fits the case-control study design?
at the start of the study, identify cases of adults who experienced hip fracture between the ages of 60-80 years old and controls woh come from the same community as cases but without a hip fracture event, and collect data on both groups with regards to their past diet, exercise, and smoking histories
the picot format is best designed for asking which type of questions
clinical
identify the study population in the following research question: among college students, does intake of highly processed foods predict plasma concentrations of inflammatory markers, when adjusted for body mass index?
college students
lesser et al. (2007) report that published research studies funded exclusively by food and beverage companies were 4 to 8 times more likely to report conclusions favorable to the financial interests of the sponsoring company that published research studies that were not sponsored by food and beverage companies. this finding illustrates which of the following consideration in evaluating the ethical conduct of published research:
conflict of interest
linear regression is used to predict the dependent variable y as a linear function of the independent variable x, when y is of the following variable format
continuous
participants in a study were tested with daily calcium intake in the blood sample. what kind of format is this variable?
continuous
researchers conducted a study and collected brain response and speech recognition scores from a group of cochlear implant users. the correlation of brain responses and speech recognition score is examined. what kind of study design did these investigators use?
cross-sectional
for an original research study that is published in a scientific journal, which section of the article is most likely to include information about the limitations of the study?
discussion
the nurses' health study is one of the largest prospective cohort studies in the U.S. what was the original study aim when the nurses health study was initially launched?
examine the safety of oral contraceptives
a research study that prospectively compares a novel health education program to a traditional program is an :
experimental study
select the list that shows the correct sequence of evidence based practice:
formulate a clinical question, find the evidence with efficiency. critically appraise the evidence, implement the evidence into clinical practice. evaluate your performance
which of the following is NOT true about when an ANOVA should be used for statistical analysis (mark all that apply) -in a study that has 1 variable that has 2 means -in a study that has more than 2 variables, at 2 different time points -in a study with 1 variable that has more than 2 means, at 2 different time points
in a study that has 1 variable that has 2 means
which of the following two statements are true about when an ANOVA should be used for statistical analysis rather than using t-tests (mark all that apply), given that the dependent variable is continuous and normally distributed
in a study with 1 dependent variable that was measured in 3 groups at one time point and in a study with 1 dependent variable that was measured in two 2 groups at 3 different time points
which answer is true regarding the pearson correlation coefficient (r)?
is used when you have 2 normally distributed continuous variables
which of the following would be ONE reason why you would want to utilize a quasi-experimental design over an RCT:
it can be unethical or illegal to randomize participants
which of the following is incorrect regarding the cross-sectional research design?
it is a study design where the samples are followed prospectively and subsequent status evaluations with respect to a disease or outcome are conducted to determine which initial participants exposure characteristics (risk factors) are associated with it
identify the most appropriate statistical test for this research question: a study is designed to determine if it is possible to predict the amount of improvement in speech production in children with autism with the IQ. assume the calorie amount is continuous data and normally distributed
linear regression
which one of the following statements is an advantage of the cross-sectional study design as compared to the prospective cohort study design?
the cross-sectional study enables determination of cause and effect relationships
in which part of a research article would you look to see if the authors included appropriate details regarding study data sources and details of variable mesaurements? -introduction -results -discussion -methods
methods
a study examines if nicotine affects auditory performance. young (18-27 year old), normal hearing nonsmokers received nicotine (Nicorette gum, 6mg) or placebo gum were recruited. subjects performed four experiments involving tone-in-noise detection, temporal gap detection, spectral ripple discrimination, and selective auditory attention before and after treatment. the perceptual differences between posttreatment nicotine and placebo conditions were measured. what is the null hypothesis?
nicotine does not affect auditory performance (performance at pre and post treatment testing time does not differ
in the following study, individuals were randomly allocated to one of three groups: rhythmic auditory stimulation on treadmill (RAS-TT), treadmill training (TT), or neurodevelopment treatment (NDT). at the beginning of the study each group had 20 participants. based on the information in the table below, determine if PEDro criteria 8, measures of at least one key outcome were obtained from more that 85% of the subjects initially allocated to groups was met:
no, criteria 8 was not met
on the PEDro scale #2 specifies that "subjects were randomly allocated to groups (in a crossover study, subjects were randomly allocated an order in which treatments were received). based on the information in the following excerpt, would criteria 2 be met? "after written consent was obtained, patient characteristics were recorded a baseline measurement was performed. subsequently, patients were stratified by their pre-injury tenger score to distribute risk of reinjury based on physical activity level equally between groups. then, patients were assigned to either the physical therapy group or the acupuncture using alternating sequence
no, it would not be met
on the PEDro scale, criteria 4 specifies that "the groups were similar at baseline regarding the most important prognostic indicators' Based on the information in the following excerpt, would criteria 4 be met? "after written consent was obtained, patient characteristics were recorded and a baseline measurement was performed. subsequently, patients were stratified by their pre-injury tenger score to distribute risk of reinijury based on physical activity level equally between groups. then, patients were assigned to either the physical therapy group or the acupuncture using an alternating sequence. analysis of the groups at baseline showed that the average weight of the physical therapy group was 145.5lbs while the average weight of the acupuncture group was 137.6lbs, p<0.03
no, it would not be met
participants in a study were asked to provide information about their living situation: apartment, house, assisted living, nursing home, other. what kind of format is this variable?
nominal
what is the most appropriate statistical test to answer the following research question: is the activity of daily living related to the quality of life (QoL) of patients with chronic stroke? assume the activity of daily living and the QoL are continuous and normally distributed
pearson correlation
identify the most appropriate statistical test for this research question: is there a linear association between minutes per week of study and test score (0-100) in college students? assume continuous, normally distributed variables
pearson correlation analysis
which of the following is a correct statement about the pearson correlation coefficient 'r'?
r will always be between -1.0 and +1.0 (I.e. -1.0 ≤ r ≤ +1.0)
the strongest type of study design for answering a therapy/ treatment oriented PICOT question is: -case controls study -cohort study -case report -randomized controlled trial
randomized controlled trial
which one of the following is ONE of the 3 basic principles of human subjects research ethics as described in the Belmont report? -respect for persons -documentation -disclosure -gender equity
respect for persons
a study examines the correlation between explicit memory and a brain response P50 amplitude (microvolts) in schizophrenic patients. explicit memory was tested with the wechsler memory scale (WMS). the WMS scores are continuous data that are not normally distributed. what is the most appropriate statistical test?
spearman correlation
a researcher evaluates if the speech perception performance can be predicted by the duration of deafness and in a group of cochlear implant users. in the linear regression model, a=58.01, b=-0.50. what is the equation used for predicting the speech perception performance using the duration of deafness?
speech perception performance= 58.01-0.50* duration of deafness
a study examines the relationship between cognitive measure and speech recognition score. cognitive performance was assessed using the immediate post-concussion assessment and cognitive testing (ImPACT). the speech recognition was assessed with AzBio sentence perception. pearson correlation results showed r=0.59 (p≤0.012). assume both ImPACT and AzBio perception score data are continuous and normal distributed. what is the appropriate statement based on the statistical results
the ImPACT score is positively correlated to the AzBio perception score, and the correlation is statistically significant
which one of the following statements is NOT true about the STROBE recommendations:
the STROBE checklist was created to improve the completeness of reporting of experimental research studies
when evaluating a research article using the PEDro scale, a higher score means?
the article is of higher quality
a study was done to examine if the height can be used to predict body weight. the simple linear regression analysis results showed R^2=0.87, p<0.05. the plot is blow (the equation for predicting Y by using X variable is shown on the plot. what does the figure suggest in terms of the relationship between the height and body weight?
the participants with a greater height have a larger body weight, and the correlation is statistically significant
a study examines the relationship between hearing sensitivity (the lowest sound a person can hear) and speech recognition score in participants of 2 different age groups (20-30 and 50-60). hearing sensitivity was assessed using pure tone thresholds. the speech recognition score was assessed with AzBio sentence perception. Pearson correlation results showed r= -0.59 (P ≤ 0.05) in 20-30 years group and r= -0.78 (p<0.05) in 50-60 years group. Assume both pure tone thresholds and AzBio perception score data are continuous and normal distributed. what is the appropriate statement based on the statistical results
the pure tone thresholds is negatively correlated to the AzBio perception score, and the correlation is statistically significant; the strength of association is higher in 50-60 years group than in the 20-30 years group
a study was done to explore the effects of peer tutoring on the competencies of first-year students of a master program in speech-language pathology. questionnaires were used to investigate the motivation, expectation, learning success, and competencies of 69 tutees regarding a peer-tutoring project to optimize the speech sound proficiency skills of the tutees. their answers were statistically compared to those of a control group of students who did not participate in the peer-tutoring project. what is the dependent variable?
the rankings for motivation, expectations, learning success, and competencies
a study was done to determine if reaction speed is significantly different in 40 male college soccer players as compared to 40 male college basketball players. reaction speed is a continuous variable and was normally distributed. the students t-test p-value was p=.76. based on the info given, what would you conclude?
there is no significant difference in reaction time between the groups
in a quantitative research article in what order would you typically find the following sections: 1. conclusion/summary 2. abstract 3. intro/background 4. results 5. title 6. discussion 7. references 8. methods
title, abstract, intro/background, methods, results, discussion, conclusion/summary, references
T/F: numeric data are generally associated with quantitative research studies
true
a significant interaction between two independent variables means the effect of one of those variables on the dependent variable differs with the values of the other independent variable
true
an ANOVA is a statistical tests used to measure the difference in more than 2 means during 2 different time point during the study
true
clinically significant results may not be statistically significant
true
if the results of your ANOVA are p<0.03 for the treadmill training, aqua training, and weight groups you know that each of the groups is significantly different from the other
true
not having a large enough sample size can lead to a type II error, that is, lead to accepting the null hypothesis when in fact there is a true difference in the population
true
which 3 factors play a role in determining the ideal research study sample size?
variability in your population, desired level of significance, desired effect size you want to detect as statistically significant
on the PEDro scale, criteria #2 specifies that "subjects were randomly allocated to groups (in a crossover study, subjects were randomly allocated an order in which treatments were received). based on the information in the following excerpt, would criteria 2 be met? "after written consent was obtained, patient characteristics were recorded and a baseline measurement was performed. subsequently, patients were stratified by their fall-risk score to distribute likelihood of fall risk equally between groups. then, patients were assigned to either the Tai chi training group of the nintendo wii gaming group using by flipping a coin"
yes, criteria 2 was met
read the following excerpt and determine whether pedro scale criteria 2: subjects were randomly allocated to groups ( in a crossover study, subjects were randomly allocated an order in which treatments were received) was met: "to be included in this study, patients had to have undergone a THA and had minimum 2 year PRos. complete follow-up consisted of reported scores for the harris hip score, forgotten joint score... data was collected retrospectively with patients being selected from the orthopedic practices database and matched on sex, age, BMI, laterality"
yes, criteria 2 was met
in a diet based study, 24 individual were originally allocated to the low-fat diet plan, and 25 individuals were originally allocated to the ketogenic diet plan. based on the information in the table below, determine if pedro criteria 8 measures at least one key outcome were obtained from more than 85% of the subjects initially allocated to groups was met:
yes, criteria 8 was met
any time you are planning a research study that involves human research subjects, you should submit your research protocol for evaluation by: -the national institutes of health -the citi program -your institutions institutional review board -the centers for disease control
your institutions institutional review board
a students independent t-test is used when you're comparing between ___ separate groups
2
the below diagram shows the results from an analysis of research studies that compared DASH score (a measure of diet quality) with risk of mortality. what is the name of this type of diagram
forest plot
PubMed... -only has RCTs, you have to go to cochrane website to find systematic reviews -is not accessible through UC libraries website -has a "systematic review" filter that will save you time in your literature search
has a "systematic review" filter that will save you time in your literature search
a narrative review -follows a strict protocol in order to minimize bias in the studies selected for the review -usually includes a meta-analysis -is useful to obtain a particular authors perspective on a topic
is useful to obtain a particular authors perspective on a topic or is more subject to bias compared to a systematic review
a comprehensive survey of scholarly sources on a specific topic is a/an: -reference page -literature review -introduction/background
literature review
at the study design phase, an investigator set the alpha level (significance level) at 0.05. which of the following p-value results would be considered statistically significant given an alpha level of 0.05? -p=.18 -p=.4 -p=.09 =p=.01
p=.01
prospective cohort and case-control study designs are both suited to answering prognostic research questions, but which of the following situations is especially true regarding the case-control design? -the case-control design is preferable to the prospective cohort design when answering prognostic research questions where the outcome is common and develops over a short time frame -the case-control design is ideal for determining a casual relation between exposure and outcome -the case-control design is well-suited to answering prognostic research questions where the outcome is rare (<5-10% prevalence) -the case-control design is preferable to the prospective cohort design when the researcher has abundant research funding and decades to conduct the research study
the case-control design is well-suited to answering prognostic research questions where the outcome is rare (<5-10% prevalence)
which of the following is a strength of the case-control study design? -select of controls for the case-control study is a simple and straightforward process -the case-control study design is a time and cost-efficient approach to studying rare outcomes -the case-control study design is less prone to bias than the prospective cohort study design -a significant result obtained from a case-control study prove the exposure causes the case defined outcome
the case-control study design is a time and cost-efficient approach to studying rare outcomes
you are appraising a diagnostic study article. you are concerned if... -the statistics included estimates of diagnostic accuracy and precision (e.g sensitivity with a 95% confidence interval) -the patients enrolled are not similar to your clinic -the person who performed the index test was blinded to the reference gold standard
the patients enrolled are not similar to your clinic
the nurses' health study is one of the largest prospective cohort studies in the U.S. what was the response rate in the original nurses' health study?
the response rate was very high in the original nurses health study
which is the correct description of the starting point in a case-control study? -a case-control study starts with defining a cohort of people and assessing their baseline exposures -a case-control study starts by enrolling all study participants and their exposures and outcomes are measured during a single point in time -a case-control study starts with establishing a case definition that clearly defines who qualifies as being a case
a case-control study starts with establishing a case definition that clearly defines who qualifies as being a case
in diagnostic research studies, a true negative is when... -a participant tests negative on the index test and negative on reference gold standard -a participant tests positive on the index test and positive on the reference gold standard -a participant tests negative on the index test and positive on the reference gold standard
a participant tests negative on the index test and negative on reference gold standard
regarding how a research study will turn out, a hypothesis is... -a theory -a best guess -a prediction
a prediction
a research study was done to determine the validity of a new test to diagnose fracture in older adults with hip pain. the best study design for this study is: -retrospective chart review -observational cross sectional study design -prospective experimental randomized control
observational cross sectional study design
which one of the following is an example of a prognostic research question? -will reducing intake of sugar sweetened beverages improve glycemic control in individuals with type 2 diabetes? -what are the risk factors for developing type 2 diabetes? -how is type 2 diabetes diagnosed?
what are the risk factors for developing type 2 diabetes? or what are the risk factors for developing cardiovascular disease? or do lifestyle factors In midlife predict bone mineral density 10 years later?
clinical practice guidelines (choose 3) -are sometimes available on public health websites, which are typically free -are sometimes available on professional association websites, although you may need to be a member to access them -are sometimes published in scientific journals -are typically based on a single experts opinion
-are sometimes available on public health websites, which are typically free -are sometimes available on professional association websites, although you may need to be a member to access them -are sometimes published in scientific journals
T/F: evidence based practice (EBP) is the integration of evidence (research), clinical expertise and patient values
True
T/F: open-ended questions are most appropriate for qualitative research
True
in diagnostic research studies, a true positive is when: -a participant tests positive on the index test and positive on reference gold standard -a participant tests negative on the index test and negative on the reference gold standard -a participant tests positive on the index test and negative on the reference gold standard
a participant tests positive on the index test and positive on reference gold standard
which one of the following is a prospective cohort study design?
a study was done to determine risk factors for developing gestational diabetes (diabetes that develops at around 26 weeks of pregnancy) 500 pregnant people were enrolled 12 weeks into their pregnancy, at which time baseline data were collected on several exposures such as dietary patterns, exercise history, body mass index, etc. and then they were tested at 26 weeks gestation to see who developed the study outcome of gestational diabetes
which of the following describes a case-control study design?
a study was done to determine risk factors for developing hypertension (high blood pressure) In adolescence. fifty adolescents who were diagnosed with hypertension, and 50 control persons who attended school in the same district as cases, but who tested negative for hypertension, were all interviewed regarding several exposures, including their dietary patterns, exercise history, body image, and social media use, since the beginning of secondary school to the present time
identify the type of review that typically includes a plot such as the one shown here forest plot
a systematic review with a meta-analysis
which ONE of the following statements is NOT true about (binary) logistic regression analysis:
all of the exposure variables must be dichotomous for binary logistic regression analysis
browsing titles and abstracts in pubmed -does not allow you to distinguish systematic reviews and narrative reviews -is not helpful in finding systematic review -allows you to distinguish between systematic reviews with an without meta-analysis
allows you to distinguish between systematic reviews with an without meta-analysis
which of the following is an element of the basic principle of "beneficence" in human subjects research ethics as described in the Belmont Report -an assessment of the benefits and risks of the research study must be assessed and described -there must be only benefits of the research and no risks -the research participants community must directly benefit from the research study -the research participant must directly benefit from the research study
an assessment of the benefits and risks of the research study must be assessed and described
identify the index test in the following question: does an antigen test accurately diagnose covid-19 among college students who are asymptomatic? -antigen test -covid-19 -college students
antigen test
public health guidelines... -are easily accessible on many internet sites (CDC, WHO) -are not based on a systematic review of the evidence -are not helpful for clinicians
are easily accessible on many internet sites (CDC, WHO)
you have defined your study aim as to identify risk factors for developing hip fracture in adults aged 60-80 years old. which of the following study design description best fits the prospective cohort study design?
at the start of the study, enroll adults aged 60-80 years old without hip fracture history based on specific inclusion and exclusion criteria. collect data on several risk factors such as diet, exercise, and smoking habits at baseline and every 6 months for 10 years, and monitor hip fracture events during this time frame
identify the covariate in the following research question: 'do middle-aged adults with higher intake of non-starchy vegetables have lower plasma cholesterol levels in a model adjusted for body mass index?
body mass index
which study design time frame correctly describes a case-control study? -case-control studies start with identifying a cohort based on their exposure status and the researcher follows the cohort going forward to see who develops the key outcome of interest -case-control studies start with identifying people who have already developed the outcome and the researcher looks back at past exposures -case-control studies start with identifying a cohort based on their exposure status and the researcher screens everyone to see who currently meets the diagnosis for the key outcome of interest
case-control studies start with identifying people who have already developed the outcome and the researcher looks back at past exposures
a good diagnostic test needs to be reliable and valid. reliability refers to... -consistency -the reference "gold" standard -accuracy
consistency
inter-rater reliability refers to... -consistency of test results between 2 or more raters -consistency of test results for 1 rater -does the test do what it is supposed to I.e diagnose the target condition
consistency of test results between 2 or more raters
the final column in partial table 2 below shows the unadjusted logistic regression odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) from a case-control study examining if signs of infection during pregnancy (as compared to the reference condition of not having each sign) increase the odds of the offspring developing type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) from Malcova et al. which ONE statement is a correct interpretation of a result from this table?
development of diarrhea in pregnancy is not significantly associated with the offspring developing T1DM because of the 95% confidence interval includes 1.00 or development of a skin rash in pregnancy is not significantly associated with the offspring developing T1DM because the 95% confidence interval includes 1.00 or development of a fever in pregnancy is not significantly associated with the offspring developing T1DM because the 95% confidence interval includes 1.00
identify the type of question: does an antigen test accurately diagnose covid-19 among college students who are asymptomatic? -prognostic -diagnostic -intervention
diagnostic
the 2x2 table compares a dichotomous index test with a ____ reference gold standard -ordinal categorical -continuous -dichotomous
dichotomous
when using a t-test, the independent variable has to be ___ and the dependent variable has to be ____
dichotomous, continuous
in a research article with a case-control study design, in what section would you look to see if the authors addressed the STROBE reporting guideline regarding limitations of the study, including potential sources of bias?
discussion
identify the research question with a dichotomous outcome: -does family income predict college graduation? -does calcium intake predict bone mineral density in the hip bone? -what are predictors of an individual's height at age 18? -does parental education level predict size of vocabulary at age 2?
does family income predict college graduation? or what are the risk factors for triple negative breast cancer?
the following results table was generated from analyzing data in a prospective cohort designed to identify predictors of bone mineral density. which one of the following statements is an accurate interpretation of the coefficient estimates in the fully adjusted model in this table? -bone mineral density is not significantly affected by soda intake -bone mineral density decreases by 0.01 g/cm^2 every 2 years -for every can of soda consumed per day, bone mineral density decreases by 0.03 g/cm^2 and this Is a significant decrease -bone mineral density of smokers is 0.20 g/cm^2 higher than non-smokers
for every can of soda consumed per day, bone mineral density decreases by 0.03 g/cm2 and this is a significant decrease or bone mineral density increases significantly by 0.05 g/cm2 for every g/d of calcium consumed
which of the following 2 statements are features of a randomized controlled trial study design: -cannot be used to assess cause/effect -are neither costly nor time consuming to conduct -has a high likelihood of that both groups are similar in terms of known/unknown characteristics -is not a good design to minimize bias -has high scientific validity
has a high likelihood of that both groups are similar in terms of known/unknown characteristics AND has high scientific validity
one way to decrease bias in systematic review is to -have clearly established inclusion and exclusion criteria for the articles screened -use only pubmed to find articles -choose only english language articles
have clearly established inclusion and exclusion criteria for the articles screened or develop clear eligibility criteria prior to deciding what articles to include in the review
which title below identifies a systematic review with meta-analysis? -interventions for adult Eustachian tube dysfunction -hearing instruments for unilateral severe-to-profound sensorineural hearing loss in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis -occupational noise exposure and hearing: a systematic review
hearing instruments for unilateral severe-to-profound sensorineural hearing loss in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis
which one of the following statements accurately describes a strength of the prospective cohort study design
in the prospective cohort study design, the exposure precedes the outcome
identify the ONE prognostic research question that is better suited to case-control study design rather than a prospective cohort study design, at least as an initial testing of the hypothesis: -does gender of the driver predict adherence to the speed limit? -is course format (online vs. In-person) predictive of final exam grade on a 0-100% scale? -does living on campus for the freshman year of college predict college graduation within four years? -is type of milk feeding in infancy (human milk versus infant formula) associated with development of childhood leukemia (a rare form of cancer)?
is type of milk feeding in infancy (human milk versus infant formula) associated with development of childhood leukemia (a rare form of cancer)? or is type of milk feeding in infancy (human milk versus infant formula) associated with development of type 1 diabetes by 18 years of age? or does participation in youth sports predict hip fracture during the 70th decade?
which one of the following statements is true about using multiple variable linear regression analysis for answering prognostic research questions?
linear regression analysis is most appropriate for answering prognostic research questions when the outcome variable is measured on a continuous scale, such as body mass index
which one of the following statements is true about using binary logistic regression analysis for answering prognostic research questions? -logistic regression analysis is most appropriate for answering prognostic research questions when the investigators use a qualitative study design -logistic regression analysis is most appropriate for answering prognostic research questions when the outcome variable is measured on a continuous scale -logistic regression analysis is most appropriate for answering prognostic research questions when the outcome variable is dichotomous
logistic regression analysis is most appropriate for answering prognostic research questions when the outcome variable is dichotomous
Indicate the section of a research article where the information below is typically found: this section includes details of the study design, how study data were collected, and the data analysis plan: -results -methods -introduction/background -discussion
methods
in a research article with a case-control study design, in what section would you look to see if the STROBE reporting guideline regarding how cases were ascertained was included?
methods
in a research article with a case-control study design, in what section would you look to see if the authors addressed the STROBE reporting guideline regarding the rationale for the choice of cases and controls?
methods
identify the study population in the following research question: 'do middle-aged adults with higher intake of non-starchy vegetables have lower plasma cholesterol levels in a model adjusted for body mass index?
middle-aged adults
below is an excerpt from the table, 'distribution of studies parameters in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and control patients. the table presents the unadjusted and adjusted odds ration and 95% confidence intervals (OR 95% CI) for developing T1DM according to duration of being breastfed as an infant. which ONE of the following statements is a correct interpretation of the unadjusted OR as compared to the adjusted OR?
not being breastfed at all does not increase the odds of T1DM in an unadjusted models, but does significantly increase the odds of T1DM in an adjusted model, with 93% increase in odds of T1DM, as compared to being breastfed 1-3 months
a research study was done to determine the validity of a new test to diagnose acute ankle fracture in soccer players. the best study design for this study is... -observational cross sectional study design -prospective experimental randomized control -retrospective chart review
observational cross sectional study design
a research study was done to determine the validity of a new test to diagnose covid 19 in asymptomatic college students. the best study design for this study is:
observational cross sectional study design
which ONE of the following statements is NOT true about chi-square analysis: -only the x variable needs to be categorical variable format, and the y variable can be a continuous variable format -any categorical variable format works for chi-square analysis (ordinal, nominal, or dichotomous), but both variables being compared need to be categorical -chi-square analysis examines data that are summarized as no. (%) within each category -chi-square analysis can be used to determine if there is a significant difference in the distribution of one categorical variable according to the value of another categorical variable
only the x variable needs to be categorical variable format, and the y variable can be a continuous variable format
the below diagram shows the results from an analysis of research studies that compared DASH score (a measure of diet quality) with risk of mortality. which statement best describes the pooled results? -overall, there is no significant effect of DASH diet adherence on mortality -overall, there is a significant decrease in mortality risk with the DASH diet -overall, there is a significant increase in mortality risk with the DASH diet
overall, there is a significant decrease in mortality risk with the DASH diet
a study was done to determine if a 4 week novel strengthening program improved reaction speed among college soccer players. reaction speed (in secs) was measured in 20 soccer players at the start of the study (PRE) and four weeks later (POST). reaction speed was normally distributed. the p-value for mean change in reaction speed for PRE to POST was P=0.01. which is the appropriate statistic for this analysis? -paired t-test, 2 tailed -students (independent, individual t-test, 2 tailed -students (independent, individual t-test, 1 tailed -paired t-test, 1-tailed
paired t-test, 1-tailed
identify the outcome variable in the following research question: do middle-aged adults with higher intake of non-starchy vegetables have lower plasma triglyceride levels in a model adjusted for body mass index?
plasma triglyceride levels
which ONE of the following statements is NOT true about proportional hazard regression?
proportional hazard regression is a common approach when the outcome event is measured on a continuous scale
which of the following is the correct order, from strongest to weakest, in terms of strength of observational study designs for answering prognostic research questions?
prospective cohort> case-control> cross-sectional
does the following study use a randomized control trial or a quasi-experiment design: "this study tested the maintenance outcomes of a 3 month sit less walk more workplace intervention for office workers compared with usual care at 12 months from the baseline. the study was conducted in 2 different workplaces where the intervention group (workplace 1, n=51) received the multi-component intervention and the comparison group (workplace 2, n=50) received newsletters only. the outcomes of the study (self-reported psychosocial, physical activity, sitting, and lost productivity; objectively measured..... (p=0.017, walking (p=0.003), weight, (p=0.013), waist circumference (p=0.002), insulin (p=0.0) at 12 months compared with the comparison group
quasi-experimental design
a study was done to assess the accuracy of a new test to diagnose hip fractures in older adults. the study compared the results of the new test to x-rays. what is the x-ray referred to in this study? -target condition -reference "gold" standard -index test
reference "gold" standard
A study was done to summarize the overall evidence regarding whether hearing aids improve quality of life in older adults. All previously published studies that met specific inclusion and exclusion criteria were selected for the summary. What type of research article is this? -original research study -review article
review article
an article was written by an expert to describe the overall evidence for nutrition education in decreasing obesity in teenagers. No inclusion or exclusion criteria were provided for the selection of articles to include in the article. What type of research article is this? -review article -original research article
review article
look at the following results table and identify whether there was a significant difference between pre and post intervention testing in the distance walked during the 3 minute walking time test for the treadmill training. also identify which type of statistical test was utilized to compare the results
significant, paired t-test
which one of the following statements is an important weakness of the case-control study design? -case-control studies are prone to high losses to follow-up -since the study starts with identifying cases and controls, and then looks back at exposures, there could be bias in how cases recall the past as compared to controls -since the study follows cases for a long time, case-control studies are very time and cost-intensive -since the study starts with identifying exposures and looks forward to determine who is a case and who is a control, there could be bias in how cases and controls are determined
since the study starts with identifying cases and controls, and then looks back at exposures, there could be bias in how cases recall the past as compared to controls
which one of the following statements is true about the STROBE recommendations -the STROBE checklist provides a score to appraise study quality -the STROBE checklist was specifically designed for prospective cohort studies, and does not apply to case-control or cross-sectional studies -the STROBE checklist was created to appraise study quality irrespective of study design -the STROBE checklist was created to improve the completeness of reporting of observational research
the STROBE checklist was created to improve the completeness of reporting of observational research
you are a clinician reading a diagnostic study. you would be concerned if: -the statistics included estimates of diagnostic accuracy and precision (e.g sensitivity with a 95% confidence interval) -the patients enrolled are not similar to your clinic -the person who performed the index was blinded to the reference gold standard
the patients enrolled are not similar to your clinic
which of the following is true about the Tuskegee Syphilis study? -all participants were informed of the study purpose, risks and alternatives to participation -the study may have used questionable ethics by today's standards, but it is justified because of the discoveries resulting from the research -the study was terminated and all research participants were treated as soon as an antibiotic treatment was available -the research, which documented the effects of untreated syphilis, continued for decades until it was exposed by the New York Times
the research, which documented the effects of untreated syphilis, continued for decades until it was exposed by the New York Times
you are appraising a diagnostic study article. you are concerned if: -the statistics presented include estimates of diagnostic accuracy but not estimates of precision (e.g no confidence intervals) -the study has strengths and limitations -the person who performed the index test was blinded to the reference gold standard
the statistics presented include estimates of diagnostic accuracy but not estimates of precision (e.g no confidence intervals)
Evidence-based practice is defined as the integration of the below elements EXCEPT: -patient values -the best available evidence -clinical expertise -the way we have always done things
the way we have always done things
the 2x2 table comparing the index test with the reference gold standard includes the following: -true positives, true negatives, false positives, false negatives -false positives and false negatives -true positives and true negatives
true positives, true negatives, false positives, false negatives
A systematic review: -uses explicit methods to identify, select and critically appraise original studies -always includes a meta-analysis -is the same as a narrative review
uses explicit methods to identify, select and critically appraise original studies
below is an excerpt from the table, 'total and cause-specific mortality according to intake of sugar sweetened beverages (SSB) in the nurses health study, from Malik et al, 2019. the table shows the proportional hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals for mortality hazard according to SSB intake. which ONE statement is a correct interpretation of consuming 1-4 SSB/month based on the results in this table?
when adjusting for age only, there is not a significant increase in mortality among those consuming 1-4 SSB each month., but after adjusting for additional covariates in multivariate model 1, there is a 7% increase in mortality among those who consume 1-4 SSB each month, as compared to <1 SSB/month
