Research Test 2- Sullivan Lamar Social Work Chapters 7,10,11,15,
One of the effects of using closed ended rather than open ended questions in a survey is:
the list of alternatives serves to remind people of responses that they might not have thought of otherwise
One of the effects of using closed ended rather than open ended questions in a survey is:
the list of alternatives serves to remind people of responses that they might not have thought of otherwise.
Which of the following is NOT classified as a true experimental design?
the one-group pretest-posttest design
Which of the following is NOT one of the advantages of the clinical research model? (chapter 11) a. It promotes better service for clients. b. It promotes research activity. c. The results are immediately generalizable to other settings. d. All of the answers represent advantages.
**** Look up answer***
In inferential statistics, if the null hypothesis is rejected (chapter 15)
the research hypothesis is accepted and a finding in the sample data may be generalized to the population.
Which of the following best describes the multiple-baseline designs (chapter 11)
the sequential introduction of a treatment into different settings, for different behaviors, or for different clients.
Which of the following is a quasi experimental design?
the time series design
In the Static Group Comparison pre-experimental design (chapter 10)
there is no random assignment used in creating the control group.
in a single system research, the criteria that determines whether a treatment is considered experimentally effective is
this is a pronounced improvement in the client's condition
In surveys, the preferred method for checking on possible bias due to nonresponse is (chapter 7)
to locate a subsample of nonrespondents and interview them.
In experimental research, random assignment:
uses chance to equalize the experimental and control groups.
Which of the following is a major issue to be settled in establishing a baseline?
what to measure for a baseline and how to measure the variable for the baseline
Which of the following is a major issue to be settled in establishing a baseline?
what to measure for a baseline, and how to measure the variable for the baseline.
Which of the following will increase the response rate for a mailed questionnaire? (chapter 7)
All of the answers represent things that will increase the response rate
In single-system designs, the focus of the research can be change in (chapter 11)
All of these (An individual,couple, and family)
Why are case histories inferior to single-system designs as a source of clinical knowledge?
All of these are true
Which of the following is a multiple treatment single-system design (chapter 11)
All the answers represent multiple treatment designs.
Which of the following is a multiple treatment single-system design?
All the answers represent multiple treatment designs.
Which of the following is an advantage of focus groups in comparison to more structured, single-person interviews?
Focus group results are more generalizable to larger populations
Which of the following is an advantage of focus groups in comparison to more structured, single-person interviews? (chapter 7)
Focus groups cost less
Which of the following is an advantage of focus groups in comparison to more structured, single-person interviews?
Focus groups cost less.
Survey data collection involves:
Gathering information from individuals called respondents by having them respond to questions.
Respectively, identify the independent and dependent variables in this study: AThe effects of group treatment on the battering behavior of homeless alcoholic men.@
Group treatment, battering behavior
Respectively, identify the independent and dependent variables in this study: The effects of group treatment on the battering behavior of homeless alcoholic men
Group treatment, battering behavior
Single-system design development has been largely motivated by: (chapter 11)
Growing demand for accountability in human services
A fundamental force behind the development of single-system design is: (chapter 11)
Human service professionals want to know how a client is responding to an intervention
Which of the following is an advantage of interviews over questionnaires as a survey research technique? (chapter 7)
Interviews allow more control over factors such as who answers the questions
Which of the following is an advantage of interviews over questionnaires as a survey research technique?
Interviews allow more control over factors such as who answers the questions.
Which of the following is NOT true of interviews in contrast to questionnaires? (chapter 7)
Interviews are less flexible as a form of data collection.
How do we collect date in survey research?
Interviews or questionnaires
Interview
Involves an interviewer reading questions to a respondent and then recording his or her answers. Can be done either in person or over the phone
Survey Research
Involves asking questions of a sample of people, in a fairly short period of time, and then testing hypothesis or describing a situation based on their answers
In general, clinician-researchers should choose the single-system design that: (chapter 11)
Is the most valid design
Which of the following was stated as an advantage of using slang to ask questions when the slang is used by the group being surveyed?
It can increase rapport.
Which of the following is NOT true of the clinical-research model? (chapter 11)
It is a radically new approach to intervention.
Our community needs more recreational programs for its youth, and taxes should be raised to finance them. If this statement were used to measure attitudes in a survey, what error or problem does it suffer from?
It is two questions in one.
Which design is this: O1 O2 O3 O4
Longitudinal panel or trend
Which design is this: O1 O2 O3 O4.
Longitudinal panel or trend
Which one decreases the threat of differential selection?
Matching
The purpose of the control group is to
Measure pre to post test changes
The purpose of the control group is to:
Measure pre to post test changes
A researcher has a set of data that he considers to be at the interval level of measurement, but it has a strong positive skew. Which measure of central tendency would be the best choice for these data? (chapter 15)
Median
What impact does social distance between interviewer and respondent have on the interview? (Chapter 7)
More social distance produces less honest responses.
Which choice shows an interrupted time series design?
O1 O2 O3 X O4 O5 O6
In direct replication of single-system experiments: (chapter 11)
Only the individual clients vary from one experiment to another
Closed-ended questions
Provide respondents with a fixed set of alternatives from which to choose.
Surveys gather data for what kind of research?
Qualitative studies Quantitative studies experiments field research program evaluations
Respectively, which choice shows these designs: 1) one group pretest-posttest, 2) longitudinal case study?
Quasi-pretest and posttest
Which choice shows a design with the letters in the CORRECT places?
R O1 X O2
Which choice shows random assignment listed CORRECTLY AND in the proper place?
R X O1
Which of the following is NOT one of the steps in the clinical research process?
Random assignment of subjects
Open-ended questions
Require that the respondents write their own responses
A question whose answer determines which question a respondent answers next in a survey is called (chapter 7)
a filter question.
A focus group is also referred to as (chapter 7)
a group depth interview.
The statistic "lambda" could be best described as (chapter 15)
a nominal-level measure of association.
A contingency question in a questionnaire refers to
a question that a respondent may or may not answer depending on their response to a previous question
A contingency question in a questionnaire refers to:
a question that a respondent may or may not answer depending on their response to a previous question.
In clinical research, the baseline phase is
a series of measurements of the client's condition prior to the beginning of treatment
In clinical research, the baseline phase is:
a series of measurements of the client's condition prior to the beginning of treatment.
Which of the following would NOT be an acceptable procedure for a baseline under a single-system design?
a single pretest and a single posttest measure
In terms of assessing treatment effects, the most desirable type of baseline for a single system design is:
a stable one
In terms of assessing treatment effects, the most desirable type of baseline for a single-system design is:
a stable one.
The first few letters of the alphabet are used to identify the various single system designs. What does the letter B always symbolize?
a treatment phase
The first few letters of the alphabet are used to identify the various single-system designs. What does the letter B always symbolize?
a treatment phase
Which of the following is generally the most valid and reliable measurement technique to use with single-system designs? (chapter 11) a. observation b. paper and pencil measures c. client self reports d. existing records
a. observation
When we say that the research interview is a "secondary" relationship, we mean that: a. the interviewer has a practical, utilitarian goal. b. the goal of the interview is to give respondents a sympathetic ear. c. the interviewer should try to make friends with the respondents. d. data gathering efforts should be secondary to the personal relationship between interviewer and respondent. (Chapter 7)
a. the interviewer has a practical, utilitarian goal.
One of the effects of using closed ended rather than open ended questions in a survey is: a. the list of alternatives serves to remind people of responses that they might not have thought of otherwise. b. people tend to ignore the list of alternatives and fill in their responses in the "other" category. c. people are less likely to participate in the survey and answer all of the questions. d. people have much more freedom to answer questions as they wish rather than as the investigator might wish them to. (Chapter 7)
a. the list of alternatives serves to remind people of responses that they might not have thought of otherwise.
All of these effects of using the clinical research model tend to reduce resistance to using single system designs EXCEPT
all answers represent effects that work to reduce resistance
Experiments could collect data through the use of:
all of the answers represent ways that data could be collected for experiments
In terms of being a source of clinical knowledge, which of the following is a weakness of case histories? They are generally only prepared on successes. They exhibit to only a limited degree the characteristics of science. They fail to report valid and reliable data upon which to base conclusions. (chapter 11)
all of the answers represent weaknesses of case histories.
The multiple experimental groups with one control group design is used to
assess the effects of differing amounts or intensities of a single independent variable or treatment.
The one threat to internal validity that the classic experimental design cannot control is:
attrition due to voluntary quitting.
In direct replication of single-system experiments: (chapter 11) a. different clinicians apply the treatment to different clients. b. only the individual clients vary from one experiment to another. c. a successful treatment is applied to different disorders. d. a clinician applies a successful treatment in different settings.
b. Only the individual clients vary from one experiment to another
The first few letters of the alphabet are used to identify the various single-system designs. What does the letter B always symbolize? (chapter 11) a. the period before the client contacts the clinician b. a treatment phase c. a nontreatment phase d. a nonmeasurement phase
b. Treatment Phase
In clinical research, the baseline phase is: (chapter 11) a. a series of measurements of the client's condition during the time treatment is in progress. b. a series of measurements of the client's condition prior to the beginning of treatment. c. a series of measurements of the client's condition after treatment has ended. d. a series of measurements of the client's condition a year or more after an apparently successful treatment to assess long term effects.
b. a series of measurements of the client's condition prior to the beginning of treatment
In general, clinician-researchers should choose the single-system design that: (chapter 11) a. has the most baseline measures. b. is the most valid design. c. has the fewest baseline measures. d. requires no baseline measures.
b. is the most valid design
The evaluation of a community-organizing program to reduce teens' access to alcohol is described in Research in Practice 10.1. Which of the following methods for placing students in experimental and control groups is used in this evaluation? (chapter 10)
both random assignment and matching were used
With regard to recording responses in an interview, the text concludes that:
both taking lengthy, verbatim notes may damage rapport and using tape recorders does not decrease the response rate were conclusions in the text.
Reversal designs are considered superior to the basic AB design because reversal designs: (chapter 11) a. are easier to apply. b. can be used with irreversible treatments. c. demonstrate more conclusively the efficacy of the treatment. d. have fewer ethical problems.
c. demonstrate more conclusively the efficacy of the treatment.
Single-system design development has been largely motivated by: (chapter 11) a. researcher dissatisfaction with quantitative measurement. b. practitioner advocates of Freudian theory. c. growing demand for accountability in human services. d. dissatisfaction with qualitative methods.
c. growing demand for accountability in human services.
The presence of curvilinearity in a relationship, when compared to a linear relationship (chapter 15)
causes the value of the correlation coefficient to understate the relationship.
If all of the theoretically relevant answers to a question can be determined in advance and there are a limited number of such answers, then ________ would be most appropriate to use. (chapter 7)
closed-ended questions
The overall purpose of experimental research is to:
establish the relationship between dependent and independent variables
Low cost and unobtrusiveness are reasons for considering this approach to data collection in single system designs:
existing records
The clinical research model:
merges research with practice and utilizes single system designs
The standard deviation indicates the average deviation of a set of scores from the (chapter 15)
mean.
The clinical research model: (chapter 11)
merges research with practice, and utilizes single-system designs
The clinical research model:
merges research with practice, and utilizes single-system designs.
The text describes a field experiment conducted to assess the impact over years of stand your ground laws on justifiable homicide rates. This study used which kind of experimental design?
multiple time series design
If a statistic is designed for ordinal level of measurement, then it would be appropriate to use that statistic on data at all these levels of measurement EXCEPT (chapter 15)
nominal
Which of the following is generally the most valid and reliable measurement technique to use with single-system designs
observation
how many treatments should be implemented during the treatment phase of a single system design?
one
The generalizability of single system experiments is:
only proved through successful replication
The generalizability of single-system experiments is:
only proved through successful replication.
In direct replication of single-system experiments
only the individual clients vary from one experiment to another
Regarding the order of questions in a questionnaire: a. opinion questions should be placed before factual questions. b. interesting questions should be placed toward the end of the questionnaire as an enticement. c. factual questions should be placed before opinion questions. d. standard demographic questions regarding age, sex, and race should be first on the questionnaire. (chapter 7)
opinion questions should be placed before factual questions
Regarding the order of questions in a questionnaire:
opinion questions should be placed before factual questions.
Once questions and statements that will measure variables in a survey have been developed, they should be to see if they are clearly and properly understood. (chapter 7)
pretested
Which of the following are the two methods used in experiments to ensure that the experimental and control groups are equivalent?
random assignment and matching
Which of the following IS one of the threats to the external validity of experiments discussed in the chapter? (chapter 10)
reactive effects of testing
The interview with the MOST structure is the (chapter 7)
schedule-standardized interview.
The main point about selecting a single-system design is that
single-system designs are very flexible and can be adapted to many practice situations
Which of the following is NOT one of the threats to the external validity of experiments discussed in the text?
statistical regression
Which experimental design is capable of telling us whether changes in the dependent variable are due to an interaction effect between the pretest and exposure to the experimental stimulus? (chapter 10)
the Solomon four-group design
Which of the following experimental designs not only controls all of the threats to internal validity but also allows the effects of history and maturation to be measured?
the Solomon four‑group design
The term "external validity" in experiments refers to:
the extent to which causal inferences made in an experiment can be generalized beyond the experimental setting.
Which of the following reasons applies to the use of existing paper and pencil data collection systems of measurement for single system designs?
the fact that measurement is standardized helps them contribute to the accumulation of knowledge
With most measures of association, a perfect relationship is indicated as (chapter 15)
1.00.
As a guideline, the text suggests that any response rate less than ______ in a survey is highly suspect as far as representativeness is concerned.
50 percent
Which of the following is one of the weaknesses of using matrix questions on questionnaires?
?All of the answers represent weaknesses of matrix questions.
Which of the following has research shown to occur when an interviewer and a respondent differ in terms of race or social distance?
?The response rate drops substantially.
Which of the following does the text recommend regarding contacting interview respondents?
All of the answers are recommended.
Single-system designs typically rely on measures of all but which of the following for a baseline? (chapter 11)
A single standardized test score.
In terms of assessing treatment efforts, the most desirable type of baseline for single-system design is: (chapter 11)
A stable one
The first few letters of the alphabet are used to identify the various single system designs. What does the letter B always symbolize? (chapter 11)
A treatment phase
Which of the following is a multiple treatment single system design?
All answers are right
Which of the following guidelines is accepted as the strongest demonstration of experimental effectiveness in single-system designs? (chapter 11)
All measurements during treatment are higher or lower than any measurement taken during the baseline.
Without a control group we cannot establish if changes occurred from:
All of the above
Without a control group we cannot establish if changes occurred from:
All of the above (History, Random chance,Maturation, Placebo)
In experiments, which of the following would best describe the internal validity threat of "experimental attrition"? (chapter 10)
Between the pretest and posttest, 20 percent of the experimental subjects move from the area where the experiment is being conducted.
The experimental group is the condition that receives:
Both A and C The treatment & the independent variable
The experimental group is the condition that receives:
Both A and C (the treatment and independent variable)
Which of the following exemplifies reversal designs?
Both ABA and ABAB are reversal designs
Which of the following exemplifies reversal designs? (chapter 11)
Both ABA and ABAB are reversal designs
In terms of choosing appropriate statistics, which of the following statements is true? (chapter 15)
Both descriptive and inferential statistics could be used on the same set of data.
With regard to recording responses in an interview, the text concludes that: (Chapter 7)
Both taking lengthy, verbatim notes may damage rapport and using tape recorders does not decrease the response rate were conclusions in the text.
How do goals under the clinical-research model differ from goals that might be established under traditional practice? (chapter 11) a. Only clinical-research goals deal with long-term outcomes. b. Clinical-research goals cannot be operationalized. c. Clinical-research goals are more specific and precisely defined than goals in traditional practice. d. Goals under the clinical-research model represent a radical departure from traditional practice.
C. Clinical goals are more specific and more precisely designed than the goals in traditional practice
Which of the following statistical procedures is intended for use when relating two variables that are both at the nominal level of measurement? (chapter 15)
Chi-square
How do goals under the clinical-research model differ from goals that might be established under traditional practice?
Clinical-research goals are more specific and precisely defined than goals in traditional practice
How do goals under the clinical-research model differ from goals that might be established under traditional practice?
Clinical-research goals are more specific and precisely defined than goals in traditional practice.
In general, which of the following is NOT good advice regarding the wording of questions in surveys? (chapter 7)
Complex statements containing more than one idea should be used
In general, open ended questions would be most appropriate to use in a survey when? (chapter 7)
Conducting an exploratory study with little theoretical development
Which of the following does the text recommend regarding contacting interview respondents?
Contact respondents at a time that is convenient for them to complete the interview.
Questionnaire
Contains recorded questions that people respond to directly on the questionnaire form itself, without the aid of the interviewer
Survey
Designates a specific way of collecting data and identifies a broad research strategy
If a respondent in a survey gives more than one answer to an open question, this can be handled in data analysis by: (chapter 7)
Either accepting all of the respondents answers or accepting only the respondents first answer as data
Low cost and unobtrusiveness are reasons for considering this approach to data collection in single-system designs (chapter 11)
Existing records
The main point about selecting a single-system design is that: (chapter 11)
Single-system designs are very flexible and can be adapted to many practice situations
Which of the following is a disadvantage of the clinical-research model? (chapter 11)
Some of the most rigorous single-system designs are often impractical to apply.
What is the most widely used means of gathering data in social science research?
Survey
Which of the following is identified as an important condition to be met when using observation as the method of data collection in single-system research? (chapter 11)
The observation should be unobtrusive.
The portion of a sample that completes and returns a questionnaire or agrees to be interviewed is called? (chapter 7)
The response rate
Which of the following is NOT one of the advantages of the clinical research model?
The results are immediately generalizable to other settings
In single system research, a treatment that leads clients to fully achieve the goals that have been set for them is called:
Therapeutically effective
One of the limitations of telephone survey is: (chapter 7)
They must be quite short in duration.
Which of the following is true of surveys? (chapter 7)
They only measure what people say about their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors
Which of the following is true of surveys?
They only measure what people say about their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.
The design shown has a control or comparison group. O1 X O2 O1 O2
True
The design shown has a control or comparison group. O1 X O2 ____________ O1 O2
True
When are online survey research services, such as Qualtrics, most likely to produce misleading results? (chapter 7)
When internet access is lacking in the population being studied
If we wanted to assess through an experimental design the effect of race and age working together on a person's propensity toward substance abuse, we would probably select which type of experimental design?
a Factorial design
According to the text, the surest way of controlling reactivity due to the experimenter in an experiment is to (chapter 10)
conduct a double-blind experiment.
A questionnaire is different from an interview in that a questionnaire:
contains written questions that people respond to directly on the form itself.
Which of the following would NOT be an acceptable procedure for a baseline under a single-system design? (chapter 11) a. more than 10 baseline measures b. a baseline made up of daily behavior frequency counts of problem behavior c. a baseline made up of daily frequency counts of appropriate behavior d. a single pretest and a single posttest measure
d. a single pretest and single posttest measure
Which of the following is NOT one of the steps in the clinical research process? (chapter 11) a. establish goals b. introduce treatment c. assess treatment effects d. random assignment of subjects
d. random assignment of subjects
Reversal designs are considered superior to the basic AB design because reversal designs:
demonstrate more conclusively the efficacy of the treatment
The purpose of probes in an interview is to:
elicit clearer and more complete responses
The purpose of probes in an interview is to:
elicit clearer and more complete responses.
The variation in the dependent variable that is produced by the independent variable is called:
experimental variability
A field experiment is designed so that subjects are exposed to a drug education program, which is the independent variable. Their attitudes toward drugs are measured both before and after exposure to the program. Changes in their attitudes toward drugs that are due to the drug education program are called (chapter 10)
experimental variability.
A pronounced improvement has occurred in client behavior, but the ultimate goals have not yet been achieved. In such a case, a single-system design has demonstrated that the intervention is (chapter 11)
experimentally effective.
What most clearly distinguishes experiments from other types of research is that:
experiments involve controlled observation and the manipulation of the value of variables.
Which of the following is the most expensive way of conducting a survey?
face-to-face
The study of police response to domestic violence cases discussed in Research in Practice 10.2 describes which kind of a research design? (chapter 10)
field experiments
Single-system design development has been largely motivated by:
growing demand for accountability in human service
Single-system design development has been largely motivated by:
growing demand for accountability in human services.
In experimental research, "blocking" is a technique that (chapter 10)
helps reduce differences between experimental and control groups.
A fundamental force behind the development of single-system designs is:
human service professionals want to know how a client is responding to an intervention
In experimental research, the experimental group:
is exposed to the experimental stimulus.
In general, clinician-researchers should choose the single-system design that
is the most valid design
In general, clinician-researchers should choose the single-system design that:
is the most valid design.
The major limitation on the use of the changing-criterion design is (chapter 11)
it can only be applied to problems that can be meaningfully divided into subgoals.
A problem with using random assignment to produce equivalence between an experimental and a control group is that:
it can yield nonequivalent groups on occasion
A problem with using random assignment to produce equivalence between an experimental and a control group is that:
it can yield nonequivalent groups on occasion.
A low response rate in a survey influences the data analysis because (chapter 7)
it may result in an unrepresentative and biased sample.
The control group is very important in experiments because (chapter 10)
it provides the basis of comparison from which the effects of the independent variable are measured.
According to Research in Practice 15.1, the "power" of a statistical test refers to (chapter 15)
its ability to correctly reject a null hypothesis.
