Respiratory System Khan Academy

what is the peripheral chemoreceptors divided into

1) aortic and carotid bodies

what are the two types if chemical receptors coming to the brain

1) central chemo receptor ( controls Co2, PH not oxygen) 2) peripheral receptors ( outside of brain) controls O2, CO2 and PH

what happens when the ribs are contracting?

ribs move outward during contraction, as it contracts the diaphragm becomes flat, everything physically move down, expansion of the lungs happen. All alveoli are expending 500 million of alveoli. like a rubber band.

what happens if we keep the jar same size, but we close the jar and the pressure inside is 763 mmHg?

*more molecules, volume is reduced, pressure on the inside is higher than the outside. now what happens if I open the door, the molecules will bound around and some molecules move out. More molecules go out than in . More collision, higher pressure inside, more things bounce inside and they are send outside

How oxygen travels from alveolus to the blood? steps in need

1) Oxygen gas goes from gas phase to liquid (condensation) 2) epithelial cells of the alveolus 3) BM membrane of the alveolus 4) Connective Tissue 5) BM 6) Epithelial cells of the blood 7) paslama 8) binds RBC

what to do if T cell will start eating our own Insulin for example?

1) modify the receptor on insulin so it's not recognized by T cells 2) we can try to see if w can add a drug which will makes the cells inactive

what does a jar has to do with us?

this what happens in our lungs

what would happen if the jar is still open but we have decreased the size to original size?

1) volume dec 2) Pressure inc more collisions =763 mmHg

Pressure Changes in Lungs During Breathing

1. At rest (diaphragm relaxed) - atmospheric pressure - 760 mmHg - alveolar pressure - 760 mmHg - intrapleural pressure - 756 mmHg (always a little bit lower, allowing the 2 pleura to be stuck to one another) 2. During inhalation (diaphragm contracting, increasing in the volume of thoracic cavity) - atmospheric pressure - 760 mmHg - alveolar pressure - 758 mmHg - intrapleural pressure - 754 mmHg Alveolar pressure is less than atmospheric pressure, so air is going to move from the atmosphere into the lungs 3. During exhalation (diaphragm relaxing, decreasing the volume of the thoracic cavity) - atmospheric pressure - 760 mmHg - alveolar pressure - 762 mmHg - intrapleural pressure - 756 mmHg Alveolar pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure, so air is going to move out of the lungs and into the atmosphere

what is the Henries law?

P ( pressure) =c (concentration) x Kh (constant) pressure in concentration out =constant

air always travels from high pressure to low pressure. Inhalation thoracic cavity creates negative pressure which pools air in and exhalation, the air in the chest cavity rises more than outside pressure so it moves out

P/C = constant 760 mmHg/ 0.27 C= 769 L atm/mol

compared to Oxygen constant we have lower CO2 constant?

P/C = constant 760 mmHg/ 7.24 C= 29 L atm/mol

Ones the oxygen gets bound to the hemoglobin ( it has 4 subunits) 4 Oxygen gets bound, then what happens to the oxygen?

ones it has bound the hemoglobin then it gets transported though our the blood.

Ficks law, how many molecules can you move from front of the box to the blue wall towards you?

so far one molc has been moved

why do dogs breath fast or pant?

the reason is that they don't sweat. The breath out hot= 100F and breath out cold=70F) Because dogs don't sweat, panting is important for them to main their body temperature.

inhalation in the lung

the volume inc, pressure dec to 757/760 mmHg and so that why the air move in to inc pressure back to 760 mmHg

exhalation in the lung

volume dec, pressure inc, to 763/760 causing the molecule to go out because inside is too positive in order to bring the pressure back to 760.

inhaling

volume increases, muscle contracts and alveoli gets stretched open. (chemical energy)=use ATP!

why don't humans pant but sweat?

we don't pant because we have alveoli, it has larger surface area, it equilibrates with blood. Lungs get red of heat, called thermoregulation. exercise: you need more O2, 50/L / min ---10 times more heat though lung Rest: 5L/ min

Lung anatomy

Right lung: 3 lobes (Upp, middle, low) Left Lung: 2 lobes (Upp and Low) cardiac notch: where the heart is

exhaling

dec in volume, relax, elastin goes back to recoil stage and we don't use ATP for this. We use elastic potential energy

Air goes from the nose and the mouth, but do they meet at at some point?

Yes

total of ribs

24 (12 on each side)

14 RIBES directly attached to what bone?

7 of each attached to sternum

If the mouth and nose are closed at the peak of a complete inspiration, but before expiration, and the breath is held, what is the pressure of gases within the alveoli relative to the pressure of atmospheric air? Please choose from one of the following options. Alveolar pressure is greater than the pressure of atmospheric air Cannot be predicted without more information Alveolar pressure is less than the pressure of atmospheric air Alveolar pressure is equal to the pressure of atmospheric ai

A

Bronchodilators are a class of drug often used in the treatment of asthma and COPD, which act on β-adrenergic receptors of the airways to induce smooth muscle relaxation. The anatomic distribution of these receptors is closely correlated to the function of each structural component of the lungs. What structural component(s) of the airway would be most affected by the use of a bronchodilator, and in what functional zone(s) are they found? Lobar bronchi and alveoli would be affected equally, and they are both found in the respiratory zone Alveoli, which are found in the respiratory zone Lobar bronchi and alveoli would be affected equally, and they are found in the conducting and respiratory zones respectively Lobar bronchi, which are found in the conducting zone

A Lobar bronchi and alveoli would be affected equally, and they are both found in the respiratory zone

What is the pressure of gas within the alveoli at the peak of inspiration, just before expiration, relative to that of atmospheric air? Please choose from one of the following options. The same as atmospheric air Greater than atmospheric air Cannot be predicted without more information Less than atmospheric air

A The same as atmospheric air

Septic shock is a serious condition resulting from the body's response to systemic bacterial infections, which may impair oxygen uptake and delivery. What physiological change may result from septic shock which would decrease the ability of hemoglobin in the alveolar capillaries to become fully saturated with oxygen? Please choose from one of the following options. Decreased alveolar wall thickness Increased capillary blood flow Decreased afferent capillary pO_2pO ​2 ​​ p, O, start subscript, 2, end subscript Increased blood pH

B

In a situation where the respiratory bronchioles become inflamed and narrowed, such as is seen in asthma, which aspect of respiration would be most mechanically impaired? Please choose from one of the following options. Normal expiration Forced expiration Normal inhalation Forced inhalation

B Forced Expiration

Many respiratory diseases affect pulmonary function by altering the ability of alveoli to participate in gas exchange. What physical change would most greatly reduce the degree to which a particular alveolus is ventilated? Please choose from one of the following options. Increased alveolar volume Decreased capillary flow Increased alveolar elastic recoil Decreased temperature

C

What produces the force which drives normal exhalation, and is the process active or passive? Please choose from one of the following options. Reflex arcs, passive Diaphragm, active Elastic force, passive Intercostal muscles, active

C Elastic force, passive

what is ficks law?

amount of particle over time V=RATE of particle moving P=pressure difference A=area (if inc, more molec) D= diffusion (henrys law and grams law) ---solubility Thickness of the wall: molecular weight grams law.

Interstitial lung disease (ILD) refers to a set of conditions which affect the pulmonary interstitium-- the area of tissue and space which lies between the alveoli and alveolar capillaries. What factor in the setting of severe ILD, would NOT decrease the extent to which oxygen passes from the air sacs of the lungs into the blood? Please choose from one of the following options. Increased alveolar surface tension Decreased interstitial thickness Decreased lung capacity Increased lung elastic recoil

Decreased interstitial thickness

The air passes though a structure called the adams apple, which helps you control your voice also known as the voice box (it is the first entry way to the trachea)

The air passes the voice box, and it goes though the trachea.

imagine that we collected bunch of molecules from the air into a jar and that same amount outside of the jar, what would be the jar pressure?

The molecules are floating around and even making collisions with each other the higher the collision among them the high the pressure gets! The average pressure in the atmosphere is 760 mmHg. The Jar pressure is also 760 mmHg.

If I close my jar and make the make my jar drop a little, what would happen to the volume inside of the jar

The volume would increase *then the molecule have more room ( extra space, less collision and the pressure went down to 757 mmHg) the pressure has become negative!

if abnormal level of oxygen comes down to the RBC, then we have to go though these two formulas

check for the area of the alveolus check for the pressure must check for the thickness of the wall

what are between the ribs?

intercostal muscles, controlled by the body and the brain, which causes contraction.

Alveolar gas equation

it would tell you how much O2 goes in and how much of it gets out/ also what is left with partial pressure.

what is the aortic body leading to what nerve? how about the carotid body?

leading to vagus nerve (CN10) the carotid body leading to: CN9 ( galsopharengial)

what happens if we open the jar now? but the size of the jar is the same

molecules would be going in and out volume dec less crowding, pressure goes back to 760 mmHg