RQ Bodley 7-10

It is assumed that Proto-Austronesian culture, which ultimately provided the cultural basis for the successful colonization of the Pacific Islands, appeared approximately:

7,000 years ago.

One of the most important underlying reasons for the rapid disintegration of the Inca empire during the Spanish conquest was:

Andean split inheritance and the mummy cult.

The early Hindu kingdoms and the Mughal Empire resembled imperial China in many respects, however:

Hindu kingdoms and the Mughal Empire were organized by caste, whereas patrilineages and filial piety were predominant features of imperial China.

The Hindu peoples of South Asia are most likely to be speakers of:

Indo-European.

Oceania:

Micronesia, Melanesia, and Polynesia.

According to scale and power theory, the first states and political centralization were probably created by:

a few individuals who were uniquely positioned to take advantage of historical circumstances to advance their self-interest.

Polynesia:

a vast triangle composed of high volcanic islands scattered across the Pacific.

The elaborate Hawaiian cosmology, involving a creation myth, temples, annual rituals of human sacrifice, divine kings, rigid taboos, and feasting, was:

an elite construction, designed by and for the elite.

Sociologist and historian Jack A. Goldstone argues that the rise and fall of states:

are cyclical processes caused by population pressures interacting with social class structures to produce social conflict.

According to Parkinson's Law, some of the diminishing returns that accompany increases in cultural complexity occur because:

bureaucracy exhibits an inherent tendency to expand.

Wealth and power in the Chinese system derived from:

control of the labor force.

Women in Chinese society:

could own their private earnings and personal belongings, and they had important ritual responsibilities in domestic ritual.

Excavations at the archaeological site of Abu Hureyra on the upper Euphrates River illustrated the domestication process, a form of subsistence intensification in which:

cultivation increased workloads, but people could produce more food in a given area of land.

The collapse of the Harappan urban civilization, Chinese dynasties, and Andean civilization demonstrate that:

cultural continuity is stronger than political structure.

The city of Uruk, perhaps the world's first predominantly urban society, was supported by:

dependent villagers working under bureaucratic control.

Hindu distinctions between boiled (kacha) and fried (pakka) foods:

encode status differences in reference to concepts of purity and impurity.

Some authorities have argued that the most important functional advantage of state organization in the Andean region was:

food storage to average out environmentally determined production fluctuations.

Chinese high shamanism:

full-time ritual specialists in exclusive communication with ancestors and deities that support the social hierarchy.

The peasantry in the early Chinese state:

had the possibility of relocating and upward social mobility, but were subject to exploitation by both the central government and local elites.

The Inca ruler resembled the Hawaiian king in that both:

headed royal lineages, were treated like gods, and wielded significant power.

According to Dumont, the three basic aspects of caste are:

hierarchy, separation, and division of labor.

Given their likely labor costs and different functional benefits, which of the following capital projects would the ruler of a typical ancient state likely undertake first?

irrigation canals

The mass sacrifice of children in the Chimú kingdom on the Peruvian Coast seems to have been an extreme response to the environmental disruptions caused by an El Niño (ENSO) climate event, but from a scale and power perspective, it

is an example of the politicization process coopting the humanization process.

From a cultural materialist perspective, Hawaii would be a likely place for chiefdoms to develop because:

it has rich environmental resources.

A striking aspect of the production and distribution of goods in Dynastic Mesopotamia, in comparison with the situation in domestic-scale societies, was that in Mesopotamia:

many full-time craft specialists probably worked for rations under the direction of the temple-palace bureaucracy.

Which of the following would give the earliest warning of an impending system collapse?

marginal returns decline

Which of the following production systems requires the largest labor force to produce a given harvest?

multicrop

The economic systems of both Mesopotamia and Inca Peru are best characterized as:

non-market, non-monetary economies.

Probably the most basic underlying determinant of agricultural intensification is:

political factors such as taxation.

In regard to India's famous sacred cow complex, Marvin Harris argues that:

practical economic choices by poor farmers are more important determinants of cattle practices than strictly religious considerations.

It seems likely that the redistribution system on Hawaii:

primarily benefited the elite, not the commoners.

The problem of diminishing returns suggests that state collapse may ultimately be attributed to:

prohibitive cost of maintaining cultural complexity.

The Polynesian system of mana:

provided supernatural support for chiefly status.

Among the most prominent features of the Andean imperial tradition are:

state organization, intensive agriculture, and monumental architecture.

The functionally most important underlying feature of civilization is:

the centralization of political power

Chiefdoms:

the first politically-centralized societies.

The chiefs on Tikopia derived their authority from:

their religious position as hereditary representatives of important ancestral deities.

In comparison with domestic-scale cultures, states may be especially vulnerable to collapse because:

they contain social classes based on major inequities of wealth and power.

The irrigation systems were especially important for the development of chiefdoms on Hawaii because:

they helped produce the surplus that supported the elites.

Stratified societies:

unequal access to both high social status and basic resources.