RST 230 Test 2
musculoskeletal system
- Bones, muscles, cartilage, ligaments, tendons - Elasticity of connective tissues decline - Bones lose calcium - Osteoporosis - Decline in muscle mass and strength
nervous system
- Brain, spinal cord, peripheral components - Brain: reduction in weight and size - Loss of neuron cells → longer reaction time
cardiovascular system
- Heart muscle becomes less elastic - The walls of the heart thicken→ high blood pressure - Arteries become less elastic→ atherosclerosis - Active lifestyle helps to increase the function of cardiovascular system
Consequences of stigmatization of the LGBTQ populations
- Hiding identity - Isolation -Stress Family and school problems Substance abuse Emotional problems; low self esteem Running away from home Problems with the law Social withdrawal Attempting to pass as heterosexual Suicide
respiratory system
- Loss of elasticity, hardening and stiffening of support tissues and airways - Decreased amount of air in and out of the lungs - Reserve capacity of lungs declines - Lower ability to cope with air pollutants
Reasons for homelessness
- Making financial mistakes - Having expenses (child, medical decisions) - Veterans (PTSD, other physical disabilities) - Domestic abuse
The underclass
- Poor on social assistance - Long term chronically unemployed - Homeless
What is CTE? What are its causes and symptoms?
- Progressive degenerative disease within the brain resulting from several repeated TBIs - Tau protein accumulates as brain tissue degenerates - Symptoms can take years to develop - Memory loss, erratic behavior, aggression, impaired judgement etc
Characteristics of homeless people (who are the people who are homeless?)
- Single men (largest group) - Families with children (fastest growing) - Single women - Runaways
Benefits of leisure for the unemployed
- Time to experiment with different ideas - Psychological benefit-- counteracts depression - During leisure you can social network - Health benefit
What is spina bifida and what are its symptoms?
- failure of one or more of your vertebral arches to close
What is poliomyelitis and what are its symptoms?
- viral disease that attacks central nervous system - Causes a paralysis or weakness - Can be severe or minor - Get it through nose and mouth, dirty hands, bathrooms - Can get polio from modified drop vaccine - No cases in US for vaccine - Not progressive, does not get worse
The use of leisure time by older adults (how older adults use their leisure time and determinants of time use) - AR
-Determinants of time use: gender, education/income levels, retirement, caregiving, race and ethnicity, marital status
Name 4 brain lobes (+ brain stem and cerebellum) and describe major bodily functions they are responsible for. Types of major impairments associated with TBI of each of these lobes, brain stem, and cerebellum.
Frontal lobe: Changes in social behavior, Changes in personality Pariental: Occipital: vision temporal: hearing brain stem: cerebellum: coordination of voluntary movements
Homophobia
Homophobia means an irrational dislike for those who are sexually attracted to people of their own sex (Rosan, 1978). It represents the affective or emotional feelings of anxiety, disgust, aversion, anger, discomfort and fear that heterosexuals may experience in dealing with homosexuals.
What is the difference between impact and motion injury?
Impact injury: a moving object striking a stationary head or from a moving head striking a stationary object Motion injury: involves the sudden acceleration/deceleration of the brain within the skull
Gender-stigma consciousness in sport - AR
This means when individuals let stereotypes affect their behavior in regards to sports (or anything else) (ex: There is a stigma girls feel towards playing sports when they reach adolescence because they want to conform to the social expectations of femininity) Popular female sports: dance, cheer, swimming, gymnastics, tennis Popular male sports: football, basketball, wrestling, boxing, rugby, weight lifting
Categories of isolation - social, emotional, and cognitive
Social isolation (having nobody to talk to) Emotional isolation (feeling distant from family and peers) Cognitive isolation (having no access to information to LGBTQ)
The difference between spastic, dyskinetic, and ataxic cerebral palsy
Spastic CP: permanently contracted stiff muscles, most common form of CP, makes up about 80% of cases, smaller limbs (the affected limbs), some people have problems with eyesight, swallowing, fine motor movements Dyskinetic CP: slow, twisting movements of muscles, muscle movements in their faces, shaking in limbs Ataxic CP: the disturbance of balance and a sense of direction - Intention tremor - closer your hand gets to object, the more you shake - Every one of these people are different - Keep the level of emotion even - Fine motor movements with hand/eye coordination is affected
What are the differences between spina bifida occulta and spina bifida manifesta? Two types of spina bifida manifesta.
Spina bifida occulta 10-20% infants Spina bifida manifesta 1/1000 births - Meningocele- approx 4% of children born with SB - Myelomeningocele- 96% of children born with CB Effects vary- people walking with canes or can be very severe
Reasons for a decrease in sport participation among teenage girls - AR and class notes
Sport participation decreases in teenage girls because they want to be less masculine/muscular and more feminine, and the GENDER STIGMA THEORY/STIGMA CONSCIOUSNESS CONSTRUCT
Defining poverty (Census definition)
The Census Bureau uses a set of money income thresholds that vary by family size and composition (ages of family members) to determine who is in poverty. If a family's total income is less than the family's threshold, then that family and every individual in it is considered in poverty. - The official poverty thresholds do not vary geographically (they are the same throughout the U.S.) - They are updated for inflation using Consumer Price Index (CPI-U). - The official poverty definition uses money income before taxes and does not include capital gains or noncash benefits (such as public housing, Medicaid, and food stamps). - Poverty threshold for family of 4 and family of 2
Forced leisure and true leisure
True: chose to have leisure-- worked hard all day, deserved to take a nap and go out later Forced: did not have a choice for leisure
Providing leisure services for people with arthritis
Water activities- takes pressure off your joints Symptoms get worse when its cold, rainy and humid Range of motion is what matters
Differences in leisure patterns between men and women
Women: leisure time is fragmented, often double-up their activities, is often organized around family obligations (if they have a family) Men: do what they want, more (physical) sports but also just sports in general
Social construction of aging
a society has certain assumptions of capabilities, roles and responsibilities, rights and privileges based on age
Geographic distribution of older adults
% 65 years and older: central US (great plains), Kansas, Nebraska, South Dakota, North Dakota, Vegas, Florida, Arizona WHY? People can move down south when they are old and have money WHY live in North Dakota? Old farmers, stuck on the farms, attached to farms
Major sources of income among older adults
# 1 source of income) Social security 2) earnings 3) pensions 4) asset income
Leisure constraints among girls and women; intrapersonal, interpersonal and structural constraints to recreation, leisure, and sport participation among women - AR and class notes
-Household obligations and family commitments increase for women -Less time for leisure as compared to men -Exhaustion and lack of energy -Ethic of care: women take care of others before they take care of themselves
Benefits of leisure for the homeless
-Inclusion -Keeps them busy -Reduces severity of mental disease -Helps substance abuse
Types of muscular dystrophy
1) childhood MD (Duchenne) - 100% lethal - BOYS ONLY- genetic - Diagnosed between year 1-5, life expectancy is early 20's - Gene carried by mothers, multiple boys affected in same family 2) limb girdle MD - Shoulders, pelvis are affected - Happens during puberty, early adulthood - Both men and women are affected - Not deadly- people are disabled but doesn't necessarily affect life expectancy 3) facioscapulohumeral MD - Muscles in face and neck - Problems smiling, problems closing their eyes
What are the major causes of spinal cord injuries?
1) motor vehicle accidents, 2) falls, 3) acts of violence, 4) sport injuries
causes of death SCI
1) pneumonia/disease of respiratory system, 2)heart disease, 3)violence (less able to defend yourself,
Sex ratios (including geographic distribution)
According to the 2010 Census, there were 157 million women living in the United States. They outnumbered men (50.8% vs. 49.2%), particularly in the older age categories. In 2010 the sex ratio (the number of males per 100 females) for the entire United States was 96.7. The sex ratios varied by state and region of the country. More men than women: Utah, nevada, alaska, hawaii, idaho, north dakota Logging, ranching, mining, drilling for oil More women than men: new england, southeast, northeast, florida
Leisure motivations among older adults
Better health, spending time in a meaningful way, spend time with other people you care about, want to feel young again
What are the causes of traumatic brain injuries?
Cars accidents Falling Walking into things
What is vertebra? What are the major sections of vertebra and bodily functions they are responsible for?
Cervical Vertebra (C1-C8)- really high up is very serious. cant walk, talk, breath, swallow on own. fatal injuries or severely disabled Thoracic vertebra (T1-T12)- chest muscles and abdominal muscles. lumbar vertebra (L1-L5)- bottom rib to pelvis. control leg muscles. may not be able to move legs Sacral Vertebra (S1-S5)- bowel, bladder, sexual function
Functional versus chronological age
Chronological: actual age Functional age: ability to carry out activities of daily living, ability to live independently
What is the difference between closed head and open head TBI?
Closed head injury: an injury that does not penetrate or fracture the skull Open head injury: it refers to the entry of an object (ex- bullet, knife) into the brain through the skull or an inward cracking of the skull
Leisure constraints among older adults
Cognitive abilities Money Ability to travel/drive Weather patterns Physical Social network strength
Core and balance leisure activities
Core activities participation is stable throughout life span, inexpensive, don't require skills ex) walking, yoga, dancing, the park, watching TV, socializing Balance activities they change in relations to people's roles and responsibilities, fluctuate over a lifespan, more expensive, require more skill, more physical ability, more resources, more time ex) party planning, boating, outdoors activities, zip lining, travel
Cognitive changes related to aging - intelligence (fluid and crystallized); memory (sensory, short-term and long-term)
Crystallized intelligence: Accumulated knowledge increases with age, intelligence based on knowledge Fluid: IQ—genetically determined, goes down with age, (how smart you are,) it is an average of the IQ of your parents Sensory memory- the ability to retain impressions of sensory information after the original stimuli has ended Short-term memory (primary)- where the information is organized and temporarily held, it has limited capacity Long-term memory (secondary)- intended for storage of information over a long period of time
Theories of aging and activity (disengagement theory, activity theory, continuity theory, successful aging) - AR
Disengagement Theory: during later life, adults and social systems mutually withdraw from each other in order to prepare for the eventual death of the aging individual. Its basic premise is that stopping participation in leisure activities and social roles leads to more life satisfaction and better adjustment into older adulthood. ------Disengagement theory is controversial because people did not agree that from withdrawing from activities and roles in society, the elderly would benefit. Activity Theory: This theory proposes that the way to achieve greater life satisfaction in older adulthood is through one's ability to increase involvement in social roles and leisure activity. -Activity theory was introduced in response to the critique of the disengagement theory. -Activity theory is the basis for much of the activity programming in senior centers, retirement homes, etc. Continuity Theory: the continuity theory suggests that several patterns of aging could lead to positive development in later life and that adults do not need to withdraw or increase their involvement in activities to age successfully. -suggests that the pattern of involvement that was most appropriate for individuals might be linked to their personality style. -suggests individuals' preferences (for activities, social involvement, etc.) do not necessarily change just because they reach older adulthood Successful Aging: Rowe and Kahn proposed a model that identified 3 central components to adults' ability to age successfully based off of the MacArthur Foundation Study. - Avoid disease - Maintain high physical and cognitive function Continue engagement in life—engagement with life refers to our leisure activities - This model suggests that leisure activities in later life should provide adults with the opportunity to relate to and socialize with others, to be productive and contribute to society, or just have "value" to the individual, whether they are paid or unpaid.
The number and proportion of older adults in the U.S.
Dramatic increase in life expectancy in 2016 was 7.6 total, 76.1 for men and 81.1 for women In 2017, 15.6% of US population was over 65 years of age (50.8) The population of the oldest old (85+) is growing rapidly
Three types of capital (economic, social, and cultural)
Economic- resources that we have (401k, savings, car, retirement, house) Social- access to resources based on networks of influence and support, group memberships, relationships cultural - education, skills, knowledge that a person has that give him or her higher status in society, including high expectations
Differences between disability, impairment, and handicap
Impairment - any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological or anatomical structure or function. EX) break your leg, break your spine, increase pressure in the eye This may LEAD to disability Glaucoma Disability - any restriction or lack (resulting from an impairment) of ability to perform an activity in the manner or within the range considered normal for a human being. EX) inability to hear sit, to walk Inability to see Handicap - a disadvantage for a given individual that limits or prevents the fulfillment of a role that is normal. EX) getting married, ability to drive, unable to attend class Inability to drive
Female/male earnings ratios
In 2015, 57% of women were in labor force, as compared to 69.2% of men (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2016). 1)Education & Health services 2) trade, transportation and utilities 3) local government 4) Professional and business services 5) Leisure and hospitality Women's earnings were significantly lower than that of men. In 2015, women earned 80 cents for every dollar earned by men. The earnings ratio was 83.5 for the leisure and hospitality industry Female to male earnings ratios vary by race and ethnicity.
Homelessness rates in the U.S.
Less than 1% of the US population 41-51% African American 39% caucasian 13-17% latino -- because stronger family ties
Life span versus life expectancy; factors affecting life expectancy
Life span- maximum number of years for a human species 113-114 Life expectancy- projected number of years your expected to live based on your genetic heritage and environmental conditions-- average life expectancy is 78.7
The ways in which socio-economic status and capital affect leisure and sport participation
Location, level of education, and occupation effect leisure, people try to conform to expectations, where you live and economic situation, blending work travel with leisure
What is multiple sclerosis and what are its symptoms?
MS: a disease of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord), the myelin (protective tissue of the nerve endings) start to disappear randomly, scarring occurs, then the myelin cannot pass through scars Symptoms: paralysis of muscles, tingling in fingers and feet, gets tired easily, mood swings, depression, easily triggered or angered, more pronounced among whites and women, swimming helps, creates problems in body temperature, cold weather makes things worse
Stages of homelessness
Marginally Homeless- Stage 1: -do not live in the shelters or on the streets -they rely on friends and family for accommodation -they are near or at or slightly below the poverty line -they do not use homeless programs Recently Homeless-Stage 2: -not homeless more than a year -many of them live in a shelter, cars, RV (temporary housing) -consider their situation temporary Chronically Homeless-Stage 3: -no home for more than a year -OR had at least 4 episodes of homelessness in the last 3 years plus have a disabling condition (mental condition)
What is the difference between paraplegia and quadriplegia?
Paraplegia: paralysis of the legs and lower body - condition in which the lower extremities and/or lower torso are paralyzed Quadriplegia: paralysis of all 4 limbs - injury to cervical area in the neck
What is muscular dystrophy and what are its symptoms?
Muscular Dystrophy: general designation for a group of chronic, hereditary diseases characterized by progressive degeneration and weakness of voluntary muscles (arms, legs) Symptoms: degeneration and weakness of voluntary muscles (arms, legs)
The difference between osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis
Osteoarthritis - Wear and tear arthritis when you have inflammation of your joints that results in redness, stiffness, swelling and pain - Develops with age - Cartilage at end of your bones disappear Rheumatoid arthritis - Inflammatory disorder where the lining of your joints get inflamed - You can get this anywhere- joints, lining of heart/lungs, blood vessels, eyes - Feels like you have the flu- fever, sweat, muscle aches - Check lymph nodes
Dependency ratios
Population aged 65 years and over divided by population aged 20-64 multiplied by 100 **22-28**
Reasons for the growth of the elderly population
REASON: were having fewer kids, baby boomers are retiring, people live longer, people live healthier lives (don't smoke, eat better, exercise)
Poverty (relative poverty)
Rank-order all the people in the community based on their income, then you draw a line at 10-20% and everybody below that line is considered to be poor Problem w/ definition: ** this varies geographically** A poor person is a person who cannot afford living up to community standards Problem w/ definition: **What is the community standard??**
Sex and gender
Sex refers to the biological and physiological characteristics that define men and women (e.g., male and female). Gender refers to attitudes, feelings, and behaviors that a given culture associates with a person's biological sex.
sensory system
Smell Hearing "Cocktail party effect"- inability to distinguish background sound from foreground conversation Vision -Seeing far away starts to get easier at age 42
What is cerebral palsy and what are its symptoms?
involves injury to the motor portions of the brain Can be injury while the child is in the womb or during delivery A lot of people have two of the three
Physical changes related to aging
sensory system, musculoskeletal system, cardiovascular system, respiratory system, and nervous system
Spatial distribution of poverty in the U.S.
southeast (b/c African Americans live there), along the mississippi (b/c African Americans), new magnet states (b/c recent immigrants), along US/Mexico border (b/c Mexican Americans), around four corners (b/c Native Americans), appalachian mountains (b/c caucasian), Alaska (b/c Native Americans), counties in North/South Dakota