salinity
other dissolved in water = _____%
0,7%
potassium dissolved in water =___%
1.1%
calcium dissolved in water = ___%
1.2%
dry regions between ____ and ____ degrees north/south make salinity go down
25-35
average salinity of the ocean it about _____ % or ____ %0
3.5, 35
sulfur dissolved in water = ____ %
3.7%
sodium dissolved in water = _____ %
30.6%
chlorine dissolved in water = ____ %
55%
magnesium dissolved in water = _____ %
7.7%
what percentage of global precipitation occurs over the oceans?
78%
what percentage of global evaporation occurs over the oceans?
86%
in the 1870's who systematically measured salinity, temperature, and water density in the world oceans?
HMS challenger
what area is the saltiest anywhere in the open ocean? what is the place analogous to?
Patch across the North Atlantic. Deserts on land
what are the two most important variables of seawater? They influence the density of water and in turn deep ocean circulation.
Salinity and temperature
how do you calculate salinity
by comparing mass of dissolved salt in a given mass of water to the mass of dissolved salt in 1000g of water of the salinity.
what drives ocean circulation deep below the surface
changes in seawater density
what are the primary sources of dissolved substances in the ocean?
chemical weathering of rocks, and volcanic eruptions
three processes that decrease salinity
continuous input of fresh water from rivers precipitation of rain and snow melting of ice
what is the key to transporting heat in the ocean and maintaining Earth's climate
density
removing large amounts of fresh water from sea water
evaporation
what two processes make salinity go UP
evaporation, freezing ice
WHAT IS SIGNIFICANT ABOUT NASA'S AQUARIUS?
first satellite instrument specifically built to study the salt content of ocean surface waters
when seawater _____, salts do not become part of the ice
freezes
formation of sea ice
freezing ice
lower sea surface temperatures are found in ___-latitude regions
high
WHERE ARE HIGH CONCENTRATIONS OF SALINITY USUALLY FOUND? WHY?
in the center of ocean basins because they are away from mouths of rivers, which input fresh water
Salts brought to the ocean from _____or _____ of earth
land, interior
the ocean's surface water temperature varies with the amount of solar radiation received, which is primarily a function of _____
latitude
_____ and ______ ____ influence temperature of water masses
latitude water depth
higher sea surface temperatures are found in ____-latitude regions
low
is salinity at high latitude or low? why?
low, lower evaporation rates and the melting of ice that dilutes seawater
oceanographers usually recognize a three-layered structure in most parts of the open ocean: a shallow surface _____ zone, a ______ zone, and a _____ zone
mixed transition deep
what has NASA'S aquarius instrument been doing since June 2011
orbiting earth and measuring changes in salinity
four ways in which fresh water is naturally added to seawater are decreasing its salinity are:
precipitation runoff from land icebergs melting sea ice melting
what are the processes that make salinity go DOWN
precipitation sea ice and icebergs melting runofff from land
the layer of the ocean water between about 300 meters and 1000 meters where this is a rapid change of density
pycnocline
the total amount of solid material dissolved in water
salinity
what are the two main factors that influence density of seawater
salinity temperature
surface salinity is polar regions varies seasonally due to the formation and melting of ____ ____
sea ice
most of the salt is______ _____
sodium chloride
what are the two factors that influence the temperature of water masses
solar radiation received= due to latitude, and water depth
where else are high concentrations of salinity found? why?
subtropical regions because high rates of evaporation and in landlocked seas in arid regions
temperature decreases rapidly with depth because of the _____ (inability to penetrate for high temperatures at down surface
sunlights
what drives currents in the upper layers of the ocean?
surface winds
three processes that have served to make the ocean salty
the weathering of rocks evaporation of ocean water formation of sea ice
the layer of the ocean water between about 200 and 1000 meters where there is a rapid change of temperature with depth. This creates a vertical bar to many types of marine life
thermocline
what is another name for "the global conveyor belt"?
thermohaline circulation
what can we directly monitor by tracking ocean surface salinity
variations in water cycle
salinity varies depending on the amount of _____ in the solution
water
where is salinity low?
where precipitation is greater than evaporation, mainly in coastal or equatorial regions
