SB 7
Which anticodon would bind to a codon with the sequence 5'-CAG-3'? 5'-CAG-3' 3'-GUC-5' 3'-CUG-5' 5'-GUC-3' 3'-GAC-5'
3'-GUC-5'
Genes that determine the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide are called _____-_____ genes, or structural genes.
Blank 1: protein or protein encoding Blank 2: encoding or coding
A sequence of bases that begins with the start codon and continues to the end of the coding sequence by reading the bases in groups of three is called the ___ ___
Blank 1: reading, coding, genetic, or reading frame Blank 2: frame, region, code, or frames
A corepressor is a small molecule that binds to a(n) ____ protein, thereby causing the protein to bind to the DNA, while an inhibitor binds to a(n) _____ protein and prevents it from binding to the DNA.
Blank 1: repressor Blank 2: activator
Which region of a polypeptide has a free COO- group? Amino-terminus Carboxyl-terminus Either terminus Neither terminus
Carboxyl-terminus
The enzyme β-galactosidase is encoded by which gene? LacA LacO LacY LacZ
LacZ
Which of the following is used in prokaryotic translation but not in eukaryotic translation? a) tRNAf-Met as the initiator tRNA b) 7-methylguanosine cap on mRNA to facilitate binding to the small ribosomal subunit c) 80S ribosomes d) Shine-Dalgarno sequence to facilitate mRNA binding to the small ribosomal subunit e) IF1, IF2 and IF3 as initiation factors
a) tRNAf-Met as the initiator tRNA d) Shine-Dalgarno sequence to facilitate mRNA binding to the small ribosomal subunit e) IF1, IF2 and IF3 as initiation factors
The location on a transfer RNA where an amino acid becomes attached is the ______. acceptor stem with a 3' single-stranded region stem-loop structure 5' end with a double-stranded region variable site anticodon
acceptor stem with a 3' single-stranded region
The single-stranded region at the 3' end of a transfer RNA is the location where a(n) ______ becomes attached. amino acid hydroxyl group carboxyl group poly-A tail 7-methyl guanosine cap
amino acid
When a polypeptide is synthesized, the first amino acid to be put in place is located at the ______-______. amino- or N-terminus carboxyl- or C-terminus
amino- or N-terminus
Where is the first amino acid in a polypeptide chain is located? amino-terminus carboxyl-terminus central-terminus R-terminus
amino-terminus
The order in which amino acids are added to a polypeptide chain is determined by hydrogen bonding between each codon and the ______ of the tRNA carrying the amino acid. stem-loop structures acceptor stem variable bases anticodon 5' end
anticodon
During elongation, the ______ of the incoming tRNA binds to the ______ of the mRNA. amino acid; codon codon; amino acid elongation factor; initiation factor codon; anticodon anticodon; codon
anticodon; codon
Constitutive genes ______. are regulated by glucose levels are unregulated respond to lactose levels in the cell respond to amino acid levels in the cell.
are unregulated.
The function of an aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase enzyme is to catalyze the ______. addition of a single-stranded sequence to the 3' end of the tRNA addition of amino acids to a growing polypeptide chain synthesis of tRNA attachment of an amino acid to its appropriate tRNA binding of a tRNA anticodon to a mRNA codon
attachment of an amino acid to its appropriate tRNA
Which type of codon would lead to the placement of a specific amino acid such as leucine into the polypeptide sequence? a) Stop codon b) Sense codon c) Start codon d) Nonsense codon
b) Sense codon
A plant cell will have ribosomes in its ______. chloroplasts only cytosol and chloroplasts only mitochondria only cytosol, mitochondria and chloroplasts cytosol only
cytosol, mitochondria and chloroplasts
In experiments where Beadle and Tatum were able to deduce the steps in a biochemical pathway, they concluded that a single gene controlled the synthesis of a ______ ______. a) Second b) single chromosome c) single gene d) single enzyme e) single carbohydrate
d) single enzyme
In response to either of the codons CUC or CUU, leucine would be placed at a particular location on a polypeptide chain. The existence of more than one codon for the same amino acid shows that the genetic code is _____
degenerate, redundant, or degenerated
Providing the information to produce suitable amounts of a protein appropriate to a specific cell type is the function of the ____ material
genetic
Arranging the four RNA nucleotides A, G, C and U in groups of three with all possible combinations leads to a set of codons called the ______. a) ribosomal RNA sequence b) genetic code c) gene sequence d) transfer RNA sequence e) amino acid sequence
genetic code
The exposure of bacterial cells to ____ increases the levels of lactose-utilizing enzymes 100- to 10,000-fold.
lactose
The Shine-Dalgarno sequence facilitates the binding of ______. the first tRNA to the P site of the ribosome the second tRNA to the A site of the ribosome mRNA to the small ribosomal subunit mRNA to the large ribosomal subunit
mRNA to the small ribosomal subunit
When a protein-encoding gene is transcribed, the product is called _____ RNA
messenger
Control of gene expression leads to the production of specific proteins to assist bacterial cells in responses to environmental stressors, preparation for cell division, and ______. transport of nutrients metabolism chemotaxis pathogenicity
metabolism
What was the end product in the pathway studied by Beadle and Tatum? a) homoserine b) O-acetylhomoserine c) homocysteine d) cystathionine e) methionine
methionine
A protein such as a repressor that inhibits transcription is exerting ____ control of transcription.
negative
Certain proteins help a bacterium survive environmental stress such as heat shock. These proteins are required ______. all the time only when confronted with the stress only when a variety of sugars are in the environment only when certain metabolites are available
only when confronted with the stress
A(n) _____ is a group of two or more genes under the transcriptional control of a single promoter.
operon
The oxygen-carrying molecule hemoglobin is an association of four polypeptides, two called α-hemoglobin and two called β-hemoglobin. The level of protein structure demonstrated by hemoglobin is ______ structure.. quaternary tertiary primary secondary
quaternary
The phenomenon in which the level of gene expression can vary under different conditions is gene _____
regulation
A regulatory protein that binds to DNA and inhibits transcription is a(n) ___
repressor
The complex of rRNA and protein that acts as the site of translation is the ____
ribosome
For polypeptides, alpha (α) helix and beta (β) sheet represent ____ structures
secondary
The initial folding of a polypeptide into a regular repeating shape represents its ____ structure
secondary
How does an effector molecule influence gene expression? Multiple choice question. a) The effector molecule causes the mRNA to form a stem/loop structure that blocks the ribosome. b) The effector molecule binds to DNA and affects the ability of RNA polymerase to initiate transcription. c) The effector molecule binds to the mRNA and affects the ability of the ribosome to initiate translation. d) The effector molecule binds to a regulatory protein and affects its ability to bind DNA.
the effector molecule binds to a regulatory protein and affects its ability to bind DNA.
In bacteria, the most common way to regulate gene expression is by influencing ______. the frequency of cell division the rate of transcription initiation the rate of translation initiation the rate of transcription elongation
the rate of transcription initiation
Cells of the pancreas secrete the hormone insulin to assist with glucose uptake while neurons release neurotransmitters to conduct nerve signals. The difference in products released by these two types of cells depends on differences in ______. DNA content between the two types of cells the types of proteins produced within each cell differences in the structure of ribosomes found in each type of cell the genetic code between the two types of cells
the types of proteins produced within each cell
During translation, transfer RNAs bind to ______ specific regions on the ribosome, called the ______. four; two P and two A sites. three; P, A and E sites. two; P and E sites. two; A and E sites.
three; P, A and E sites.
The synthesis of a protein using the sequence of codons in a messenger RNA is called ____
translation
In prokaryotic cells, the coupling of transcription and translation refers to ______. a) both transcription and translation occurring on the ribosome b) both transcription and translation occurring in the nucleus c) translation of an mRNA beginning before its transcription has been completed. d) transcription of an mRNA occurring before its translation has been completed
translation of an mRNA beginning before its transcription has been completed.
Which of the following represent secondary structures observed in polypeptides? hairpin loop. condensed globular structure. α (alpha) helix. double helix. β (beta) sheet.
α (alpha) helix. β (beta) sheet.
Exposure of bacterial cells to lactose increases levels of lactose-utilizing enzymes ______. not at all 1,000,000-fold 1,000- to 10,000-fold 10- to 20-fold
1,000- to 10,000-fold
In which cellular location would ribosomes be found for both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? Mitochondria Cytosol Cytosol, mitochondria and chloroplasts Chloroplasts Mitochondria and chloroplasts
Cytosol
In which organism did Beadle and Tatum conduct their experiments? a) Saccharomyces cerevisiae b) Neurospora crassa c) Escherichia coli d) Mus musculus
Neurospora crassa
Which represent the function(s) of the genetic material? -Encoding the production of a protein in a specific cell type. -Coordinating the assembly of cellular organelles. -Ensuring that a protein is produced at the proper time in the cycle of the cell or life cycle of the organism. -Ensuring that a protein is produced in sufficient amounts for effective cellular functions. -Carrying out metabolic reactions appropriate to a specific cell type.
-Encoding the production of a protein in a specific cell type. -Ensuring that a protein is produced at the proper time in the cycle of the cell or life cycle of the organism. -Ensuring that a protein is produced in sufficient amounts for effective cellular functions.
Genetic control of the production of specific proteins at specific times would occur in which of the following situations? -Producing enzymes to metabolize specific sugars when those sugars are found in the environment -When a bacterial cell encounters a toxin in the environment -When bacteria are subject to heat stress -Producing the proteins needed to assemble ribosomes -When bacterial cells are getting ready to divide
-Producing enzymes to metabolize specific sugars when those sugars are found in the environment -When bacteria are subject to heat stress -When bacterial cells are getting ready to divide
The codon for the amino acid found at the carboxyl-terminus of a polypeptide is located closest to the ___ end of the corresponding mRNA.
3', 3, or 3prime
Which anticodon would bind to a codon with the sequence 5'-AAC-3'? 5'-UUG-3' 3'-CAA-5' 5'-AAC-3' 3'-UUG-5' 3'-GUU-5'
3'-UUG-5'
Which sequence is required for amino acid attachment to a transfer RNA? 5'-CCA-3' located at the 5' end of the molecule. Double-stranded region located at the 5' end of the molecule. 5'-CCA-3' located at the 3' end of the molecule. Double-stranded region located at the 3' end of the molecule.
5'-CCA-3' located at the 3' end of the molecule.
Which sequence is added enzymatically to a transfer RNA after it has been produced? Codon sequence to determine which amino acid will be attached Sequence for the stem loop structure Variable site sequence 5'-CCA-3' to form the amino acid acceptor at the 3' end Anticodon sequence to determine which amino acid will be attached
5'-CCA-3' to form the amino acid acceptor at the 3' end
How do a corepressor and an inhibitor differ? a) A corepressor binds directly to the DNA, while an inhibitor binds to the activator protein and prevents it from binding to DNA. b) A corepressor binds to a repressor protein, while an inhibitor binds to an activator protein. c) An inhibitor binds to a repressor protein, while a corepressor binds to an activator protein. d) A corepressor binds to a repressor protein, thereby causing the protein to bind to the DNA, and an inhibitor binds directly to DNA.
A corepressor binds to a repressor protein, while an inhibitor binds to an activator protein.
Which of the following is correct? a) A polypeptide can be made of more than one protein. b) All polypeptides are only made of one protein. c) A protein can be made of more than one polypeptide. d) All proteins are only made of one polypeptide.
A protein can be made of more than one polypeptide.
Which of the following represent common structural features of transfer RNA molecules? A small number of variable sites Three stem-loops Codon sequence to specify which amino acid will bind Amino acid acceptor stem with a 3' single-stranded region Anticodon sequence
A small number of variable sites Three stem-loops Amino acid acceptor stem with a 3' single-stranded region Anticodon sequence
Which enzyme catalyzes the attachment of a specific amino acid to the correct tRNA? Peptidyl transferase RNA polymerase Amino acid transferase Transfer RNA nucleotidyltransferase Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase
Which of the following occurs in eukaryotic translation but not in prokaryotic translation? Translation begins before transcription has been completed tRNAf-Met is the initiator tRNA An 80S ribosome is used for translation Start codon is selected according to Kozak's rules Release factors eRF1 and eRF3 are required
An 80S ribosome is used for translation Start codon is selected according to Kozak's rules Release factors eRF1 and eRF3 are required
To bring a specific amino acid into its location on a polypeptide chain, which sequence on transfer RNA must bind to messenger RNA? a) 3' sequence b) 5' sequence c) Anticodon d) Codon
Anticodon
The location on a polypeptide where a free N atom can be found is the ____-____
Blank 1: amino, N, or amino terminus Blank 2: terminus
The sequence of amino acids that results from gene transcription and mRNA translation represents which structure of the protein? Tertiary structure Primary structure Secondary structure Quaternary structure
Primary structure
Which is a type of gene that determines the order of amino acids found in a polypeptide? a) Protein-encoding gene b) Ribosomal RNA gene c) Transfer RNA gene
Protein-encoding gene
What is the name for the chemical group that is unique for each of the 20 amino acids?. R group carboxylic acid group amino group central carbon
R group
Suppose methionine is located at the amino-terminus of a specific protein. The codon for methionine would be located closest to which portion of the corresponding mRNA? The 5' end of the mRNA The 3' end of the mRNA. The middle of the mRNA
The 5' end of the mRNA
According to the wobble rules, which base of the codon can be mismatched with an anticodon base on the tRNA? None of the three bases of the codon Any of the three bases of the codon Second base of the codon First base of the codon Third base of the codon
Third base of the codon
Which type of RNA is transcribed from a protein-encoding gene? a) messenger RNA b) transfer RNA c) ribosomal RNA
a) messenger RNA
To explain why patients had a buildup of the urine-darkening metabolite homogentisic acid, Archibald Garrod proposed that they were lacking ______. a) mitochondria b) an enzyme that would metabolize homogentisic acid c) receptors for homogentisic acid d) ribosomes to make metabolic enzymes
b) an enzyme that would metabolize homogentisic acid
Beginning with the start codon and reading the following bases in groups of three determines the ______. a) untranslated region b) reading frame c) promoter sequence d) transcript
b) reading frame
The research of Jacob and Monod provided ______. our initial understanding of how transformation occurs understanding of the process of translation understanding of the process of DNA replication the details pertaining to the structure of DNA our initial understanding of gene regulation
our initial understanding of gene regulation
Which type of bond is formed between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of the next amino acid? ionic bond phosphodiester bond peptide bond hydrogen bond
peptide bond
The lacY gene encodes lactose _____, a membrane protein.
permease
An operon encodes a ___ mRNA, an RNA that contains the sequences of two or more genes.
polycistronic
The combination of a messenger RNA and many bound ribosomes in the process of translation is called a(n) ______
polyribosome, polysome, polyribosomes, or polyribosomal
In ______ cells, the initiator tRNA is carrying the amino acid N-formylmethionine. eukaryotic prokaryotic
prokaryotic
Propiedades such as cell shape and organization and cellular movement depend upon the direct action of which type of cellular component? Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids
proteins
The folded-three dimensional conformation of a polypeptide represents its ___ structure
tertiary
A series of three nucleotides in transfer RNA that is complementary to a codon in messenger RNA is called a(n) ____
Blank 1: anticodon or anticodons
A set of three-letter combinations of nucleotides called codons, each of which corresponds to a specific amino acid, represents the ___ ___
Blank 1: genetic, genetic code, or sense Blank 2: code, codons, or codon
The enzyme beta-galactosidase cleaves the sugar lactose into ___ and ___
Blank 1: glucose Blank 2: galactose
The three protein-encoding genes in the lac operon are ____, ___, and ____
Blank 1: lacZ or Z Blank 2: lacY or Y Blank 3: lacA or A
The consecutive order of amino acids in a polypeptide chain represents its ____ structure
Blank 1: primary
Beadle and Tatum designed experiments to test how ______ required for the biosynthesis of methionine are controlled by genes.
Blank 1: enzymes or enzyme
In prokaryotic cells, a transfer RNA carrying N-formylmethionine recognizes the ______ and is the first tRNA to bind to the ribosomal subunits, so it is called the initiator tRNA. stop codon promoter start codon exon operon
start codon
The lacA gene encodes the enzyme
Blank 1: galactoside Blank 2: transacetylase
The operon is flanked by a(n) ____that signals the beginning of transcription and a(n) ______ that signals the end of transcription.
Blank 1: promoter or promotor Blank 2: terminator
Which of the following represent functions of a transfer RNA (tRNA) molecule? Recognize a termination codon Recognize a three base codon in messenger RNA Carry a specific amino acid Link one amino acid to the next one on the polypeptide chain Recognize a three base sequence in DNA
Recognize a three base codon in messenger RNA Carry a specific amino acid
Which components are assembled into the subunits of a ribosome?Multiple select question. Messenger RNA Ribosomal RNA Ribosomal proteins Transfer RNA
Ribosomal RNA Ribosomal proteins
Which nucleotide in a tRNA anticodon would bind to the A nucleotide in an mRNA codon? T G A C U
U
At the ribosome, tRNA anticodons recognize mRNA codons to produce a protein through the process of ______. a) transcription b) duplication c) translation d) replication
c) translation
The antibiotic chloramphenicol binds to the 50S ribosomal subunit and prevents the formation of peptide bonds. This would inhibit protein synthesis in ______ cells. prokaryotic eukaryotic both prokaryotic and eukaryotic neither prokaryotic nor eukaryotic
prokaryotic
Some antibiotics can be used to inhibit the growth of prokaryotic cells without harming their eukaryotic hosts because they are small molecules that bind only to prokaryotic ribosomes preventing ______. the formation of mRNA protein synthesis DNA replication the formation of tRNA
protein synthesis
For a protein, an association of two or more polypeptide chains represents its ___ structure
quaternary
The protein structure stabilized by the formation of hydrogen bonds between atoms found in the polypeptide backbone is ______ structure. secondary quaternary primary tertiary
secondary
An AUG codon, which specifies the amino acid methionine and is often the first codon that begins a polypeptide sequence, is called a(n) _____ codon.
start
The signal for termination of translation is called a(n) ___ codon
stop, nonsense, termination, terminator, or terminal
The genetic code has four codons that specify the amino acid proline. These would be called ______ codons. a) synonymous b) nonsense c) start d) termination
synonymous
Movement of the ribosome so that the tRNA in the P site is shifted to the E site while the tRNA in the A site is shifted to the P site is called ______. termination elongation initiation translocation
translocation
A polyribosome is ______. many ribosomes bound to transfer RNAs a messenger RNA transcript that has many bound ribosomes in the act of translation a ribosome with three or more subunits a messenger RNA bound to a ribosome with three or more subunits many messenger RNAs bound to the same two ribosomal subunit
a messenger RNA transcript that has many bound ribosomes in the act of translation
Where is the last amino acid in a polypeptide chain is located? central-terminus amino-terminus R-terminus carboxyl-terminus
carboxyl-terminus
The binding of a small effector molecule to a regulatory protein changes the ____ of the regulatory protein, which alters its DNA-binding ability.
conformation, structure, shape, or conformational
Codons UUC and UUU lead to the placement of phenylalanine at a specific position in the protein chain. This type of mismatch in codon-anticodon binding that can occur at the third base of the codon is called ________
wobble, wobbling, or wobbles
In the study carried out by Beadle and Tatum, they isolated Neurospora strains that had different _____ that made them require methionine for growth.
mutations