SB CH 8&9

Which of the following is the best example of the interplay between motor and perceptual skills in infancy?

Baby Sam learns about falling off of things when he accidentally scoots down a small step in his family's living room.

Which of the following is the correct description of the prenatal developmental stages?

Conception begins the germinal period; this is followed by the embryonic period and finally the fetal period.

According to Piaget, conservation is which of the following?

a belief in the permanence of an object despite superficial changes

Which boy is more likely to have a positive self-concept?

a boy who enters puberty at 12

Elliott is a 2-year-old toddler. According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, this means that he is in the preoperational stage. Which of the following is true of this stage? (Select all that apply.)

a child's thinking in this stage is limited because it is egocentric children have difficulty in this stage understanding the concept of reversible operations

Which of the following are examples of schemas? (Select all that apply.)

a framework used for organizing information a concept that exists at a given moment in a person's mind

What do psychologists mean when they talk about "resilience"?

a person's ability to adapt to challenges or recover from difficulty

which if the following is an example of cross-sectional research

a study that involves simultaneously collecting data from a group of 5 yr olds, 15 yr olds, an 25 yr olds

Which of the following exemplify Piaget's theory of accommodation? (Select all that apply.)

a young boy calls all liquids "milk" but over time he learns that there are important differences and develops new schemas to reflect a young girl calls all adult males "daddy" but soon learns there are important differences and develops new schemas and to reflect

According to Piaget's theory, which of the following occurs when people adjust schemas to new information?

accommodation

The time period of development from around 10 years of age until around age 20 is referred to as _____.

adolescence

Jake is 14 years old and feels very uncomfortable being seen with his parents in public. He is certain that everyone is looking at him. Jake is showing ______________________________ egocentrism.

adolescent

Which of the following is true of adolescent egocentrism? (Select all that apply.)

adolescents believe that others are as preoccupied with them as they are with themselves the adolescent has a sense of invincibility

Which of the following are examples of teratogens? (Select all that apply.)

alcohol thalidomide heroin

Newborns reflexively suck everything that touches their lips. Their experience in sucking various objects allows them to _____ those objects into schemas of taste, texture, shape, and so on. After several months of experience, they _____ the sucking schema by being more selective with it.

assimilate; accommodate

Three-year-old Megan encounters a swinging chair that is hung from the ceiling by a hook. Once she is told what it is, she incorporates the new chair into her existing "chair schema." According to Piaget's theory, this is called _____.

assimilation

Two-year-old Iris has just seen a cow for the first time. Having never seen one before, she searched her memory, came up with the only four-legged animal she knows, and announced "doggy!" This is an example of _____.

assimilation

______________ occurs when an individual fits new information into existing schemas, whereas_______________ happens when an individual changes their schemas in response to new information.

assimilation; accommodation

Which of the following are examples of cognition? (Select all that apply.)

being able to speak and understand words imagining a future occupation solving problems

Which of the following is the best example of "nature" in the context of the nature-nurture influence?

biological inheritance

The time period of development from birth until 10 years of age is referred to as ______.

childhood

What type of development is characterized by improved capacity to process information and understand the world due to advancing age and experience?

cognitive development

Which of Piaget's stages occurs from ages 7 to 12 years and is characterized by logical thought, reversibility, and the loss of egocentrism?

concrete operational

According to Piaget, ___________________ is a belief that objects continue to possess physical attributes (such as volume) despite superficial changes.

conservation

According to Vygotsky, scaffolding is which of the following?

created by interacting with expert thinkers who spur cognitive development

In a research study, Dr. Lopez asked people ages 20, 40, and 60 about their levels of happiness. This research is best described as which of the following?

cross-sectional

What is the primary focus of Vygotsky's theory of development?

culture

Which statement best summarizes the relationship between motor skills and perceptual skills in infancy?

each one continuously affects the other

Steven, a toddler, is reading a book and sees a picture he is interested in. "Look, Mommy," he shouts, "a horse." He does not show the picture to his mother but assumes that she is able to see it as he sees it. This exemplifies which of the following of Piaget's concepts?

egocentrism

What is the earliest stage of prenatal development at which a rudimentary heart beat can be identified?

embryo

Which is the stage of prenatal development in which the beginnings of organs appear?

embryo

________________ __________________ refers to complex cognitive processes such as thinking, planning, and problem solving

executive function

Which of the following examples represent "nature" influences? (Select all that apply.)

eye color family history of hair loss

True or false: Brain imaging studies examining brain development in childhood show that the amount of brain material in some areas can nearly quadruple within as little as a year.

false

____________ occurs when a single sperm cell from the male penetrates the female's ovum

fertilization

Which of the following statements describes conception?

fertilization occurs and a zygote is formed

The __________________________period of prenatal development lasts from around months 2 through 9.

fetal

Which stage of prenatal development is characterized by an increase in organ function and considerable weight gain, especially "baby fat"?

fetal period

Which of the following are characteristics of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders? (Select all that apply.)

flattened nose and wide-spaced eyes below-average intelligence heart defects

During what stage of cognitive development is the mastery of logical and abstract thinking of paramount concern?

formal operation

According to Piaget, the __________________________ _______________________ level of reasoning is reached when someone has the ability to use hypothetical-deductive reasoning.

formal operational

According to Piaget, when someone begins thinking about thinking, they have reached which stage of development?

formal operational

Which of Piaget's stages occurs from about age 12 through adulthood and is characterized by abstract thought?

formal operational

According to recent longitudinal research, the highest level of functioning for _____ intellectual abilities occurred in middle adulthood.

four out of six

From ages 3 to 6 years, the most rapid brain growth takes place in which area of the brain?

frontal lobes

genotype is defined as a person's

genetic material

A person's ____________________ gives her the potential to be tall, but this potential interacts with the environment and may result in a number of phenotypic representations.

genotype or genes

Rank the prenatal developmental stages in the correct order.

germinal period embryonic period fetal period

Puberty typically occurs earlier in _____ than in _____.

girls;boys

Mary, 18 months old, sees a stuffed dog being covered by a blanket. According to Piaget's theory, if she removes the blanket in order to find the stuffed dog, she has done which of the following?

grasped the idea of object permanence

What causes the physical changes that occur during adolescence?

hormone secretion

The ________________________ ______________________________ approach differs from Piaget's perspective in that it doesn't look for qualitative differences across the lifespan; it examines how people use common cognitive processes at every phase of life.

information processing

The _____________________________ - ______________________________ theory of development focuses on cognitive processes such as attention, memory, and problem solving.

information-processing

Piaget observed that children in the preoperational stage of development often are quite certain that they know the answer to something and are not bothered by the fact that they have not arrived at the answer through logical reasoning but through reliance on previous experiences and guessing. He called this _____.

intuitive thought

How does the information processing approach differ from Piaget's perspective on cognitive development?

it examines how people think, using common processes at every phase of life

Which of the following is typical of the concrete operational stage, according to Piaget? (Select all that apply.)

it involves logical reasoning abstract thinking is not yet developed

Which of the following is true of a zygote? (Select all that apply.)

it is a single cell with 23 chromosomes from the mother and 23 chromosomes from the father it is a fertilized egg

Which of the following statements apply to a person's role in his or her own development? (Select all that apply.)

it is an active role it is an interactive role

Which of the following examples describes "egocentric thought" in Piaget's preoperational stage?

kaylee is reading a picture book and assumes that her mother who is across the room can see the pictures

Development in terms of biological processes involves which of the following changes? (Select all that apply.)

maturation changes in motor skills hormonal changes

is the name for a girl's first menstrual cycle.

menarche

which of the following statements represents what piaget meant by "operations"

mental representations that are reversible

A criticism of the ___________________________ approach to infant cognitive development is that it downplays the importance of environmental experiences the infant has and their impact on development.

nativist

In developmental psychology, the term___________________ refers to an individual's environmental and social experiences.

nurture

Which of the following examples represent "nurture" influences? (Select all that apply.)

nutrition in early childhood peer pressure

Piaget's term for the crucial accomplishment of the sensorimotor stage, at which a child understands that something exists even if it cannot be seen, is _____.

object permanence

You show a child a toy and then hide that toy behind a chair, and when the child wants the toy, he or she only looks in plain sight, not behind the chair. According to Piaget, the child could be said to lack a mastery of _____.

object permanence

phenotype is defined as a person's

observable characteristics

Which of the following is true of memory in late adulthood? (Select all that apply.)

older adults take longer than younger adults to retrieve information about the world but can often remember it older adults tend to do more poorly than younger adults in most aspects of memory

Which of the following has been supported by recent research on cognition in early adulthood? (Select all that apply.)

one major task is to develop a worldview and to recognize that it is subjective thinking becomes more pragmatic and realistic

When Piaget referred to ______________________ , he meant mental representations that are reversible.

operations

Henry, who is 4 years old, understands that you can roll a ball of clay out into a long "snake" shape but not that there is the same amount of clay whether the clay is in a ball or in a long, thin rope. This is an illustration of which of Piaget's concepts in which of Piaget's stages?

operations in piaget's preoperational stage

Adrianne has recently entered menopause. In developmental terms, this is an example of _____.

physical change

Dr. Salzano is showing infants pictures of their parents and of strangers. He wants to know if the babies will consistently look at their parents rather than look at the two pictures equally. Dr. Salzano is using the _____ technique.

preferential looking

the period of physical development during which sexual organs mature.

puberty

Which of the following changes are typical of puberty? (Select all that apply.)

rapid skeletal growth changes in the brain hormonal changes

-__________________are automatic responses such as grasping something that touches the fingers.

reflexes

According to Vygotsky, is a kind of framework that allows the child's cognitive abilities to be built higher and higher.

scaffolding

According to Piaget, a ______________________ is a concept or framework that exists in a person's mind and that organizes information and provides a framework for interpreting the information.

schema

Which of the following statements are true regarding Piaget's theory of schemas? (Select all that apply.)

schemas are expressed as various behaviors and skills a schema assists us in making sense of experience a schema organizes information

According to Piaget's theory, object permanence begins in which stage?

sensorimotor

Which of Piaget's stages occurs from birth to 2 years age, during which time a child has little capacity to represent the environment with language or other symbols?

sensorimotor

According to Piaget, in the sensorimotor stage, the infant constructs an understanding of the world by coordinating _____ experiences with _____ actions.

sensory;physical

Select the three domains of development.

socioemotional physical cognitive

Connections between neurons are known as _____ connections.

synaptic

Alcohol, viruses, and nicotine are all categorized as ____________________ because they can cause birth defects when a fetus is exposed to them.

teratogens

Changes in two hormones, _____ and estradiol, lie at the core of development in puberty.

testosterone

The amygdala, which is a part of the brain involved with emotions, matures more rapidly in adolescents _____.

than the prefrontal lobes, which provide executive functioning or the "brakes" for these emotions

Which of the following is NOT a behavior related to executive function in children?

the ability to visually identify a letter on the board

Which of the following are true in regard to Vygotsky's theory of development? (Select all that apply.)

the goal of cognitive development is to become competent in your culture it emphasizes collaborative learning learning occurs through interaction with skilled others

Which of the following are typical brain changes that occur during infancy and childhood? (Select all that apply.)

the number of synaptic connections increases greatly some parts of the brain nearly double in size unneeded brain cells are purged over time

Which of the following statements are typically true regarding girls who are "early bloomers" (i.e., enter puberty earlier than their peers)? (Select all that apply.)

they are more likely to become sexually active they are less outgoing and less popular they are more likely to smoke and use drugs

How do nativist approaches to infant cognitive development differ from Piaget's theory?

they assume infants are born with more knowledge than piaget gave them credit for

A person is born with some serious physical problems but perseveres throughout development and chooses environmental reinforcers that allow them to construct a unique developmental path. Which of the following best describes this process?

this person demonstrated the active and interactive role of genetic inheritance and the environment

In which of the following ways is operational thought tested in the concrete operational stage, according to Piaget's theory?

through the principle of reversibility

Development refers to the pattern of continuity and change in human capabilities that occurs _____.

throughout life

Dr. Abramowitz is a psychological researcher studying infants. He shows infants cards with shapes of different colors, records the amount of time they spend looking at each card, and uses the information to determine whether infants can distinguish among objects. Dr. Abramowitz's research can best be described as _____.

using the preferential looking technique

Which of the following terms describes the fertilized egg in the first two weeks of prenatal development?

zygote

According to Piaget, during what period is the formal operational stage predominant?

12 years through adulthood

According to Piaget, during which age range does the preoperational stage occur?

2-7 years