Science Unit 4, Lesson 2
A carbon atom can form a maximum of ______ triple bond(s).
1
A carbon atom can form a maximum of ______ double bond(s).
2
A carbon atom can form up to _____ bond(s) with other carbon atoms at the same time.
4
Up to how many single bonds can carbon form at a time?
4
example of a simplified structural formula
H3COH
example of a full structural formula
Methanol has the formula CH4O. If we draw the bonds between each atom, we will see that the carbon and oxygen atoms are connected by a single bond. We can also see how the hydrogen atoms are arranged around the carbon and oxygen atoms.
Can carbohydrates be broken down to release energy?
Yes, so they are used in many living things to store energy and to have the energy to grow and reproduce.
single bond
a bond between two atoms that is made up of only two electrons
The carbon atom's unique bonding properties allow it to form more than just straight or branches chains. For example, __________ or __________.
a chain of carbon atoms can curl around and attach itself to form a ring; the same small unit of atoms can repeat over and over again to form a polymer. Many compounds that we encounter every day contain rings and polymers.
organic compound
a chemical compound that is composed of carbon, hydrogen, and possibly other elements
aromatic compound
a molecule that includes rings formed from six carbon atoms that are connected by alternating double and single bonds; these compounds have distinctive odors
organic acid
an organic compound that has acidic properties. It contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and sometimes other atoms. It is identified by a group of atoms called a carboxyl group, COOH. In a carboxyl group, one oxygen atom is double-bonded to a carbon atom. The other oxygen in the group is single-bonded to the same carbon atom and a hydrogen atom.
How do chemists classify organic compounds?
based on their composition and structure
Why is glucose so important?
because it is created by plants during photosynthesis to be used as energy. Then, animals, including humans, get it from the food they eat and then turn it into adenosine triphosphate in mitochondria.
Why is carbon able to form so many different compounds?
because of its structure (allows it to form molecules in a wide range of shape and size) and the arrangement of its electrons (it has 6 electrons in total and 4 valence electrons). Carbon, since it has 4 valence electrons, can form bonds with up to 4 other atoms at the same time. Also, carbon forms molecules by bonding with other carbon atoms and with atoms of other elements. Most atoms that don't have carbon usually have only a few atoms, but molecules that involve carbon can involve hundreds or even thousands of atoms.
examples of aromatic compounds
benzene, vanillin, aspirin, and cinnamaldehyde
How do carbon atoms form molecules?
by bonding with other carbon atoms
Organic compounds are usually composed of mostly carbon and hydrogen, but they can also include other elements. What are those elements?
chlorine, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur, and nitrogen
examples of organic acids
citric acid in citrus fruits malic acid in sour apples deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) amino acids lactic acid in sour milk and sore muscles
chemical formula
combination of chemical symbols and numbers to represent a substance
Along with its ability to form single bonds, carbon can form ___________________.
double bonds and triple bonds
What do organic compounds provide for living things?
energy and structure for living things to grow and change
Organic acids are ___________ for life.
essential
What do most atoms have the ability to do?
form bonds with other types of atoms
What does carbon have the ability to do?
form bonds with other types of atoms and bonds with other carbon atoms, too
How can a ring of carbon atoms form?
from three or more carbon atoms
A structural formula shows ____________. There are _______ type(s) of structural formulas.
how atoms are connected; 2 (full structural formula and simplified structural formula)
types of organic compounds
hydrocarbons, organic acids, and carbohydrates
Where can simple carbohydrates be found?
in foods like fruit, vegetables, and milk
Where can carbohydrates be found?
in many of the foods we eat and in many living things
Where are most long-chain hydrocarbons found?
in oils and waxes. Their high energy content makes them ideal fuels.
examples of polymers
lipids—fats—and nucleic acids (both are essential for life) Complex carbohydrates, like cellulose, are polymers of sugar. plastics
In many cases, organic compounds in nonliving things were originally in ______________. For example, ______________.
living things; the paper in a newspaper contains organic compounds that came from trees
Complex carbohydrates are ___________.
long chains of sugar molecules
The ability for carbon to form bonds with other carbon atoms makes it possible for _____________ of carbon atoms to form. These ______ can spread in a _____________ or can branch off ______________. The branches may also contain _________, which add to the _______ of the molecule.
long chains; chains; straight line; into other directions; chains; size
triple bond
made up of three pairs of electrons (6 electrons in total)
double bond
made up of two pairs of electrons (4 electrons in total)
Organic compounds serve _______________ purposes and are found in both ___________ and _____________ things.
many different; living; nonliving
examples of hydrocarbons
methane ethane propane butane isobutane
What is the simplest hydrocarbon? Are all carbohydrates this small? Explain.
methane (CH4); no; some hydrocarbons have over 20 carbon atoms
polymers
molecules composed of the same repeating small groups of atoms joined together in long chains
carbohydrate
neutral organic compound containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; it often contains two hydrogen atoms for every one oxygen atom
A single bond is represented with __________.
one short line between two atoms
hydrocarbon
organic compound that contains only hydrogen atoms and carbon atoms
Living things are also made up of ______________.
organic compounds
Many of the non-living things we use every day are made of _________________.
organic compounds
examples of organic compounds that contain other elements
plastic pipes used for plumbing (made of an organic compound that includes chlorine) nucleic acids that make up DNA (nitrogen is found in them)
monomers
repeating units that serve as the building blocks of a polymer
Carbon atoms bond by ________ their valence electrons.
sharing
full structural formula
shows all of the bonds between the atoms of a molecule
simplified structural formula
shows how atoms are grouped but doesn't show specific bonds. The atoms bonded to each central carbon atom are grouped together.
sucrose
simple carbohydrate found in sugar cane and sugar beets
Carbohydrates can be _______ or ______.
simple; complex
plastics
solid, flexible polymers made from petroleum and used in many products **Not all polymers are plastics.
Plants make complex carbohydrates to ____________ and for ____________.
store energy; support
Many organic molecules in living things are found in ____________, _____________, _________, and ___________.
the human body; other animals; trees; plants
What are some examples of non-living things made of organic compounds?
the nylon used to make fishing lines the special material used to make waterproof backpacks the fuel used for heating our homes
A chemical formula tells you the types and numbers of atoms, but it doesn't tell you how ________________.
they are bonded together
A triple bond is represented with __________.
three lines
A double bond is represented with __________.
two lines