SDITDI Rescue Diver

The main concern when bringing an unconscious, breathing diver to the surface is making sure: Select one: That the victim's regulator stays in place on the ascent. That the victim's BCD is deflating on the ascent. That the victim's depth gauge is registering the ascent. That the victim's ascent rate remains 15 Ft/5 Meters per second or less.

An unconscious diver on the bottom is in the greatest of peril. If the diver is breathing but unresponsive to our attempts to arouse him, we must escort him to the surface as quickly as we can. Our main concern will be to ascertain that the victim's regulator stays in place on the ascent to safety. The correct answer is: That the victim's regulator stays in place on the ascent.

True or False: Regulator "freeze-up" only occurs in cold water. Select one: True False

Another type of regulator malfunction is a "freeze up." Again a phenomenon generally associated with cold water, a freeze up occurs when water in the air supply forms a chip of ice in the air passage of the first stage and thus blocks further air flow. The source of this water may be from the scuba cylinder itself, if filled from an inadequately maintained compressor. TDI/SDI recommends that divers take their tanks for fills only to certified fill stations. This is the best way to ensure that the air is dry and contaminant free. The correct answer is 'True'.

True or False: We fight the effects of heat loss in two ways, by increasing heat production and by decreasing heat loss. Select one: True False

As our body core temperature drops with prolonged exposure, we begin to undergo physiological changes that diminish our senses of awareness and survival skills. This is known as hypothermia. We fight the effects of heat loss in two ways, by increasing heat production and by decreasing heat loss. The correct answer is 'True'.

If your buddy is suffering from nitrogen narcosis attempting to take control of your buddy's equipment by inflating his BC or dropping his weight belt are ___________ responses. Select one: The preferred Acceptable Not good None of the above.

Ascent is the only real solution to narcosis. Signal your buddy to go up until you see that the effects of narcosis have passed. Be insistent, if necessary, but attempting to take control of your buddy's equipment by inflating his BC or dropping his weight belt are not good responses. The correct answer is: Not good

True or False: Carbon Monoxide will attach to hemoglobin more quickly than Oxygen will. Select one: True False

CO is dangerous because it binds so readily to the hemoglobin molecule in red blood cells. In fact it has a much greater affinity for hemoglobin than oxygen has. This means that CO will attach to hemoglobin more quickly than O2 will. To make matters worse, CO stays attached to the red blood cells far longer than oxygen does. The correct answer is 'True'.

True or False: Type I DCS may produce a rash-like reddening of the skin, usually on the upper body and arms. Select one: True False

Decompression sickness may strike a diver in two forms categorized according to their severity and what parts of the body are affected. Type I may produce a rash-like reddening of the skin, usually on the upper body and arms. The more serious form of DCS, Type II bends, can be life-threatening to the victim and frightening to onlookers. The correct answer is 'True'.

Despite the relaxing nature of scuba diving, we will always be better prepared for an in-water or underwater ________________ if we anticipate problems. Select one: Emergency Hazard Adventure Current

Despite the relaxing nature of scuba diving, we will always be better prepared for an in-water or underwater emergency if we anticipate problems. Not only do we need to have ready skills, but we also need to pay attention to our buddy and to what's going on around us. The correct answer is: Emergency

Divers in training and newly-certified divers are particularly prone to __________ before open water dives. Select one: Injury Stress DCS Fatigue

Divers in training and newly-certified divers are particularly prone to stress before open water dives. Hollywood depiction of underwater terrors, wildly-exaggerated stories from veteran divers and the sure knowledge that spending any amount of time underwater without coming up for air is just unnatural, all conspire to raise the stress level of the novice. The correct answer is: Stress

Diving in a hyperbaric chamber is simulated by pumping _________________ air into the chamber and, thereby, increasing the ambient pressure. Select one: Pressurized Super-cooled Sanitized Nitrogen Enriched

Diving is simulated by pumping pressurized air into the chamber and, thereby, increasing the ambient pressure. Pressure increases simulate diving deeper until the desired depth is reached. Throughout this descent the diver experiences the same pressure changes as descending underwater, i. e., ears must be cleared, and any sinus problems the diver might have underwater will be evident in the chamber. The correct answer is: Pressurized

______________ are the key words for clearing your ears on descent. Select one: Fast and Hard Fast and Often Early and Hard Early and Often

Early and often are the key words for clearing your ears on descent. Learn several methods of equalizing pressures to ensure complete clearing, while sparing excess work on your ear drums. The correct answer is: Early and Often

True or False: Escaping from rips and longshore currents usually requires the same method, i.e., swimming perpendicular to the current. Select one: True False

Escaping from rips and longshore currents usually requires the same method, i.e., swimming perpendicular to the current. Both rips and longshores are normally narrow flows and are soon left behind. The important thing is not to panic, to swim at a comfortable pace and plan exactly where the ideal escape point should be. The correct answer is 'True'.

External cardiac compressions simulate: Select one: Breathing. CPR. A beating heart. Gastrointestinal Expulsion

Feel for the pulse for about 5-10 seconds using your fingers (not your thumb which has a measurable pulse of its own). Failure to find a pulse indicates that the victim's heart has stopped. We can aid the victim by external cardiac compressions which simulate a beating heart. CPR requires both cardiac compression and rescue breathing. The correct answer is: A beating heart.

True or False: When locating a missing diver on the bottom or encountering a distressed diver underwater we must immediately go to them for support. Select one: True False

Finding the missing diver on the bottom or encountering a distressed diver underwater, we need first to determine what the problem is. Be careful not to rush into a situation that you do not fully understand. The correct answer is 'False'.

Four common problems that may lead to diving accidents include exceeding prior experience and training, being cold and/or tired, muscle cramps, and: Select one: Being over weighted. Being neutrally weighted. Being overly cautious. All of the above.

Four common problems that may lead to diving accidents include exceeding prior experience and training, being cold and/or tired, muscle cramps, and being over weighted. The correct answer is: Being over weighted.

______________ are actually vertical eddies that constantly recirculate below (downstream) the submerged object. Select one: Tides Rips Hydraulics Hydrometrics

Hydraulics are actually vertical eddies that constantly recirculate below (downstream) the submerged object. The danger is that a diver may be carried to and pinned on the bottom by the relentless current. The correct answer is: Hydraulics

To prevent _____________, the brain constricts the blood vessels under the skin and instead directs the circulation to shunt the blood between itself, the lungs and the major organs only. Select one: Shivering Hyperthermia Injury Heat loss

If our present level of activity is insufficient to maintain a body core temperature of at least 970F (360C), we start to shiver. To prevent this heat loss, the brain constricts the blood vessels under the skin and instead directs the circulation to shunt the blood between itself, the lungs and the major organs only. The skin and extremities are allowed to cool as the brain attempts to conserve heat and, thus, life. The correct answer is: Heat loss

Breathing pure ______________ during recompression hastens bubble removal and reoxygenates ischemic tissue. Select one: Nitrogen Oxygen Carbon Monoxide Carbon Dioxide

In addition to being returned to a hyperbaric environment whose purpose is to shrink the offending bubbles, the diver will also be put on a pure oxygen breathing medium. This hastens bubble removal and reoxygenates ischemic tissue. The correct answer is: Oxygen

True or False: Determining the presence or absence of pulse in open water, not to mention the effect of the rescuer's own racing heart and mental state, is problematic at best. Therefore, we simply assume a beating heart until there is evidence to demonstrate otherwise. Select one: True False

In order to transport gases through the body, there must be a beating heart. Determining the presence or absence of a pulse in open water, not to mention the effect of the rescuer's own racing heart and mental state, is problematic at best. Therefore, we simply assume a beating heart until there is evidence to demonstrate otherwise. The correct answer is 'True'.

Never lift a person with a suspected _______ injury into the boat or on shore without stabilizing the head and _________. Select one: Leg Arm Neck Foot

Never lift a person with a suspected neck injury into the boat or on shore without stabilizing the head and neck. The correct answer is: Neck

Panic underwater is most often triggered by ______________ difficulties. The causes may range from over-exertion to actual out-of-air emergencies. Select one: Buddy Breathing Swimming Buoyancy

Panic underwater is most often triggered by breathing difficulties. The causes may range from over-exertion to actual out-of-air emergencies. Especially when working at depths, regulators may not always provide the diver with sufficient air for the activity level. The correct answer is: Breathing

True or False: Decompression sickness or DCS is caused by the rapid release of carbon monoxide held in solution by higher than normal ambient pressure. Select one: True False

Popularly known as the bends decompression sickness or DCS is caused by the rapid release of nitrogen held in solution by higher than normal ambient pressure. This nitrogen is that portion of the air that the diver breathed at depth and which dissolved in the tissues and blood. The correct answer is 'False'.

True or False: Probably the most useful and easiest method of solving an out-of-air problem is to have a true alternate air source. Select one: True False

Probably the most useful and easiest method of solving an out-of-air problem is to have a true alternate air source. A completely redundant system would include tank and regulator. The correct answer is 'True'.

The ________________ is a quick review of the scene that is safety-oriented with the identification of dangers to the victim and rescuer. Select one: Primary Survey Scene Survey Secondary Survey Tertiary Survey

Scene Survey: This quick review of the scene is safety-oriented with the identification of dangers to the victim and rescuer. Is there continuing danger to the victim if left in place? Would it be best to move the victim to another place? Are there any dangers to the rescuers in operating here? The correct answer is: Scene Survey

The three major components in any underwater search pattern are clearly defined boundaries, a designated start point and: Select one: A designated stop point. A designated meeting area. A designated staging area. A designated tender.

Search areas need to be made manageable in size so that divers are not sent out to inspect seemingly endless expanses of bottom. Each specific area needs to have clearly defined boundaries, a designated start point and a designated stop point. All search divers/dive teams must be tended or observed. The correct answer is: A designated stop point.

Separating fact from fiction, conducting a good dive briefing and buddy check, talking to the dive leader and visualizing the dive are ways to: Select one: Help reduce pre-dive stress in yourself and a buddy. Pass the time before the dive. Avert your attentions from the other divers. Assure a completely safe dive.

Separating fact from fiction, conducting a good dive briefing and buddy check, talking to the dive leader and visualizing the dive are ways to help reduce pre-dive stress in yourself and a buddy. The correct answer is: Help reduce pre-dive stress in yourself and a buddy.

True or False: Several items that can help to reach a diver some distance away from the boat, or to assist a rescuer towing a victim back to the boat are line-throwing devices. The most basic of these is the Rescue Disc. Select one: True False

Several items that can help to reach a diver some distance away from the boat, or to assist a rescuer towing a victim back to the boat are line-throwing devices. The most basic of these is the throw bag. This is a simple nylon bag containing from 50-75 ft/15-22 meters of floating polypropylene line. The correct answer is 'False'.

True or False: Stress is only a pre-dive occurrence. Select one: True False

Stress is not only a pre-dive occurrence, but may often develop during a dive. Poor underwater visibility conditions, cold temperatures, an exhausting surface swim or losing track of one's buddy may all produce severe stress in a diver. Even such a simple event as a partially flooded mask may cause a diver to abandon a dive and bolt for the surface, especially if the person was not completely comfortable with the dive to begin with. Stress can rapidly lead to panic in the water. The correct answer is 'False'.

True or False: Surface currents may pose a significant problem for divers in some areas. Select one: True False

Surface currents may pose a significant problem for divers in some areas. On the ocean we are affected by tides and wind-generated surface currents. While surge is mainly considered an underwater feature, its effect is still evident on the surface and may sweep a diver away from an exit point on the boat or shore. The correct answer is 'True'.

TDI/SDI believes that all divers should be trained to be: Self-sufficient. Self-taught. Self-disciplined. All of the above.

TDI/SDI believes that all divers should be trained to be self-sufficient. This means that each diver accepts the responsibility for his or her own planning, equipment, and performance underwater. The correct answer is: Self-sufficient.

When approaching a victim in the water, stop and observe the behavior of the victim from about ___________away before coming any closer. Select one: 3 ft/1 meter 6 ft/2 meters 9 ft/3 meters 15 ft/5 meters

The correct answer is: 15 ft/5 meters

The hallmarks of the self-reliant diver are: Buddy-awareness and Global-awareness. Self-awareness and Buddy-awareness. Self-awareness and Global-awareness. None of the Above

The correct answer is: Self-awareness and Global-awareness.

The dive plan should include the maximum depth and: Time of the dive. Dive route. Surface interval time. The first and second answers are both correct.

The dive plan should include the maximum depth and time of the dive and be calculated to keep all divers out of mandatory decompression. The dive plan should also include a proposed route to follow underwater. The correct answer is: The first and second answers are both correct.

True or False: One common cause for delay on any accident scene is a persistent reluctance to commit to action. Select one: True False

The first step in assisting a diver in distress is recognition of an emergency. One common cause for delay on any accident scene, however, is a persistent reluctance to commit to action. This is frequently observed in persons who have no prior training in accident recognition and conditioned response. The correct answer is 'True'.

The four R's of the emergency plan are Recognize, Respond, Rescue and: Select one: Revive Regret Retrieve Record

The four Rs of the emergency plan are Recognize, Respond, Rescue and Record. The correct answer is: Record

True or False: The golden rule of scuba diving is never hold your breath while underwater. Select one: True False

The golden rule of scuba diving is never hold your breath while underwater. While the regulator sees to it that the air we breathe at any given depth is equal to the ambient pressure, changes in our depth will cause the air to expand or contract if we fail to exhale during this depth change. Holding our breath on ascent clearly holds more serious consequences as our lungs can only withstand a small amount of expansion beyond normal. The correct answer is 'True'.

The measuring gauges for___________to the brain are in the carotid arteries. Select one: Neural Impulse Blood Flow Carbon Overload Stress Incubation

The measuring gauges for blood flow to the brain are in the carotid arteries. Specifically, the pulse is the carotid artery sinus, an enlarged space in the arteries themselves. This measuring device determines the correct pressure of blood to deliver to the brain, depending on the body's position. These sinuses can be tricked, however, if external pressure is applied to the carotid arteries or to the sinuses themselves. The correct answer is: Blood Flow

True or False: When organizing a search, the most important piece of early information we can acquire is a good sense of the missing diver's last known point. Select one: True False

The most important piece of early information we can acquire is a good sense of the missing diver's last known point. This information may come from the diver's buddy who might have a very good idea of where the separation occurred. The diver should at least know where the separation was first noticed which is as good a starting point as any. The correct answer is 'True'.

The most likely rescue you'll ever perform is a ______________. Plan your dive so that you have enough reserve energy in case of a difficult swim back to shore or boat. Select one: Unconscious diver assist Tired diver assist Injured diver ascent Upset diver decompression

The most likely rescue you'll ever perform is a tired diver assist. Plan your dive so that you have enough reserve of energy in case of a difficult swim back to shore or boat. The correct answer is: Tired diver assist

True or False: The most widely recognized flag is the red and white Diver Down flag. Select one: True False

The most widely recognized flag is the red and white Diver Down flag. Ideally this should be flown directly over the submerged divers. To provide an even greater level of safety divers should seriously consider towing a buoy with the Diver Down flag displayed. The correct answer is 'True'.

The neurological exam and secondary survey should be repeated every _______ minutes in the first hour. Select one: 25 20 15 10

The neurological exam and secondary survey should be repeated every 15 minutes in the first hour. The examination should be conducted with the patient in from the weather if the patient shows signs of distress. The first examination should be conducted as soon as possible after the onset of the first symptoms, and repeated every 15 minutes afterwards for at least the first hour. The correct answer is: 15

Recompression chambers are most often used to _______________ a diver, in other words to return him to equivalent depth without putting him back in the water. Select one: Depressurize Repressurize Calm Stabilize

The only distinction between a recompression chamber and decompression chamber is the application or use of the chamber. The more appropriate term would be hyperbaric chamber. Recompression chambers are most often used to repressurize a diver, in other words to return him to equivalent depth without putting him back in the water. The correct answer is: Repressurize

The definitive cure for ___________is recompression in a chamber. Select one: Nitrogen Narcosis Oxygen Toxicity Decompression Sickness The Nargles

The rescuer should deliver high-flow O2 to the victim for as long as possible during transport to a diving physician. Use of oxygen for treatment will often produce almost immediate relief for the victim. This merely confirms that the problem is DCS, but does not cure the patient. The definitive cure for DCS is recompression in a chamber. TDI/SDI does not support in-water recompression as a safe practice for the field treatment of DCS. The correct answer is: Decompression Sickness

True or False: The surest way to avoid a lung over-expansion problem is to keep the airway open by attempting to breathe normally throughout the ascent. Select one: True False

The surest way to avoid a lung over-expansion problem is to keep the airway open by attempting to breathe normally throughout the ascent. The correct answer is 'True'.

True or False: The term Pneumotension describes a condition where air has escaped from the lungs and has crept between the pleural membranes that cover the lungs and the chest wall. Select one: True False

The term pneumothorax describes a condition where air has escaped from the lungs and has crept between the pleural membranes that cover the lungs and the chest wall. These membranes serve as protective coatings on each, and also trap a lubricant between them to allow the lungs to slide along the chest wall with each inhalation and exhalation. The correct answer is 'False'.

The watchwords in any underwater predicament are always Stop your activity, keep your Self-Control and consider your: Select one: Buoyancy Time Depth Options

The watchwords in this and any other underwater predicament are always Stop your activity, keep your Self-Control and consider your Options. Kelp strands, for example, seems to have the remarkable and irritating ability to wrap more tightly as the diver struggles against them. Instead of thrashing at inanimate objects, the diver would do much better to stop and back out or relax completely and float out of the kelp bed. The correct answer is: Options

Ensure that the unconscious, non-breathing victim is __________buoyant by dropping their weight system. Select one: Neutrally Negatively Positively None of the above.

Towing and manipulating the victim over anything but the shortest distance will always be much easier if the victim's scuba gear is first removed. Ensure that the unconscious, non-breathing victim is positively buoyant by dropping their weight belt. The correct answer is: Positively

True or False: Visualizing a dive means to step through it, bit by bit, from beginning to end. Select one: True False

Visualization can also be used to forecast possible events. Visualizing a dive means to step through it, bit by bit, from beginning to end. The more detailed the image, the more comfortable we'll be when we pass these way points along the way. The correct answer is 'True'.

A diver exhibiting withdrawal, hyperactivity, constant talking, gear fumbling or moodiness may be showing signs of: Select one: Post-dive stress. Hunger. Pre-dive stress. Hives.

We need to be able to recognize undue anxiety when we see it in others and take corrective action sooner rather than later. A few appropriate words early on may prevent a very difficult situation later. Stressed divers may show their true feelings about a diving situation in several ways.Recognizing the Signs of Stress: Withdrawal Hyperactivity Constant talking Gear fumbling Inappropriate or a black humor Moodiness The correct answer is: Pre-dive stress.

True or False: Annual service for regulators and buoyancy compensators, as well as certified inspection for scuba cylinders, is one good way to increase the likelihood that the equipment will perform as required when it's really needed. Select one: True False

Well maintained diving equipment rarely fails during a dive. Since this equipment is manufactured for life-support and the diver's life and well-being depend on it, it is only reasonable that a thinking diver will look after it. Annual service for regulators and buoyancy compensators, as well as certified inspection for scuba cylinders, is one good way to guarantee that the equipment will perform as required when it's really needed. The correct answer is 'True'.

True or False: Shock is rarely a life-threatening emergency. Select one: True False

Whenever an injury results in considerable bleeding, whether internal or external, or loss of fluid through profuse sweating and vomiting, then the circulatory system is unable to transport sufficient blood, and thus oxygen, to all parts of the body. The brain then switches circulation away from the other tissues and directs it only to itself, the heart and the lungs. This cannot continue indefinitely, however, without irreversible harm being done to the body and eventually the brain itself. Therefore, shock is a life-threatening emergency and must receive immediate attention. The correct answer is 'False'.

True or False: Whenever possible, get into the water when performing a rescue. It's often better for the victim to see another diver in an emergency situation. Select one: True False

Whenever possible, stay out of the water when performing a rescue. Only enter the water if the victim is too far away to reach or for you to throw a rescue aid. Throw bags and life rings with attached lines can save a victim. The correct answer is 'False'.

True or False: A diver on the surface who is clearly in distress and struggling needs assistance immediately. Select one: True False

A diver on the surface who is clearly in distress and struggling needs assistance immediately. The longer the diver is overpowered by panic, the greater the danger of exhaustion and possible drowning becomes. Still, the responding rescuer must exercise caution in an approach to a panicky diver. The correct answer is 'True'.

Common indicators of stress are ____________ and erratic breathing patterns. Select one: Neutral Buoyancy Erratic Movement Relaxed Movement All of the Above

A good diver learns to recognize those things that indicate a diver at ease in the environment and in their personal comfort zone. A diver may unintentionally signal a growing sense of unease to the alert buddy. Common indicators of stress are erratic movement and breathing patterns. The correct answer is: Erratic Movement

A non-breathing person in the water, whatever the cause, is an emergency where every second counts. Rapid and skillful ______________________ may be the person's best chance for survival, and the most important talent a rescuer can bring to an in-water rescue. Select one: CPR AED Rescue breathing Defibrillation

A non-breathing person in the water, whatever the cause, is an emergency where every second counts. Rapid and skillful rescue breathing may be the person's best chance for survival, and the most important talent a rescuer can bring to an in-water rescue. The correct answer is: Rescue breathing

In a _________________ dam flood waters are held back by a low wall that simply allows high water to over-flow and be carried downstream. Select one: Low-head High-head Low-neck High-neck

A special example of a hydraulic is a low-head dam. This is a truly dangerous aspect of river diving. In a low-head dam flood waters are held back by a low wall that simply allows high water to over-flow and be carried downstream. The correct answer is: Low-head

__________ is an immediately life-threatening condition where every second counts in recognition and taking the victim to definitive care. Select one: DCS Narcosis GAS AGE

AGE is an immediately life-threatening condition where every second counts in recognition and taking the victim to definitive care. Even the chance that what you observe in a diver might be an air embolism necessitates activating the emergency medical system and arranging a hasty transport. The correct answer is: AGE

True or False: During the primary survey the rescuer should follow the ABCs. The A stands for: Airway- Check to determine if the victim is breathing. Select one: True False

Airway- Check to determine if the victim's airway is clear.Breathing- Check to determine if the victim is breathing.Circulation- Check to determine that the victim has a pulse. The correct answer is 'False'.

True or False: During a search, competent free-swimming divers should be deployed along shorelines where there are many rocky outcrops and coves, or where underwater there are crevices and overhangs, or anywhere the kelp is long and subject to swaying from the surge. Select one: True False

Along shorelines where there are many rocky outcrops and coves, or where underwater there are crevices and overhangs, or anywhere the kelp is long and subject to swaying from the surge, the rescue diver may need extra time and the freedom to conduct a more thorough inspection. Competent free-swimming divers should be deployed to check these features carefully. Untended divers need to be watched at all times in these kinds of searches. The correct answer is 'True'.

Buddy dependent and buddy independent are the two broad categories to describe responses to: Select one: Out-of-air emergencies. Missing buddy emergencies. Out-of-time emergencies. Medical emergencies.

Always remember that if you are out of air, or nearly so, that your buddy is likely in the same or similar situation. At worst this makes the buddy dependent option one that exposes both of you to the risk of an out-of-air problem. At best it's a solution that calls for an immediate ascent together to the surface. Both buddy breathing and using a buddy's octopus share the drawback of requiring that your buddy be nearby, be practiced in the proper techniques and that the urgency of the situation does not cause mistakes. The correct answer is: Out-of-air emergencies.