so234 ch 6

The fundamental principle of probability sampling is that a sample selected by is very likely to be BLANK. a. EPSEM, representative b. stratification, large c. telephone polls, cheap d. clusters, stratified

a. EPSEM, representative

To select a simple random sample, a researcher needs... a. a list of the population and system for selecting cases according to EPSEM. b. a list of the sample and a well developed sampling distribution. c. a sampling distribution and a table of random numbers. d. a parameter and a cluster.

a. a list of the population and system for selecting cases according to EPSEM.

Advertisers sometimes use samples drawn from users of their products. A problem with this technique is that the samples... a. are not representative. b. are biased towards females. c. don't include the homeless and other marginalized groups. d. are very small.

a. are not representative.

Compared to probability samples, non-probability samples... a. are usually cheaper to assemble. b. are always much larger. c. are usually more expensive to assemble. d. allow for generalizations to populations.

a. are usually cheaper to assemble.

In a sampling distribution of sample means, most of the sample means will... a. cluster around the true population value. b. be below the population mean in value. c. be above the population mean in value. d. not follow any particular pattern.

a. cluster around the true population value.

An EPSEM sampling technique that often uses geographical areas is called... a. cluster sampling. b. simple random sampling. c. proportional sampling. d. non-scientific sampling.

a. cluster sampling.

The EPSEM sampling method that does not require the researcher have access to a complete list of their population is... a. cluster sampling. b. nonprobability sampling. c. simple random sampling. d. stratified random sampling.

a. cluster sampling.

Tables of random numbers, such as the one available at the web site for this text, provide one way to assure... a. compliance with the rule of EPSEM. b. cheap samples. c. representative samples. d. large samples.

a. compliance with the rule of EPSEM.

The main problem with non-probability samples is that they... a. do not allow us to generalize to a population. b. are far too expensive. c. are much too large. d. can only be assembled using the technique of cluster sampling.

a. do not allow us to generalize to a population.

Cluster sampling often involves selecting... a. geographical areas. b. systematic stratified clusters. c. older respondents only. d. cases alphabetically.

a. geographical areas.

The purpose of inferential statistics is to acquire knowledge of the BLANK from the BLANK by means of the BLANK distribution. a. population, sample, sampling b. sample, sampling, population c. inductive, empirical, stratified d. theoretical, empirical, theoretical

a. population, sample, sampling

What are the three distributions involved in every application of inferential statistics? a. sample, sampling, and population b. sample, stratification, cluster c. EPSEM, random, probability d. sampling, percentage, normal

a. sample, sampling, and population

The General Social Survey (GSS) is an example of a... a. sample. b. sampling distribution. c. population. d. All of the above

a. sample. OR? d. All of the above

Statistics are to parameters as... a. samples are to populations. b. populations are to samples. c. medians are to standard deviations. d. percent ages are to proportions.

a. samples are to populations.

In systematic random sampling, the researcher randomly selects... a. the first case and every kth case thereafter. b. cases following any systematic pattern. c. every other case. d. cases according to their scores.

a. the first case and every kth case thereafter.

By the theorems presented in the text, we know that the mean of a sampling distribution of sample means will be... a. the same as the population mean. b. close to the value of the sample mean. c. between the population and sample means in value. d. representative of the entire population.

a. the same as the population mean.

The Central Limit Theorem states that as sample size becomes large... a. the sampling distribution of sample means approaches normality. b. the sampling distribution of sample means becomes larger. c. the population distribution becomes normal. d. the sample distribution becomes normal.

a. the sampling distribution of sample means approaches normality.

Your sample size is 1000. It is safe to assume that... a. the shape of the sampling distribution of sample means is normal. b. the sample is representative of the population. c. the population distribution is normal. d. the sample distribution is normal.

a. the shape of the sampling distribution of sample means is normal.

I surveyed 48 randomly-selected residents of the apartment complex where I live to determine their voting habits. I can only use this information to generalize to all the residents if... a. there is evidence of a normal population distribution. b. the 48 residents all have the same voting habits. c. the 48 residents are equally divided in their voting habits. d. the sample distribution is not normal in shape.

a. there is evidence of a normal population distribution.

A researcher is conducting a study by asking people shopping at a local mall about their opinions on gay marriage. The researcher is using: BLANK a. simple random sampling. b. cluster sampling. c. stratified random sampling. d. non-probability sampling.

b. cluster sampling.

I use the principle of EPSEM to select a sample from my church for an opinion poll. The sample... a. is guaranteed to be representative of the population. b. has a high probability of being representative. c. should never be larger than 100. d. should be larger than the population.

b. has a high probability of being representative.

When using systematic sampling, the researcher must... a. select only representative cases. b. make sure that the list of the population is random or, at least, non-cyclical with respect to the variables of interest. c. select every case. d. select only respondents who are likely to cooperate.

b. make sure that the list of the population is random or, at least, non-cyclical with respect to the variables of interest.

The theorems presented in Chapter 6 tell us that if a sample is "large" the sampling distribution will be... a. the same shape as the population. b. normal. c. small. d. irrelevant.

b. normal.

Non-probability samples are useful for: BLANK a. generalizing findings to a population. b. pretesting a larger project. c. finding causal relationships. d. non-probability samples are never useful

b. pretesting a larger project.

Both the sample and the population distributions are empirical, which means that they are... a. theoretical. b. real. c. ordinal. d. stratified.

b. real.

Of the three distributions used in inferential statistics, which is only theoretical? a. population distribution. b. sampling distribution. c. sample distribution. d. none of the distributions are only theoretical.

b. sampling distribution.

Which of the following is necessary to calculate the standard error of the mean? a. variance. b. standard deviation of the population. c. correlation between population and sample. d. median of the population.

b. standard deviation of the population.

A sampling technique that allows you to ensure proportional representativeness in a sample is... a. representative sampling. b. stratified sampling. c. systematic sampling. d. simple sampling.

b. stratified sampling.

When we use larger samples (N > 100) we can assume a normal sampling distribution because of... a. common sense. b. the Central Limit Theorem. c. what we know about the population. d. what we know about the sample.

b. the Central Limit Theorem.

Unlike the sample and population distributions, the sampling distribution is... a. empirical. b. theoretical. c. random. d. EPSEM.

b. theoretical.

The shape of the sampling distribution of sample means can be assumed to be normal when N is... a. a large percentage of the population. b. any number as long as you know the value of the population mean. c. 100 or more. d. at least twice the value of the population standard deviation.

c. 100 or more.

The mean age of all college graduates is 35. If the population distribution is normal, the mean of any sampling distribution of sample mean ages of college graduates will be... a. within plus or minus 1 standard deviation of 35. b. close to 35. c. 35. d. determined by the size of the distribution.

c. 35.

A properly selected cluster sample is... a. quite small. b. non-probability. c. EPSEM. d. the population.

c. EPSEM.

Social scientists use inferential statistics to generalize to populations after they have collected... a. a representative sample. b. all the information possible from the entire population. c. an EPSEM sample from the population of interest. d. at least 100 cases from all possible populations.

c. an EPSEM sample from the population of interest.

In comparing a sampling distribution with a population distribution,... a. there will always be more variance in the sampling distribution. b. there will always be more variance in the population distribution. c. as the size of the sample increases the two distributions will become identical. d. the two distributions will always be the same.

c. as the size of the sample increases the two distributions will become identical.

A researcher tests a theory about sexism by administering a survey to the 200 students in her sociology classes. This sample is best characterized as a... a. cluster sample. b. stratified random sample. c. non-probability sample. d. sampling distribution

c. non-probability sample.

Social scientists gather data from samples instead of populations because... a. samples are much larger and more complete. b. samples are more trustworthy. c. populations are often too large to test. d. samples are more meaningful and interesting.

c. populations are often too large to test.

Unless a sample is BLANK, it cannot be used to make accurate generalizations to a population. a. very large b. very small c. representative d. stratified

c. representative

A sample selected according to the principle of EPSEM is extremely likely to be... a. large. b. biased. c. representative. d. inaccurate.

c. representative.

If a sample is representative, it... a. is stratified. b. is restricted to the calculation of parameters only. c. reproduces the characteristics of the population. d. resembles the sampling distribution.

c. reproduces the characteristics of the population.

The sampling distribution links the BLANK to the BLANK. a. stratified, EPSEM b. statistical, empirical c. sample, population d. empirical, real

c. sample, population

Results from cluster samples... a. are always representative of the population. b. are never representative of the population. c. should be treated with more caution than results from simple random samples. d. should never be used to generalize to a population.

c. should be treated with more caution than results from simple random samples.

With a sample size of 75, a normal sampling distribution can be assumed if... a. the cases in the sample are homogeneous. b. the cases in the sample are heterogeneous. c. the population distribution is normal. d. the sample distribution is normal.

c. the population distribution is normal.

The standard error of the mean is the same thing as... a. the standard deviation of a sample. b. the standard deviation of a population. c. the standard deviation of a sampling distribution. d. the variance of a sample.

c. the standard deviation of a sampling distribution.

The standard deviation of the sampling distribution is represented by which of the following symbol(s)? a. (lower case sigma)/N b. (lower case sigma)(N) c. Square root of [(lower case sigma)(N)] d. (lower case sigma) / (square root of N)

d. (lower case sigma) / (square root of N)

The simple random sample requires... a. a defined population. b. a complete list of all cases in the population. c. a random selection process. d. All of the above

d. All of the above

According to the World Values Survey, which of the following has the most antihomosexual attitudes? a. Japan b. France c. Great Britain d. United States

d. United States

When a list of the population does not exist, the probability sampling technique most commonly used is... a. simple random. b. stratified. c. systematic. d. cluster.

d. cluster.

For a simple random sample, each case and each combination of cases in the population must... a. be representative. b. be included in the sample. c. be contacted by the researcher. d. have an equal probability of being chosen for the sample.

d. have an equal probability of being chosen for the sample.

The sampling distribution and its characteristics are based upon... a. its measurement in the population. b. empirical data. c. nonprobability data. d. laws of probability.

d. laws of probability.

Statistics are characteristics of samples while BLANK are characteristics of BLANK. a. percentages, populations b. medians, clusters c. parameters, stratified samples d. parameters, populations

d. parameters, populations

The goal of all techniques for selecting probability samples is to select samples that are... a. very large. b. non-random. c. easily located. d. representative.

d. representative.

A researcher questioned 45 randomly-selected members of the freshman class about their experiences drinking alcoholand used these responses to estimate the drinking behavior of the entire freshman class of 1500. In this example, the 45 interviewees were the BLANK and the BLANK was the population. a. sample, student body b. parameters, freshman class c. statistics, parameters d. sample, freshman class

d. sample, freshman class

There are about 70 million eligible voters in a society. A public opinion pollster has estimated their probable choices for thenext president with a sample of 2,000 randomly selected citizens. In this example, the 2,000 citizens are a BLANK and the 70 million eligible voters are a BLANK. a. sampling distribution, sample distribution b. population, cluster c. cluster, proportion d. sample, population

d. sample, population

Using the General Social Survey as an example, the concept of the sampling distribution allows us to link the sample of about BLANK respondents to the population of about BLANK adult Americans. a. 10,000, 200 million b. 225 million, 3000 c. a few million, 300 million d. several thousand, 235 million

d. several thousand, 235 million

Samples are to populations as... a. big is to little. b. central tendency is to dispersion. c. measures are to variables. d. statistics are to parameters.

d. statistics are to parameters.

A major limitation for stratified sampling is that... a. the samples so selected are not representative. b. it violates the rule of EPSEM. c. the samples are non-random. d. the exact composition of the population is usually unknown.

d. the exact composition of the population is usually unknown.

According to the theorems presented in Chapter 6, we can be sure that the sampling distribution is normal if... a. the population is small. b. the population is normal. c. the sample is stratified. d. the sample is normal.

d. the sample is normal.

As noted in the text, telemarketers often use... a. simple random sampling only. b. stratified sampling only. c. non-probability sampling only. d. the sampling techniques used by social scientists.

d. the sampling techniques used by social scientists.