SO309 Final Exam

____________: Final placement or disposal of a dead person.

Dispostiion

Rabbi _________ ____________ (1972) described the role of the funeral director as that of a caretaker, caregiver, and gatekeeper.

Earl Grollman

___________ __________ (1963) indicated that grief is other other side of the coin of love. He contended that if a person has never loved the deceased--never had an emotional investment of some type and degree--he or she will not grieve upon death.

Edgar Jackson

_____________: a song or poem expressing sorrow, especially for one who is dead

Elegy

_______________: A process that temporarily preserves a deceased person by means of displacing body fluids with preserving chemicals.

Embalming

Three Areas of Investigation ____________ with Death: Different cultural groups experience different kinds of encounters with death, either in terms of the level of mortality within a particular group or in terms of its causes. ____________ toward Death: different cultural groups may share attitudes toward death or they may have quite distinct attitudes as part of their own unique death systems. Death Related ____________: Death related encounters and attitudes are expressed differently in the practices of different cultural groups. -These practices include attitudes toward health care, deal related communications, care of the dying, customs at the moment of death and funeral and mourning rituals.

Encounters Attitudes Practices

________________: Opening and closing of a crypt, including placing and sealing of a casket within.

Entombment

____________: an inscription, often on a gravestone, in memory of a deceased person.

Epitaph

In his original work on the sumptomatology of grief, _______ ____________ (1944) stressed this concept of grief and its importance as a step in the resolution of grief. He defined how the emotion of grief must support the reality and finality of death. As long as the finality of death is avoided, he believed, grief resolution is impeded.

Erich Lindemann

__________________: The systematic description of a culture based on firsthand observation.

Ethnographiu

______________: To remove a corpse from its place of burial.

Exhume

New trends in funeral services include __________ funerals, ____________ services, and funeral services on the _____________.

preneed aftercare Internet

The Funeral -In our society, funeral and memorial practices have sometimes been severely criticized. --Some believe that funerals are useless and therefore _____________--a form of fantasized flight from reality --Of course, many in our society continue to believe that funerals can and often do serve an important role in human life ---These individuals believe that some sort of funeral and burial ritual may help people to make sense of, and to bring order out of, what is potentially a very disruptive, stressful, chaotic moment in life -In the end, it seems that participation in funeral rituals and assessments of their value are matters that must be determined by specific individuals and groups. -To guide those decisions, it is useful to describe some rituals that have been or are associated with death and burial in our society.

repugnant

_________-__________ ____________: the practice of placing the body on a scaffold or in trees for the purpose of allowing the body to decay or decompose. This type of burial is often the fist step in the final disposition of the body. In the second stage the body is buried, which is referred to as _______ __________.

Above-Ground Burial secondary burial

___________: a framework upon which the corpse and/or casket is placed for viewing or carrying

Bier

_____________: The judicial determination of the validity of a will.

Probate

Changes in Mourning Behaviors in the US -In the days of __________, elaborate and extended mourning was discouraged because it was through to undermine the cheerful resignation to God's will that was essential to the ___________ experience. -However, in the 19th century, when the __________ influence's emphasis on emotions led to simple sentimentalism, mourning practices became much more dramatic. -For most of the 19th century, the main outlet for the grief of ______________ was the ritual of mourning, including the funeral, but extending beyond that. --Customs at death --Norms prior to death --Preparing the corpse --Cleaning, decorating, and clothing the body --Body preparation by specialists --Embalming --Earth Burial --Cremation

Puritans Puritan Romantic sentimentalism

For the _____________, the tolling of the town bell announced the onset of a funeral, and participants gathered at the home for prayer and the procession. Death was feared by the ______________, who prayed not for the soul of the deceased but rather for the comfort and instruction of the living. In addition to prayers, ___________ might also read an __________, which generally depicted the dead person as a saint freed from the world and entering eternal bliss.

Puritans Puritans Puritans elegy

______________: A combustible pile (usually of wood) for burning a corpse at a funeral rite

Pyre

__________-_____________ (1964) noted two types of weeping. There is _________ ________ weeping to affirm the existence of a social bond between two or more persons. It is an occasions for affirming social ties. Although participants may not actually feel these sentiments that bind them, participation in various rites will strengthen whatever positive feelings they do have. The second type of weeping--weeping over the remains of a __ ___________--expresses the continued sentiment of attachment despite the severing of this social bond.

Radcliffe-Brown reciprocal ritual significant other

Death is a transition, but only the last in a long chain of transitions, or rite of passage, according to _________ __________ and _____ _________ (1992). In many cultures and religions, being dead is another status change, replete with new roles and obligation. Often the dead are expected to give advice, cure illness, reward good deeds, and ensure a good harvest.

Richard Huntington and Peter Metcalf

__________ of ___________: Ceremonies centering around transitions in life from one status to another (including baptism, the marriage ceremony, and the funeral.)

Rites of Passage

____________: The symbolic affirmation of values by means of culturally standardized utterances and actions.

Ritual

____________: A controversial practice exercised rarely in some areas of India in which the widow throws herself onto the funeral pyre of her deceased husband. This "most noble act of loyalty" makes her a goddess who is worshiped at her cremation site.

Sati

______________: A church custodian charged with the upkeep of the church and parish building and grounds.

Sexton

____________ _____________: A ranking of social status (position) in groups; upper, middle, and lower classes are basically distinguished in the US social class system, for example, whereas India's stratification is a caste system.

Social Stratification

Disposal of the Body -In the US today disposal of bodies is typically carried out in one of the following ways: --Burial in the ground or in some sort of crypt, vault or mausoleum above the ground. ---Burial in the ground is still the most common form of body disposal in the US. -Cremation--involves placing the body in some sort of container and reducing its size through the application of intense heat. --The body and its container are heated to ___________ degrees Fahrenheit. At high temperatures reached during cremation the water evaporates and the soft tissues are consumed by spontaneous combustion. --When these remains have cooled, they are collected and then usually ground up or pulverized into a coarse powder. -___________ to a medical or other institution for dissection or other similar purposes, such as scientific research or professional education. --This must be done well in advance of the death and careful preservation of the body is important under these circumstances.

1800 Donation

Over the past decade, the median cost of an adult funeral in the United States has increased approximately _____%.

35.2

Costs -The average cost for an adult funeral in the US in 1995 was $________________. This cost does not include grace or cremation expenses, the cost of a vault, clothing, or extra service requirement, nor cash advances. -Funeral homes dis not present costs in terms of itemization. --In this method, each and every item of service, facility, and transportation is shown as a separate item together with its cost. --In _______ the Federal Trade Commission mandated that all American funeral homes itemize their fees and that consumers have access to pricing information over the phone. -A major advantage of ____________ is that family members have greater flexibility in arranging a funeral and controlling its costs.

4,149.86 1984 itemization

The national median cost of a funeral for calendar year 2012 was $_________. IF a vault is included, something that is typically required by a cemetery, the median cost is $_________.

7,045 8,343

Disposal of the Body--Embalming -Today, a very common practice associated with disposition of the body is embalming. -In the US embalming grew in popularity after the ________ __________ as a practice that made it possible to ship dead bodies back home for burial from distant battlefields. -Embalming in the modern era means the removal of blood and other bodily fluids from a corpse and their replacement with artificial preservatives that may help to retard decomposition and to color the skin. -Embalming may or may not be accompanied by efforts to restore the __________ appearance of the corpse. -Note: no state law or federal regulation requires embalming to be done, unless certain conditions are present. --For instance, embalming may be required if the body is to be transported on a common carrier, such as a ______ or _______. -Embalming is not universally practiced in other parts of the world, although it seems to be growing in some other countries now.

Civil War cosmetic train or plane

With the exception of of _____________, all states require embalming practitioners to also be licensed as funeral directors.

Colorado

A license as an embalmer permits a person to legally remove the dead from the place of death and prepare the body through the process of embalming for viewing and holding the funeral. All states (with the exception of ___________) require persons who perform these functions to be licensed. A second license, to practice as a ____________ ____________, permits the holder to arrange the legal details of the funeral, including preparing the death certificate and counseling with the family to arrange and implement the kind of funeral desired for the deceased. A third license is one that permits the holder to practice __________ __________--an all-inclusive specialty that covers the practices of both embalming and funeral directing.

Colorodo funeral director mortuary science

_____________: a building or wall for above-ground accommodation of cremated remains.

Columbarium

_____________: that which is left after cremation

Cremains

______________: The reduction of a human body by means of heat or direct flame. The cremated remains are called cremains or ashes and weigh between three and nine pounds. Ashes is a very poor word to describe the cremated remains because they are actually processed bone fragments and calcium residue that have the appearance of crushed rock or pumice.

Cremation

_____________: An establishment in which cremation takes place

Crematory

Hispanic Americans -Among Hispanic Americans, ________ and ___________ appear to play influential roles in shaping attitudes and behaviors related to death, dying, and bereavement. -________ and __________ described the Mexican American families in their study as tightly knit and as maintaining a ________ of emotional support in the family unit. -In terms of Funeral practices, __________ (1980) reported that Mexican Americans originally have voluntary self-help associations. -When a member of such an association died, other members would be assessed for the ________ of the funeral. -________ concluded that the funeral is the single most important family ceremony for this population group; members come from remote points, as they are expected to do so. -To have a socially __________ funeral in this group, a certain level of expense and a certain number of people must be present. --In such funerals, children are present and ________ rather than ________ are the focus of interest and emotion. -____________ (1984) noted that among Puerto Ricans in NY City the wake may continue for several days. -___________ and __________ (1981) also reported that the Mexican Americans in their study wore black for the longest time by comparison with other groups whom they studied, visited graves more frequently, and wanted to spend more time during the burial at the grave site than some cemetery officials found desirable

Family and Religion Kalish and Reynolds locus Moore costs Moore effective women rather than men Eisenbruch Kalish and Reynolds

Alternatives to the Funeral -__________ ____________: about five percent of all cases. -________ __________ Programs -__________ ___________ --Is defined as a service without the body present. --The memorial service typically places little or no emphasis on the death. --Instead, it often is a service of acclamation of philosophical concepts.

Immediate Disposition Body Bequest Memorial Service

_____________: a method of pricing a funeral in which every item of service, facility, and transportation is listed with its related cost. This is the method mandated by the Federal Trade Commission.

Itemization

Research by ____ _____________ (2007-2008) suggests that funeral rituals in America often create an incomplete rite of passage.

J. Hunter

__________ ___________ (1973), elaborating upon the caregiver role, emphasized that the funeral director is a crisis intervener.

John Brantner

________________: Arranging funerals in advance of need. This process can include selecting merchandise, planning the service, determining the method of viewing and final disposition, and selecting persons to be involved in the funeral.

Prearranging

____________: Legally committing money to pay for the funeral service.

Prefunding

New Trends in Funerals -______________ Funerals --Prearranging is the process of arranging funerals in advance of need. This process can include selecting merchandise, planning the service, determining method of viewing, etc. --In addition to prearranging, __________, or making the legal commitment of money to pay for the funeral service is also common.

Preneed prefunding

African Americans -African Americans in the __________ and ___________ Study (1981) saw themselves freely expressive in times of grief and regarded funerals as important. Similarly, __________ ____________ were held in high regard by the study group. Another Author (______________, 1980) has argued that African Americans view death as a moment in which recognition can be provided for the deceased person's ability to stand up to others and (in the case of males) for the individual's ____________. Thus, what happens at the funeral (How many persons are present, the appearance of the casket and so on) can be quite important. __________ and ____________ (1981) reported that their informants were likely at the funeral to touch but not kiss the body of the deceased. They were also unlikely to visit the grave. -___________ also described a typical African American funeral as including singing by choirs, soloists and the congregation, testimony of friends, resolutions from church and community organizations, as well as acknowledgement of telegrams from those who could not attend, flowers and sympathy cards. Also characteristic would be ___________ grief.

Kalish and Reynolds Funeral Directors Jackson masculinity Kalish and Reynolds Devore unrestrained

Asian Americans -__________ and ___________ (1981) found that ____________ is carefully controlled within the Japanese American community in Los Angeles. Similarly, ____________ (1984) reported that Chinese Americans are _________ in the face of death. -Funerals are very important to Japanese Americans. -What is appropriate at a funeral is determined by a ___________ ____________. -Strict Rituals are preferred, so that everyone knows his or her _________. -Many of the people who take part in Japanese American funerals attend as ___________ of the various groups to which the deceased was related, rather than in a private or individual capacity. -When people attend such funerals, they bring gifts that have the effect of serving as a sort of group ___________. -According to __________ and ____________ in Japanese American society the wake and funeral are often held in the evening as a combined even, on the next day, a private service will likely be held at the grave site or crematorium. -Japanese Americans are not likely to _______ the body of the deceased person. -They typically __________ the body of the deceased and may also send the remains back to Japan to be buried near ancestors.

Kalish and Reynolds communication Eisenbruch stoic funeral director role representatives insurance Kalish and Reynolds touch cremate

_________ ___________: Consequences of behavior that were not intended (e.g., a funeral brings the whole family together, usually in an amiable way).

Latent Functions

___________ ____________: Consequences of behavior that are intended and overt (such as going to a funeral to pay respects to the deceased person).

Manifest Function

_______________: A building or wall for above-ground accomodation of a casket

Mausoleum

____________ __________: Emile Durkheim's concept to describe the form of social cohesion that exists in small-scale societies that have minimal division of labor. In such societies there is little specialization or individualization. The "conscience collective" embraces individual awareness.

Mechanical solidarity

____________ __________: any reminder of death

Memento mori

__________ ___________: a group of people joined to obtain dignity, simplicity, and economy in funeral arrangements through planning.

Memorial Society

_____________: The process of wrapping the body with cloth before its final disposition.

Mummification

__________: A chamber in a columbarium in which an urn is placed.

Niche

______________ ______________: Emile Durkheim's concept to describe the form of social cohesion that exists in complex societies with a high division of labor. Such societies have an organic character because of the necessary interdependence of the specialized and highly individuated members.

Organic solidarity

________ ___________ (1956) described the following needs of the bereaved: reality, expression of grief, social support, and meaningful context for the death.

Paul Irion

______________ __________: A generic term that refers to both prearranged and prefunded funerals.

Preneed Funerals

______________: A container for cremated remains

Urn

__________ __________ (1909/1960) compared funeral rituals with other rites of passage and claimed that all rites of passage have three subrites--_________ of ____________, __________ of ____________, and ___________ of ____________.

Van Gennep rites of separation rites of transition rites of reincorporation

_________ or __________ ____________: A concrete or metal container into which a casket or urn is placed for ground burial. Its function is to prevent the ground from settling.

Vault or Grave Liner

The ____________ funeral brought a focus on aesthetics and soothing the mourner, reflecting the "dying of death" movement.

Victorian

The new ____________ funeral was a work of art that attempted to restore order to the middle classes while hiding as much as possible the unpleasantness of death. The demand for a new funeral service came from the American middle class, but it was created and supplied by casket manufacturers and funeral directors.

Victorian

Why prearrange a funeral? -To provide a forum for death related discussions that is not profoundly affected by the ___________. -To make one's funeral preferences known to one's survivors. -To provide an opportunity to ___________ the funeral. -To provide the dying with ________ of __________. -To give individuals an opportunity to get the most for their money through comparison shopping. -To unburden loved ones of the obligation of planning and paying for a funeral. -To protect an estate from funeral expenses in the future. -To assure that funds are available in the future for the type of funeral that is desired. -The biggest disadvantage would be the possibility of __________ _____________.

grief personalize peace of mind consumer fraud

Funeral Expenses -Charges made by a funeral home ordinarily are for the services of the professional staff, the use of the funeral home facilities and equipment, transportation, and the casket or other container. -In addition, most funeral homes provide burial vaults or other types of outer enclosures for the casket and ancillary items that may be purchased from the funeral director--clothing, register books, acknowledgment cards, and symbols of religious belief. -The major cost of the funeral is the ___________ ___________--either for the purchase of cemetery property for the right to interment therein, for mausoleum space or for an urn for the cremated remains. -Most families will select in one form or another a monument or marker to identify the grace or other place of _________ _______________. -A final category of expenses incurred by the family is money that the funeral home sometimes ______________, at the request of the family, to other people involved in opening and closing the grave, crematory costs, honoraria for clergy and musicians, obituary notices, flowers and transportation costs.

cemetery charge final disposition advances

The Puritans were buried in small, unadorned family plots, graveyards, and _____________. The Victorian era ushered in the _______ _________ cemetery, filled with elaborate headstones and epitaphs and designed to reflect the romantic naturalism and sentimentality of the period. Health concerns and crowding led to the development of the _________ cemetery, designed to soothe the mourners by diverting attention from death to the rural surroundings. Whereas the __________ cemeteries were characterized by elaborate monuments, the next phase of cemetery building, the ______ _________ cemetery, discouraged the use of gravestones, focusing on the aesthetics and efficiency of an uncluttered landscape of open meadows.

churchyards city garden rural rural lawn park

Native Americans -Commentators have suggested that Native Americans tend to view life and death not in a linear but in a ___________ or interwoven fashion. -Death is regarded as a part of __________. -Within this general outlook, however, death related attitudes of specific native american groups may range from ___________ to a high level of ___________. -In terms of practices associated with mourning, __________ (1978) reported on a striking case of a ________ man in San Francisco. --The death of a family member was followed by his having __________ hallucinations --The _______ man was not unique, ______ women frequently report hallucinations as part of the mourning process.

circular life acceptance fear Hanson Hopi auditory Hopi Hopi

Before 1850, most Americans were laid to rest in a __________, a six-sided box that was constructed to order by the local cabinetmaker.

coffin

The _____________ ____________ funeral focuses on meeting the needs of bereaved individuals in terms of social support and grief resolution.

contemporary American

Embalming: Why are Bodies embalmed? -Prevents the spread of ________ by disinfecting the corpse and neutralizing contaminants in discarded blood and bodily fluids. -Embalming slows ___________ in the bodily tissues of the corpse -Embalming in our society today is done in order to permit _________ of the body during a wake or funeral -Embalming may have an important __________ function-help mourners evade thought of the decay of the body.

disease decay viewing psychological

Ronald Barrett (1992) observed that African American funerals are indeed "a primary ritual and a focal occasion with a big social gathering after the funeral and the closest thing to a ________ __________ that might ever take place.

family reunion

A few states issue a _________ _________ _________, which may be held by only one person in each firm (usually the owner or the manager) that serves to give the licensing agency control over all of the practitioners within that firm.

funeral director license

A greater number of states have created a ________ __________ __________ or _________that is required for each funeral home and allows the state to close the funeral home by withdrawing the license without taking action against the licensees employed by that firm.

funeral home license or permit

There are three types of cemeteries found in the United States: _____________ cemeteries, _____________ cemetery associations, and _____-___________ cemeteries.

government nonprofit for-profit

Disposal of the Body -One unavoidable task associated with death is that the body of the deceased person must be removed from the society of the living. -In all societies, the manner in which this removal is accomplished has required ___________ for the body as the remains of someone valued as a human being. -In societies that uphold beliefs about an afterlife, it is though that the dead person must be assisted in his or her journey into that other life state. --Ex: The ancient ____________ were one such society that had firm beliefs about an afterlife. --Part of the reason for their mummification of the bodies of the dead was to assist individuals who had been prominent persons in life as they traveled to the other world. -But dead bodies have also seemed __________ and ___________ to some peoples. --Some societies have held that the community must engage in certain actions to make certain that the dead remain dead. --Ex: in ___________ tradition, great care must be taken in the ways in which dead bodies are handled because if the body of a dead person is not handled just so, the spirit of that person may continue to threaten members of the community in this world.

respect Egyptians frightening and dangerous Navajo

The licensing agencies most often charged with responsibility to regulate the funeral industry have been the various _________ boards of health.

state

Funeral bills have been presented to customers using the following pricing systems: __________ pricing, __________ or _________ pricing, and ___________. The latter is mandated by the FTC.

unit biunit or triunit itemization

The Anthropology of Death Ritual -Death is a ___________ human experience, yet our response to it is shaped by the attitudes of a particular culture -Attitudes reflect the characteristic orientation or "__________" of a given individual or society; they include components of: --__________ --___________ --___________ -The term __________--the way of life of a given group of people. --Understanding how other people relate to death can shed light on our own beliefs and behaviors --Various cultures and culture groups can be ranged on a continuum from death-___________ to death-__________.

universal posture belief emotion behavior culture welcoming denying

Death in Early and Traditional Cultures -Human concern for the dead predates ____________ history -In bronze age burials, archeologists have found evidence of __________ tributes. -The even older burials of ____________, who began to inhabit Europe 150,000 years ago contain ornamental shells, stone implements, and food buried with the dead, implying a belief that such items would be useful in the passage from the land of the living to the land of the dead. -In traditional cultures, death is typically viewed not as an end but as a change in _____________, a transition from the land of the living to the world of the dead. -One of the best-known accounts of death as one of a series of such rites of passage through the life cycle comes from ________ __________ (1909/1960) in his treatment of funerals.

written floral neanderthals status Van Gennep